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Web Development ESE QB

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18 views

Web Development ESE QB

Uploaded by

ellykinny3053
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2 Marks Questions

Q.1] Explain the difference between HTTP and HTTPS.

• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is an insecure protocol used for transferring data over the web.
It does not encrypt the data, meaning it is vulnerable to attacks.
• HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) is the secure version of HTTP. It encrypts data using
SSL/TLS, making it more secure for transferring sensitive information, such as passwords or credit
card details.

Q.2] List two advantages of using external CSS files.

1. Separation of concerns: External CSS allows you to separate the structure (HTML) from the style
(CSS), making the code cleaner and easier to maintain.
2. Reusability: By linking the same external CSS file across multiple HTML pages, you can apply the
same style to different pages without duplicating the code.

Q.3] Define CSS Selectors?

CSS Selectors are patterns used to select and style HTML elements. They determine which HTML elements
the CSS rules will apply to. For example, a class selector (.class-name) applies styles to elements with that
class.

Q.4] What is the purpose of the typeof operator in JavaScript?

The typeof operator in JavaScript is used to check the type of a variable or value. It returns a string that
indicates the type, such as "number," "string," "boolean," etc.

Q.5] Discuss the role of an IP address in web communication.

An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique identifier for a device on a network. It is used to
locate and communicate with devices on the internet, helping in routing data packets to the correct
destination.

Q.6] Define jQuery plugins and their utility.

jQuery plugins are pre-written JavaScript code that adds new features or functionalities to your website
using the jQuery library. They extend the capabilities of jQuery to handle tasks like image sliders, form
validation, and animations, making it easier to implement complex features without writing a lot of code.

Q.7] Define web server. How does it interact with a web browser?

A web server is a computer system that stores and delivers web pages and other content over the internet.
When a user enters a URL in a web browser, the browser sends a request to the web server for the desired
webpage. The server processes the request and sends back the requested content, which the browser displays.

Q.8] Explain the concept of callback functions in JavaScript.

A callback function in JavaScript is a function passed into another function as an argument. It is executed
after the completion of an operation, like reading a file or fetching data from a server. Callback functions are
useful for handling asynchronous operations.
Q.9] Define a JavaScript variable and explain the difference between a global variable
and a local variable.

• A JavaScript variable is a container for storing data, such as numbers, strings, or objects.

o A global variable is accessible throughout the entire JavaScript code, meaning it can be used
in any function.
o A local variable is only accessible within the function or block where it is defined, making it
temporary.

Q.10] Explain the term URL.

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address used to access a resource on the internet. It typically
includes the protocol (e.g., http://), domain name (e.g., www.example.com), and sometimes a file path or
query parameters (e.g., /page?name=value). It tells the browser where to find and retrieve the resource.

Q.11] State how the tag is used to connect external stylesheets in an HTML document.

The <link> tag is used to link an external stylesheet to an HTML document. It is placed inside the <head>
section and references the external CSS file using the href attribute. The rel="stylesheet" attribute specifies
that the file is a stylesheet. Example:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css"

Q.12] Write a JavaScript code snippet to add two numbers and display the result in the
console.

let num1 = 5;
let num2 = 10;
let sum = num1 + num2;
console.log("The sum is: " + sum)

Q.13] Describe the significance of the section in an HTML document.

The <head> section in an HTML document contains metadata and links to external resources such as
stylesheets, scripts, and fonts. It does not display content directly on the webpage but provides important
information for the browser, such as the title of the page, character encoding, and linked resources.

Q.14] Explain the concept of hyperlinks in HTML. How a hyperlink is created using
the tag?

A hyperlink in HTML is a link that connects one webpage to another. It is created using the <a> tag, with
the href attribute specifying the URL of the destination page. Example:

<a href="https://www.example.com">Click here to visit Example</a>

Q.15] Mention the difference between the <ol> and <ul> tags with examples.

<ol> (Ordered List):

• The <ol> tag is used to create an ordered list, where the list items are displayed with numbers or
letters in a specific order.
• The order of items matters, and they are usually numbered automatically.
<ul> (Unordered List):

• The <ul> tag is used to create an unordered list, where the list items are displayed with bullet
points instead of numbers.
• The order of items does not matter and is generally used for listing items with no specific ranking.

Q.16] What is the purpose of the console.log() function.

The console.log() function in JavaScript is used to print messages, values, or debugging information to the
browser's console. It helps developers track the flow of code, inspect variables, and debug issues.

Example:

console.log("Hello, World!");

Q.17] Define the term “domain name” with an example.

A domain name is the address used to identify a website on the internet. It is a human-readable label that
corresponds to an IP address. For example, "www.google.com" is a domain name that points to Google's
web server.

Q.18] How do you create a function in JavaScript? Write an example.

A function in JavaScript is created using the function keyword, followed by the function name, parameters
(optional), and a block of code inside curly braces {}.

Example:

function greet(name) {
console.log("Hello, " + name);
}
greet("Alice"); // Output: Hello, Alice

Q.19] Explain “this” keyword.

The this keyword in JavaScript refers to the context in which a function is executed. It is used to access
properties and methods of the current object. The value of this depends on how the function is called.

Q.20] Write an example of using the background-color property in CSS.

The background-color property in CSS is used to set the background color of an element. It can be applied to
any HTML element.

Example:

body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
Q.21] Describe the significance of the alt attribute in the tag with an example.

The alt attribute in the <img> tag provides alternative text for an image when it cannot be displayed. It
improves accessibility for users with screen readers and helps with SEO if the image fails to load.

Example:

<img src="image.jpg" alt="A beautiful sunset">

Q.22] Illustrate how to create a numbered list in HTML.

To create a numbered list in HTML, use the <ol> tag (ordered list) and <li> tags (list items).

Example:

<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
<li>Third item</li>
</ol>

Q.23] Explain how the float property is used in CSS with an example.

The float property in CSS is used to position an element to the left or right, allowing other content to wrap
around it. It is commonly used for creating layouts with text wrapping around images.

Example:

img {
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
}

This will make the image float to the left, and text will wrap around it.
8-10 Marks Questions
Q.1] Discuss role of TCP/IP(Transmission control protocol/Internet Protocol) in web
communication. Explain how it enables data Transfer over the Internet and supports
Web browsing.

The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) plays a crucial role in enabling web
communication by providing the foundation for data transfer across the internet. It is a suite of
communication protocols that governs how data is transmitted, routed, and received between devices in a
network. TCP/IP is responsible for ensuring reliable, efficient, and error-free communication over the web.

TCP handles the segmentation and reassembly of data. When a user requests a webpage, TCP breaks the
data into smaller packets for efficient transmission. These packets are numbered and sent over the internet
independently. At the receiving end, TCP reassembles the packets in the correct order and ensures that no
data is lost or corrupted during transmission. If any packets are missing, TCP requests retransmission,
ensuring reliability.

IP, on the other hand, manages the addressing and routing of data packets. Each device on the internet is
assigned a unique IP address. IP ensures that packets are routed through various networks and reach the
correct destination. It determines the best path for data transfer by considering factors like network
congestion and availability.

Together, TCP/IP supports web browsing by enabling the communication between a user's device (client)
and a web server. When a user enters a URL into a browser, TCP/IP protocols work in the background to
establish a connection with the server, request the webpage, and transfer the necessary data back to the
browser. This ensures that users can seamlessly access websites, stream content, and communicate over the
internet. Without TCP/IP, the structured and reliable exchange of data required for web browsing and other
internet activities would not be possible.

Q.2] Describe the main components of a web browser’s architecture and their functions.
Q.17] Describe the main components of a web browser’s architecture and their functions
with diagram.
User Interface (UI)
The user interface is the visible part of the browser where users interact. It includes features like the address
bar, back and forward buttons, bookmarks, and settings. This component allows users to perform actions
such as entering a URL or navigating webpages easily.

Browser Engine
The browser engine acts as a communication layer between the user interface and the rendering engine. It
takes commands from the user (like loading a page) and directs the rendering engine to execute them.

Rendering Engine
This component is responsible for converting web content into visual elements on the screen. It processes
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to render a webpage. Common rendering engines include WebKit (used by
Safari) and Blink (used by Chrome).

Networking Layer
The networking layer handles all network requests to fetch resources like web pages, images, and other files
from the internet. It uses protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, and TCP/IP to manage data transfer.

JavaScript Engine
This engine executes JavaScript code embedded in webpages. It powers interactive features, animations, and
dynamic content. For example, Chrome uses the V8 engine, while Firefox uses SpiderMonkey.

Data Storage
Data storage manages the storage of cookies, cache, and other local data. This component helps improve
performance by saving user preferences, login details, and temporary files locally.

UI Backend
The UI backend is responsible for drawing interface elements like windows, buttons, and forms. It interacts
with the operating system to provide a graphical interface.

Browser Kernel
The kernel oversees browser processes, including memory management, performance optimization, and
security. It ensures the browser runs smoothly and protects it from vulnerabilities.

Q.4] Discuss the differences between inline, internal, and external CSS. When would
you use each type?

Inline CSS

1. Inline CSS is written directly within an HTML element using the style attribute.
2. It affects only the specific element it is applied to.
3. It is used for quick, one-off styling of individual elements.
4. It is not ideal for large projects because it mixes HTML and CSS, making the code harder to
manage.

Internal CSS

1. Internal CSS is written inside the <style> tag, which is placed within the <head> section of
the HTML document.
2. It affects all elements within the HTML page that match the defined styles.
3. It is useful when you want to style a specific page but don’t want to create a separate CSS file.
4. It is less efficient for styling multiple pages because it is not reusable.
External CSS

1. External CSS is written in a separate .css file and linked to the HTML document using the
<link> tag.
2. It can style multiple pages on a website by linking the same CSS file to different HTML files.
3. It helps keep the HTML file clean and easy to read.
4. It is the most efficient and maintainable method for large websites with multiple pages.

When to Use Each Type:

• Inline CSS: Use when you need to apply unique styles to a single element and don’t need to reuse
the style.
• Internal CSS: Use when styling a single page and you don't want to create a separate CSS file.
• External CSS: Use for larger projects or websites where styles need to be reused across multiple
pages, making the site more maintainable and efficient.

Q.5] Explain jQuery, and why is it used in web development? Explain its advantages
over plain JavaScript.

jQuery is a fast, lightweight, and feature-rich JavaScript library. It simplifies the process of manipulating
HTML documents, handling events, performing animations, and making AJAX requests. jQuery provides an
easier syntax to interact with DOM elements, handle events, and manage cross-browser compatibility issues.
It allows developers to write less code while achieving the same functionality, making web development
more efficient.

jQuery is widely used in web development because it simplifies complex tasks such as DOM manipulation,
event handling, and AJAX interactions. It helps developers create interactive and dynamic websites quickly.
jQuery's syntax is much easier to understand and write compared to vanilla JavaScript, making it a popular
choice for beginners and professionals alike. It also handles compatibility issues across different browsers,
ensuring that the website works seamlessly on various platforms.

Advantages of jQuery Over Plain JavaScript

• Simplified Syntax: jQuery simplifies JavaScript code, making it more readable and easier to write.
For example, jQuery provides shorter commands for common tasks, like selecting elements and
handling events, compared to plain JavaScript.
• Cross-Browser Compatibility: jQuery handles many of the issues that arise due to differences
between web browsers. Developers don’t need to worry about writing extra code for different
browsers, as jQuery takes care of it.
• AJAX Support: jQuery makes AJAX calls easier by providing simple methods to load data from the
server and update parts of the web page without reloading it.
• Animation and Effects: jQuery provides built-in methods for adding animations and effects, which
would otherwise require complex JavaScript code.
• Extensive Plugins: jQuery has a large collection of plugins available, enabling developers to add
extra features like image sliders, form validation, and more, without needing to build everything
from scratch.
Q.3] Discuss the differences between let, const, and var in JavaScript With examples.
Q.6] Discuss the differences between let, const, and var in JavaScript. Include examples
to demonstrate their scopes and hoisting behavior.

1. var

1. Scope: var is function-scoped, meaning it is available within the function where it is declared.
If declared outside of a function, it becomes global-scoped.
2. Hoisting: var is hoisted to the top of its scope, but its value is not assigned until the line of
declaration.
3. Re-declaration and Update: A variable declared with var can be re-declared and updated in
the same scope.

Example:

var a = 10;
console.log(a); // Output: 10

if (true) {
var a = 20; // Re-declares 'a' in the same scope
console.log(a); // Output: 20
}
console.log(a); // Output: 20 (global scope affected)

2. let

1. Scope: let is block-scoped, meaning it is only accessible within the block (e.g., loops, if
statements) in which it is declared.
2. Hoisting: let is hoisted but does not get assigned until the line of declaration, leading to a
temporal dead zone where the variable is inaccessible before its declaration.
3. Re-declaration and Update: A variable declared with let can be updated, but it cannot be re-
declared in the same block.

Example:

let b = 10;
console.log(b); // Output: 10

if (true) {
let b = 20; // 'b' is block-scoped
console.log(b); // Output: 20
}
console.log(b); // Output: 10 (block scope respected)

3. const

1. Scope: const is also block-scoped, similar to let.


2. Hoisting: const is hoisted like let, with a temporal dead zone, and must be initialized at the
time of declaration.
3. Re-declaration and Update: Variables declared with const cannot be re-declared or updated.
However, if the variable holds an object or array, the contents can be modified, but the
reference itself cannot be changed.
Example:

const c = 10;
console.log(c); // Output: 10

// c = 20; // Error: Assignment to constant variable

const arr = [1, 2, 3];


arr.push(4); // Allowed: Modifying array contents
console.log(arr); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

Key Differences:

1. Scope:
var is function-scoped or global-scoped, while let and const are block-scoped.
2. Hoisting:
var is hoisted with an undefined value, while let and const are hoisted but throw a temporal dead zone
error if accessed before declaration.
3. Re-declaration:
var allows re-declaration, let does not, and const does not allow re-declaration or reassignment

Q.7] Explain the difference between client-side and server-side technologies. Provide
examples of each.

Client-Side Technologies

1. Definition: Client-side technologies refer to code that runs on the user's device (the client),
typically within a web browser. These technologies control the behavior and presentation of
the web page visible to the user.
2. Execution: The code is executed directly on the user's browser, which means the user's
device does most of the work for rendering and interaction.
3. Purpose: Client-side technologies are used for user interaction, animations, form validation,
and rendering dynamic content without needing a page reload.
4. Examples:
1. HTML/CSS: Used to structure and style the webpage.
2. JavaScript: Used to add interactivity, validate forms, handle animations, and
dynamically manipulate HTML elements.
3. Frameworks/Libraries: React, Angular, Vue.js, jQuery are used for building
interactive and dynamic web interfaces.

Server-Side Technologies

1. Definition: Server-side technologies refer to code that runs on the server and handles data
processing, database management, authentication, and more. The server sends the result to
the client to display the web page.
2. Execution: The code is executed on the web server, and the results are sent to the client's
browser, typically as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
3. Purpose: Server-side technologies are used for tasks like data retrieval, user authentication,
generating dynamic content, and managing databases.
4. Examples:
1. Languages: PHP, Python, Ruby, Node.js, Java, C# are used to build server-side
applications.
2. Frameworks: Express (Node.js), Django (Python), Ruby on Rails (Ruby), ASP.NET
(C#) are popular frameworks for building web applications.
3. Databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB are often managed by server-side
technologies.

Key Differences: -------- prefer this shortcut answer for understanding.

 Execution Location:
a. Client-side: Code runs in the user’s browser.
b. Server-side: Code runs on the server.
 Purpose:
a. Client-side: Deals with user interface and interactions.
b. Server-side: Handles data processing, storage, and business logic.
 Performance:
a. Client-side: Depends on the user’s device for performance.
b. Server-side: Depends on the server’s processing power.
 Examples:
a. Client-side: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React.
b. Server-side: PHP, Python, Node.js, MySQL.

Q.8] Describe the purpose of the Math object in JavaScript? Provide examples of two
methods, such as Math.random() and Math.floor().

The Math object in JavaScript is a built-in object that provides various mathematical functions and constants.
It is not a constructor, meaning you do not need to create an instance of it to use its methods. The Math
object simplifies many common mathematical tasks, making it easier to perform operations without needing
to write custom functions. It includes methods for performing basic arithmetic, working with numbers,
generating random values, calculating square roots, rounding numbers, and more.

For example, if you need to find the square root of a number or generate a random number, the Math object
provides simple methods to accomplish these tasks. Instead of writing complicated formulas or logic from
scratch, you can just call the appropriate Math method to get the result.

In addition to offering convenience, the Math object helps improve code efficiency. It is widely used in web
development for things like animations, games, simulations, and other applications that require
randomization or mathematical operations. You can use it to calculate values like angles, trigonometric
functions, or even work with large and small numbers in a more manageable way.

Some common operations include rounding numbers (using methods like Math.round()), finding the
maximum or minimum value in a list (using Math.max() or Math.min()), or even performing more complex
mathematical calculations like finding the absolute value of a number (Math.abs()).

Examples of Two Methods in the Math Object

Math.random()

1. Purpose: The Math.random() method returns a random floating-point number between 0


(inclusive) and 1 (exclusive). This method is often used for generating random numbers.

Example:

let randomNumber = Math.random();


console.log(randomNumber); // Output: a random number between 0 and 1
Math.floor()

1. Purpose: The Math.floor() method rounds a number down to the nearest integer. This
method is useful when you want to remove the decimal part of a number and only keep the
integer part.

Example:

let decimalNumber = 4.7;


let roundedDown = Math.floor(decimalNumber);
console.log(roundedDown); // Output: 4

Q.9] Write a JavaScript program that counts the number of vowels in a given string
and displays the count.

function countVowels(str) {
let vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"; // String containing all vowels (both lowercase and uppercase)
let count = 0; // Initialize counter to 0

// Loop through each character of the string


for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
// Check if the character is a vowel
if (vowels.indexOf(str[i]) !== -1) {
count++; // Increment the count if the character is a vowel
}
}

// Display the count of vowels


console.log("Number of vowels:", count);
}

// Example usage
let inputString = "Hello, how are you?";
countVowels(inputString);

Explanation:

• The countVowels function takes a string as input.


• It defines a string vowels containing both uppercase and lowercase vowels.
• It then loops through each character in the string and checks if it's a vowel by using indexOf(). If it is,
the count is incremented.
• Finally, it prints the total number of vowels in the string.

Example Output:

For the input string "Hello, how are you?", the output would be:

Number of vowels: 7
Q.10] Describe the use of the for loop in JavaScript. Write a loop that prints numbers
from 1 to 5.

The for loop in JavaScript is one of the most commonly used control structures. It allows you to repeat a
block of code a specific number of times. A for loop consists of three main parts: initialization, condition,
and increment/decrement.

Initialization: This step runs only once at the beginning of the loop. It is typically used to define and
set the starting value of a loop counter variable.

Condition: This step is checked before each iteration of the loop. The loop will continue to run as
long as the condition evaluates to true. Once the condition evaluates to false, the loop stops.

Increment/Decrement: This step runs after each iteration and is used to update the loop counter (or
variable). In most cases, the counter is incremented (increased by 1), but it can also be decremented
(decreased by 1).

The structure of the for loop looks like this:

for (initialization; condition; increment) {


// Code to execute during each loop iteration
}

Here’s a breakdown:

• Initialization: let i = 1; – This initializes a variable i to 1 before the loop starts.


• Condition: i <= 5; – The loop will run as long as i is less than or equal to 5.
• Increment: i++ – After each iteration, the variable i will be incremented by 1.

Program to Print Numbers from 1 to 5

// Using a for loop to print numbers from 1 to 5


for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
console.log(i); // Prints the current value of i in each iteration
}

Explanation:

1. Initialization: let i = 1; – The loop starts with i equal to 1.


2. Condition: i <= 5; – The loop will keep running as long as i is less than or equal to 5.
3. Increment: i++ – After each iteration, i is incremented by 1.
4. Loop Execution: Each time the loop runs, it prints the current value of i using console.log(i).

Example Output:

1
2
3
4
5
Q.11] Define CSS and explain its purpose in web development. How does it differ from
HTML?

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language used to control the presentation, layout, and design
of HTML elements on a web page. CSS allows you to separate the structure (HTML) of the web page from
its visual style (design and layout). By applying styles using CSS, you can control how the content of your
web page looks, such as the color, fonts, spacing, positioning, and even complex animations.

Purpose of CSS in Web Development

The primary purpose of CSS in web development is to define how HTML elements should be displayed on a
screen, paper, or other media. CSS makes web pages more visually appealing, organized, and easier to
navigate. Some of the key uses of CSS are:

1. Design and Layout: CSS is used to style the visual appearance of web pages, including fonts, colors,
margins, borders, padding, and positioning.
2. Responsive Design: CSS allows web pages to adapt to different screen sizes and devices (e.g.,
mobile phones, tablets, desktops). This is done using media queries and flexible grid layouts.
3. Separation of Content and Design: By separating the design from the HTML structure, CSS allows
developers to maintain clean and organized code, making it easier to update the design without
affecting the content.
4. Consistency: CSS helps maintain a consistent look across multiple pages of a website. For example,
you can apply the same header style or color scheme to all pages using the same CSS file.
5. Performance: Since CSS files are often cached by browsers, they help improve the performance of a
website by reducing the amount of repeated code and speeding up page loading times.

How CSS Differs from HTML

Purpose:

1. HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to structure the content of a web page. It
defines the elements on the page, such as headings, paragraphs, images, links, and other types
of content.
2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), on the other hand, is used to style and format the content
defined by HTML. It controls the visual presentation of HTML elements, such as their colors,
fonts, layouts, and spacing.

Nature:

1. HTML provides the skeleton or structure of the web page, while CSS adds the visual
appearance, making the structure look more attractive and readable.

Content vs. Presentation:

1. HTML defines the content (e.g., text, images, and links) and the hierarchy of the page
(headings, sections).
2. CSS defines how that content will be displayed, such as its colors, size, and positioning on
the page.

Interaction:

1. HTML doesn’t control the appearance or layout, only the structure.


2. CSS controls how the content from HTML is presented and arranged on the screen.
Q.12] Explain how to use the if statement in JavaScript. Provide an example that
checks if a number is positive.

The if statement in JavaScript is a control structure used to perform a specific action based on a condition. If
the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the if block is executed; otherwise, it is skipped.

Syntax of the if Statement:

if (condition) {
// Code to be executed if the condition is true
}

• Condition: This is an expression that evaluates to true or false. The condition can be any expression
that returns a boolean value (true or false).
• Code Block: This is the set of statements that will run only if the condition is true. If the condition is
false, the block is ignored.

Example: Checking If a Number is Positive

// JavaScript program to check if a number is positive

let number = 5; // You can change this number to test with different values

if (number > 0) {
console.log("The number is positive."); // This will execute if the number is greater than 0
}

Explanation:

1. Condition: number > 0

o This checks whether the value of the number is greater than 0.

2. Action: console.log("The number is positive.");

o If the condition evaluates to true (i.e., the number is positive), the code inside the if block is
executed, and the message "The number is positive." is printed.

Example Output:

For the value of number = 5, the output will be:

The number is positive.


Q.13] Write the difference between the Internet and Intranet.
Aspect Internet Intranet
A global network connecting millions of
A private network used within an
Definition private, public, academic, and
organization, restricted to authorized users.
government networks.
Open to everyone with an Internet Limited to employees or members of the
Accessibility
connection. organization with proper credentials.
Contains a vast array of information and Contains internal information and
Content
services available to the public. resources specific to the organization.
More vulnerable to external threats due Generally more secure with controlled
Security access, but still vulnerable to internal
to its open nature.
threats.
Facilitates global communication Facilitates internal communication,
Communication through email, social media, and other collaboration, and information sharing
platforms. within the organization.
Involves ongoing costs such as ISP fees May involve significant setup and
Cost maintenance costs, but can reduce
and security measures.
operational costs in the long run.
Websites like Google, Facebook, and
Examples A company's internal portal or HR system.
Amazon.

Q.14] Create a HTML form for a Job application with the following fields:
1. A text input field for the applicant’s full name.
2. An email input field for the applicant’s email address.
3. A dropdown menu for selecting the desired Job position(e.g., Developer,Designer,Manager)
4. A text area for the applicants to write a brief cover letter.
5. A submit button labeled “Apply Now”.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Job Application Form</title>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Job Application Form</h2>


<form action="/submit-application" method="POST">
<!-- Full Name Input Field -->
<label for="fullName">Full Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fullName" name="fullName" placeholder="Enter your full name"
required><br><br>
<!-- Email Input Field -->
<label for="email">Email Address:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" placeholder="Enter your email address"
required><br><br>

<!-- Job Position Dropdown -->


<label for="jobPosition">Desired Job Position:</label>
<select id="jobPosition" name="jobPosition" required>
<option value="developer">Developer</option>
<option value="designer">Designer</option>
<option value="manager">Manager</option>
</select><br><br>

<!-- Cover Letter Text Area -->


<label for="coverLetter">Cover Letter:</label><br>
<textarea id="coverLetter" name="coverLetter" rows="4" cols="50" placeholder="Write a
brief cover letter" required></textarea><br><br>

<!-- Submit Button -->


<button type="submit">Apply Now</button>
</form>

</body>
</html>

Q.15] Explain the structure of an HTML document. Create a simple HTML Web page
structure and describe the use of each tag involved.

An HTML document follows a specific structure, which is necessary for browsers to correctly interpret and
display the web page. The basic structure consists of several elements or tags that define the document's
content and its appearance. The most common tags are:

1. <!DOCTYPE html>: Declares the document type and version of HTML being used (HTML5 in this
case).
2. <html>: The root element that wraps the entire HTML document.
3. <head>: Contains meta-information about the document such as its title, character encoding, and
links to external resources like CSS files.
4. <title>: Sets the title of the web page, which appears in the browser's title bar or tab.
5. <body>: Contains the main content of the web page that is visible to the user.
6. <h1>, <h2>, ... <h6>: Heading tags used to define the headings in the page, with <h1> being the
most important and <h6> the least.
7. <p>: Paragraph tag used to define text content in paragraphs.
8. <a>: Anchor tag used to create hyperlinks.
9. <img>: Image tag used to embed images on the page.
10. <ul>, <ol>, <li>: Tags used to create unordered (bulleted) or ordered (numbered) lists.
Simple HTML Web Page Structure

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Simple Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Welcome to My Web Page</h1>
</header>

<section>
<h2>About Me</h2>
<p>Hello! I'm a web development enthusiast learning HTML and CSS.</p>
</section>

<section>
<h2>My Interests</h2>
<ul>
<li>Programming</li>
<li>Reading Books</li>
<li>Traveling</li>
</ul>
</section>

<footer>
<p>Contact me at <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>

Description of Each Tag:

1. <!DOCTYPE html>:

Declares the document as an HTML5 document. This is the first line of the HTML document and
tells the browser which version of HTML to use.

2. <html lang="en">:

The root element of the HTML document, which encloses all other HTML content. The
lang="en" attribute specifies that the content is in English.

3. <head>:

Contains metadata about the document, such as the character set and viewport settings for
responsive design. It also includes the title tag that defines the title of the page seen in the
browser tab.

4. <meta charset="UTF-8">:

Specifies the character encoding for the document (UTF-8 supports a wide range of characters).
5. <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">:

Ensures the page is responsive, meaning it adapts to the width of the device screen (important for
mobile devices).

6. <title>:

Sets the title of the web page that appears in the browser tab or title bar.

7. <body>:

Contains all the visible content of the webpage that the user interacts with.

8. <header>:

Represents the header section of the page, often containing introductory content or navigation
links.

9. <h1>:

Defines the main heading of the page, usually the most important heading.

10. <section>:

Used to group content together, typically used for distinct sections of content (like "About Me"
and "My Interests").

11. <h2>:

Defines a secondary heading, used within sections to label content.

12. <p>:

Represents a paragraph of text.

13. <ul>:

Creates an unordered (bulleted) list.

14. <li>:

Defines an individual list item within either an unordered or ordered list.

15. <footer>:

Represents the footer section of the page, usually containing copyright information or links.

16. <a href="mailto:[email protected]">:

Creates a hyperlink that, when clicked, opens the default email client with the specified email
address.
Q.16] Explain the differences between ES5 and ES6 in JavaScript.
Aspect ES5 (ECMAScript 5) ES6 (ECMAScript 6)
Only var is available for declaring Introduces let and const for block-scoped
Let and Const
variables. variable declaration.
Arrow No arrow functions, only regular Arrow functions (() => {}) provide a shorter
Functions functions. syntax and have lexical this.
Template Template literals (backticks ``) allow
String concatenation uses +.
Literals embedding variables inside strings with ${}.
No class syntax; object-oriented Introduces class syntax for object-oriented
Classes
programming is done with functions. programming.
Default No support for default function Allows default values for function
Parameters parameters. parameters.
Destructuring allows extracting values from
Destructuring No destructuring feature.
arrays and objects into variables.
No module system; all code is in a Introduces import and export for
Modules
single file. modularizing code.
No native promises for Introduces Promise for handling
Promises asynchronous code (callback
asynchronous operations.
functions used).
Spread No spread operator (...) for arrays or Spread operator (...) allows expanding arrays
Operator objects. and objects.
forEach() method available for iterating over
ForEach Loop No forEach method for arrays.
arrays.
Introduces Map (key-value pairs) and Set
Map and Set No Map and Set collections.
(unique values) collections.

Q.18] Explain the structure of an HTML table and write the HTML code for a table
with at least three rows and three columns.

An HTML table is used to display data in a grid format, consisting of rows and columns. The main elements
of a table are:

1. <table>: This element defines the entire table.


2. <tr> (Table Row): Defines a row in the table. It is used inside the <table> element to group table
data.
3. <th> (Table Header): Defines a header cell in the table, typically used for column headings. It is
placed inside the <tr> element.
4. <td> (Table Data): Defines a data cell in the table, which contains the actual content. It is placed
inside the <tr> element, below the <th> elements.

HTML Table Code Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>HTML Table Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Sample Table</h2>
<table border="1">

<!-- Table Header Row -->


<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
<th>Header 3</th>
</tr>
<!-- Table Row 1 -->
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 3</td>
</tr>
<!-- Table Row 2 -->
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 3</td>
</tr>
<!-- Table Row 3 -->
<tr>
<td>Row 3, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 3, Column 2</td>
<td>Row 3, Column 3</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

Q.19] Describe HTML lists and differentiate between ordered and unordered lists.
Provide examples of each type.

Ordered List (<ol>): An ordered list is used when the sequence or order of the list items is important. Items
in an ordered list are typically numbered, but you can also use letters or other types of numbering styles.
This is useful when you want to present information that follows a specific order, such as steps in a process
or a ranking.

Unordered List (<ul>): An unordered list is used when the order of the list items is not important. Instead of
numbers or letters, items in an unordered list are typically displayed with bullet points. This type of list is
suitable for presenting items like features, options, or categories, where the order doesn't matter

Aspect Ordered List (<ol>) Unordered List (<ul>)


The order of items is important and displayed in The order of items is not important and is
Order
a sequence (numbered). displayed with bullet points.
Used when presenting a list where sequence Used when the order doesn't matter (e.g.,
Use Case
matters (e.g., steps, rankings). features, categories).
Default Numbering (1, 2, 3, ...) or other ordered markers
Bullets (•, ◦, etc.).
Marker (a, b, c, ...).
HTML
<ol> for the list, <li> for each list item. <ul> for the list, <li> for each list item.
Tags
Ordered List Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Ordered List Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Steps to Make a Cup of Tea</h2>


<ol>
<li>Boil water.</li>
<li>Put tea leaves or tea bag in a cup.</li>
<li>Pour hot water into the cup.</li>
<li>Let it steep for a few minutes.</li>
<li>Remove the tea bag or strain the tea leaves.</li>
<li>Serve the tea.</li>
</ol>

</body>
</html>

Unordered List Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Unordered List Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Features of a Smartphone</h2>
<ul>
<li>Touchscreen display</li>
<li>Camera</li>
<li>Wi-Fi connectivity</li>
<li>Bluetooth</li>
<li>GPS navigation</li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>
Q.20] Explain the importance of the <a>, <img>, and <form> tags in HTML. Provide
examples of each tag and demonstrate how they are used to enhance a webpage's
functionality.

1. <a> Tag (Anchor Tag):

Purpose: The <a> tag is used to create hyperlinks, allowing users to navigate from one page to another or to
a specific part of the same page.

Importance: It is essential for web navigation, enabling the user to click and go to other web pages, external
sites, or resources. It is fundamental for creating links, which are a primary feature of the web.

Example:

<a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example Website</a>

In this example, clicking the link text "Visit Example Website" will navigate the user to the specified URL.

2. <img> Tag (Image Tag):

Purpose: The <img> tag is used to embed images in a webpage.

Importance: It enhances the visual appeal and user experience of a website by displaying images, logos,
icons, and other multimedia elements. Images can be used to provide visual context, demonstrate products,
or make the page more engaging.

Example:

<img src="https://via.placeholder.com/150" alt="Placeholder Image">

3. <form> Tag (Form Tag):

Purpose: The <form> tag is used to collect user input through text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, etc.,
and send it to a server for processing.

Importance: Forms are crucial for interacting with users, allowing them to submit data like login details,
search queries, or feedback. Forms enable user interaction, which is a key part of most dynamic websites,
such as contact forms, registration forms, and surveys.

Example:

<form action="/submit-form" method="POST">


<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
Q.21] Explain the concept of CSS Flexbox with examples.

CSS Flexbox (Flexible Box Layout) is a layout model that allows you to design complex and responsive
layouts easily. It makes it simple to align items horizontally or vertically within a container. With Flexbox,
you can distribute space dynamically and adjust the alignment of items, even if their size is unknown or
dynamic.

Flexbox simplifies the process of creating layouts without the need for floats or positioning. It is especially
useful when building responsive designs, as it allows elements to adjust their size and order based on the
screen size.

Key Concepts of Flexbox:

1. Flex Container: The parent element that uses display: flex. All its children (direct descendants)
become flex items.
2. Flex Items: The child elements inside a flex container that are arranged and aligned according to the
flex properties.

Basic Properties:

1. display: flex: Turns the container into a flex container.


2. justify-content: Aligns items along the horizontal axis (main axis).
3. align-items: Aligns items along the vertical axis (cross axis).
4. flex-direction: Defines the direction of the flex items (row or column).
5. flex-wrap: Allows items to wrap onto the next line if needed.

Simple Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Flexbox Example</title>
<style>
.container {
display: flex; /* Enable Flexbox */
justify-content: space-between; /* Space items evenly with space between */
align-items: center; /* Align items vertically to the center */
height: 100px; /* Set height for the container */
background-color: lightgray;
}
.item {
background-color: lightblue;
padding: 20px;
width: 100px; /* Fixed width for items */
text-align: center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="container">
<div class="item">Item 1</div>
<div class="item">Item 2</div>
<div class="item">Item 3</div>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Benefits of Flexbox:

• Easy alignment of items both horizontally and vertically.


• Responsive layouts without needing complex calculations.
• Items automatically adjust based on available space.

Q.22] Explain the difference between synchronous and asynchronous programming in


JavaScript with examples.

1. Synchronous Programming:

• Execution: Tasks are executed one after the other, in order. The next task waits for the previous one
to complete.
• Blocking: The program waits for each task to finish before moving on to the next one.
• Speed: Can be slower if tasks take time, as the program waits for each task to complete.
• Use Case: Suitable for small or simple tasks that do not involve waiting (e.g., calculations).

2. Asynchronous Programming:

• Execution: Tasks are executed independently. The program continues executing other tasks while
waiting for some tasks (e.g., fetching data) to complete.
• Non-Blocking: The program does not wait for tasks to finish and can move on to other operations.
• Speed: Faster and more efficient for tasks that take time, as it doesn't block the program.
• Use Case: Ideal for tasks like loading data from a server, reading files, etc.

Synchronous Example:

console.log("Start");

console.log("Middle");

console.log("End");

Explanation:

The three console.log() statements run one after the other.

The output will always be:

Start
Middle
End
Asynchronous Example (Using setTimeout):

console.log("Start");

setTimeout(() => {
console.log("This is asynchronous!");
}, 2000); // Waits for 2 seconds before running the code inside

console.log("End");

Explanation:

The setTimeout() function runs after 2 seconds, but it doesn't stop the program from continuing.

The output will be:

Start
End
This is asynchronous!

Even though setTimeout() is called first, "End" is logged before "This is asynchronous!" because the
setTimeout is asynchronous and does not block the program.

Q.23] Write a JavaScript program to create and use a constructor function to create
multiple objects with properties.

In JavaScript, a constructor function is used to create objects with similar properties and methods.
Constructor functions help us create multiple objects based on a blueprint.

Example:

// Constructor function to create a Person object


function Person(name, age) {
this.name = name; // Assign the name to the Person object
this.age = age; // Assign the age to the Person object
this.greet = function() { // Method to greet the person
console.log("Hello, my name is " + this.name + " and I am " + this.age + " years old.");
};
}

// Create new Person objects using the constructor


let person1 = new Person("Alice", 30);
let person2 = new Person("Bob", 25);

// Use the greet method to display information


person1.greet(); // Output: Hello, my name is Alice and I am 30 years old.
person2.greet(); // Output: Hello, my name is Bob and I am 25 years old.
Explanation:

1. Constructor Function: Person is a constructor function. It defines how objects will look like, having
name, age, and a method greet.
2. Creating Objects: person1 and person2 are created using the new keyword. Each object gets its own
name and age and can use the greet() method.
3. Using Methods: The greet() method is called on each object to display personalized messages.

Q.24] Design a simple HTML page that uses forms to collect user data, including a
drop-down menu, radio buttons, checkboxes, and a submit button. Explain each
element used.

Simple HTML Form Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>User Data Collection</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>User Information Form</h1>

<form action="/submit" method="post">


<!-- Text input for name -->
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name" required><br><br>

<!-- Drop-down menu for selecting country -->


<label for="country">Select Country:</label>
<select id="country" name="country">
<option value="usa">USA</option>
<option value="canada">Canada</option>
<option value="india">India</option>
</select><br><br>

<!-- Radio buttons for gender selection -->


<label>Gender:</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="male" name="gender" value="male" required>
<label for="male">Male</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="female" name="gender" value="female">
<label for="female">Female</label><br><br>

<!-- Checkboxes for interests -->


<label>Interests:</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" id="sports" name="interests" value="sports">
<label for="sports">Sports</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" id="music" name="interests" value="music">
<label for="music">Music</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" id="reading" name="interests" value="reading">
<label for="reading">Reading</label><br><br>
<!-- Submit button -->
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

</body>
</html>

Explanation of Each Element:

Text Input (<input type="text">):

1. This allows the user to enter text, such as their name.


2. The required attribute ensures the user can't submit the form without filling this field.

Drop-Down Menu (<select> and <option>):

1. The drop-down menu lets users select from a list of options. Here, users can choose a country.
2. The <option> tags represent the available choices (USA, Canada, India).

Radio Buttons (<input type="radio">):

1. Radio buttons are used to select one option from a group. In this case, the user chooses their
gender.
2. Since both radio buttons have the same name attribute ("gender"), only one can be selected at
a time.

Checkboxes (<input type="checkbox">):

1. Checkboxes let users select multiple options. Here, users can check any number of interests
(Sports, Music, Reading).
2. Each checkbox has a unique id and name, and they can be checked independently of each
other.

Submit Button (<input type="submit">):

1. This button submits the form data to the server when clicked.

How the Form Works:

• The form collects the user’s name, country, gender, interests, and then submits the data to the server
(the action="/submit" attribute specifies where to send the form data).
• The method="post" ensures the form data is sent securely and not visible in the URL.
Q.25] Describe the use of semantic tags in HTML5. Write examples using tags like
<article>, <section>, and <footer>.

In HTML5, semantic tags are used to give meaning to the content of a webpage. These tags help search
engines and web developers understand the structure and importance of the content, making the code more
readable, accessible, and SEO-friendly. They provide context about the content enclosed within them.

Here are a few examples of semantic tags and their usage:

<article>:

1. This tag is used for content that can stand alone as a complete section, like blog posts, news
articles, or forum posts.
2. Example: A blog post or a news article is usually enclosed in an <article> tag because it
makes sense as a self-contained piece.

<section>:

1. This tag represents a section of content within a document, often with its own heading. It's
used to group related content.
2. Example: You can use a <section> tag to group a specific topic within a page, such as an
introduction or a contact form.

<footer>:

1. This tag is used for content at the bottom of a webpage or section. Typically, footers contain
information like contact details, links, and copyright.
2. Example: The footer of a webpage might include links to privacy policies, social media, or
legal information.

Example Code Using Semantic Tags:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Semantic HTML5 Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<!-- Main content section -->


<header>
<h1>My Website</h1>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
<!-- Article section for blog or post -->
<article>
<h2>Why Semantic HTML is Important</h2>
<p>Using semantic tags helps improve the structure and readability of your HTML code. This makes it
easier for developers to maintain the website and better for search engines.</p>
</article>

<!-- Section for additional content -->


<section>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>This section explains why semantic HTML is essential for modern web development.</p>
</section>

<!-- Footer section -->


<footer>
<p>&copy; 2024 My Website</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="#terms">Terms of Service</a></li>
</ul>
</footer>

</body>
</html>

Benefits of Using Semantic Tags:

• Accessibility: Helps screen readers understand the structure of the page better, making it more
accessible for users with disabilities.
• SEO: Search engines can better understand the content of the page, potentially improving rankings.
• Readability: Developers can easily understand and manage the structure of the webpage by using
these meaningful tags.

Q.26] Write an HTML document that includes multimedia elements such as an image,
audio, and video. Explain the purpose of each tag used.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Multimedia Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Welcome to Multimedia Example</h1>

<!-- Image tag to display an image -->


<h2>Image Example</h2>
<img src="https://via.placeholder.com/300" alt="Placeholder Image" width="300">
<p>This is an example of an image displayed using the <code>&lt;img&gt;</code> tag.</p>
<!-- Audio tag to play an audio file -->
<h2>Audio Example</h2>
<audio controls>
<source src="https://www.soundhelix.com/examples/mp3/SoundHelix-Song-1.mp3"
type="audio/mp3">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
<p>This is an example of an audio player using the <code>&lt;audio&gt;</code> tag. You can play,
pause, and adjust the volume.</p>

<!-- Video tag to play a video file -->


<h2>Video Example</h2>
<video width="320" height="240" controls>
<source src="https://www.w3schools.com/html/mov_bbb.mp4" type="video/mp4">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>
<p>This is an example of a video player using the <code>&lt;video&gt;</code> tag. You can play, pause,
and adjust the volume.</p>

</body>
</html>

Explanation of Tags Used:

<img> (Image tag):

1. This tag is used to display images on a webpage. The src attribute specifies the source of the
image, while the alt attribute provides alternative text for users who cannot see the image.
The width attribute controls the size of the image.
2. Purpose: To display an image on the webpage.

<audio> (Audio tag):

1. This tag is used to embed audio files. The controls attribute adds controls like play, pause,
and volume adjusters for the user. The source tag inside <audio> specifies the audio file's
location and format.
2. Purpose: To play audio on the webpage. Users can interact with the controls to play or pause
the audio.

<video> (Video tag):

1. This tag is used to embed video files. The controls attribute adds controls for playing, pausing,
and adjusting the volume. The source tag specifies the location of the video file and its format.
2. Purpose: To display and play videos on the webpage. It allows users to interact with the
video, such as playing or pausing.
Q.27] Discuss the significance of HTTP and HTTPS. How does HTTPS differ from
HTTP in terms of security?

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used for transmitting data over the web. It defines
how messages are formatted and transmitted between a web server and a browser. HTTP is the foundation of
data communication on the World Wide Web but does not encrypt the data, meaning the information
exchanged can be intercepted by third parties.

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is the secure version of HTTP. It adds encryption to the
data transfer using SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security) protocols. This ensures that
the data sent between the web server and the browser is encrypted, protecting sensitive information like
passwords, credit card details, and personal data from being intercepted.

Difference Between HTTP and HTTPS in Terms of Security:

Encryption:

o HTTP transmits data in plain text, which can be read or altered by attackers during
transmission.
o HTTPS encrypts the data using SSL/TLS, making it unreadable to attackers. This ensures the
privacy and integrity of the data.

Data Integrity:

o HTTP is more vulnerable to data manipulation. It is possible for attackers to modify the data
during transmission.
o HTTPS ensures that the data sent and received is not tampered with. Any changes to the data
during transmission are detected, ensuring data integrity.

Port:

o HTTP typically uses port 80 for communication.


o HTTPS uses port 443, which is specifically reserved for secure communications.

URL Prefix:

o HTTP URLs start with http://.


o HTTPS URLs start with https://, indicating that the connection is secure.

Browser Indications:

o HTTP sites usually show a "not secure" message in the browser’s address bar, indicating that
the connection is unprotected.
o HTTPS sites typically display a padlock icon in the address bar, signaling a secure
connection.

Performance:

o HTTP generally provides faster communication, as there is no overhead for encryption and
decryption.
o HTTPS has a slight performance overhead due to encryption, but modern advancements, like
HTTP/2, have made HTTPS almost as fast as HTTP in terms of performance.
Q.28] Illustrate the process of linking an external stylesheet to an HTML document.
Write a complete example.

To link an external CSS file to an HTML document, the <link> tag is used inside the <head> section of the
HTML file. This tag specifies the location of the external CSS file, which contains the styling rules for the
HTML elements.

Here is the process in steps:

1. Create an external CSS file: This file will contain the CSS code that defines how the HTML
elements will be styled.
2. Link the external CSS file in the HTML document: This is done using the <link> tag within the
<head> section of the HTML file.

Steps:

Create an External CSS File:


Let's assume you create a file named styles.css for the styling.

/* styles.css */
body {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: #f4f4f4;
}

h1 {
color: blue;
}

p{
color: green;
}

Link the External CSS File in the HTML Document:


Now, you link the styles.css file to your HTML document using the <link> tag.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Linking External CSS</title>
<!-- Linking the external CSS file -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Website</h1>
<p>This is an example of linking an external stylesheet.</p>
</body>
</html>
Q.29] Discuss the role of jQuery in AJAX operations with an example.

jQuery simplifies AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) operations, allowing developers to send and
retrieve data from a server without reloading the web page. This helps in creating dynamic, interactive web
pages that can update content on the fly. AJAX is often used to fetch data from the server (such as database
records) and display it on the web page without refreshing the whole page. jQuery provides an easy-to-
use .ajax(), .get(), and .post() methods to handle these operations.

How jQuery Helps in AJAX:

• Simplifies Syntax: jQuery provides a more concise and easier syntax compared to plain JavaScript,
making it easier to perform AJAX requests.
• Cross-browser Compatibility: jQuery handles differences in how browsers implement AJAX, so
you don’t have to worry about writing extra code for different browsers.
• Callbacks: jQuery allows you to easily handle asynchronous operations with success or error
callbacks, improving the flow of operations.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>jQuery AJAX Example</title>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>

<h2>AJAX with jQuery Example</h2>


<button id="loadData">Load Data</button>
<div id="data"></div>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
// When the button is clicked
$("#loadData").click(function(){
// AJAX request
$.ajax({
url: "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1", // Example API URL
type: "GET", // HTTP method
success: function(response) {
// On success, display data in the div
$("#data").html("<h3>" + response.title + "</h3><p>" + response.body + "</p>");
},
error: function() {
// On error, display a message
$("#data").html("<p>Error loading data.</p>");
}
});
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
Q.30] Create a simple webpage with the following features:
a. A title “My First Web Page” displayed in the browser tab.
b. A heading “Welcome to My Page” at the top of the Web page.
c. A paragraph describing yourself or your name, favorite hobby.
d. An unordered list with at least three items(e.g., hobbies, favorite website)
e. A hyperlink that opens a new webpage(e.g., linking to your favorite website)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>My First Web Page</title> <!-- Title displayed in the browser tab -->
</head>
<body>

<!-- Heading at the top of the page -->


<h1>Welcome to My Page</h1>

<!-- Paragraph describing yourself or your favorite hobby -->


<p>Hi! My name is Sohail, and one of my favorite hobbies is reading books, especially mystery
novels.</p>

<!-- Unordered list with at least three items -->


<ul>
<li>Reading</li>
<li>Coding</li>
<li>Traveling</li>
</ul>

<!-- Hyperlink that opens a new webpage -->


<a href="https://www.example.com" target="_blank">Visit My Favorite Website</a>

</body>
</html>

E N D

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