9/22/24, 1:49 AM Computer - Search Engines

Computer - Search Engines

What is a Search Engine?
A search engine is a web-based program or software application designed to support users
in finding information on the World Wide Web. Users can submit keywords or queries to
search engines, which subsequently provide relevant results from their index of web
pages, documents, videos, images, and other online information.

Popular examples of search engines are Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Ask.com and Yahoo.

Components of a Search Engine

Components of a search engine include −

Crawler (or Spider)

It is also known as a web crawler or spider. This component scans the internet to collect
relevant data from websites. It works as follows −

It starts working by fetching and examining the URLs also known as seeds.

In the next step, the crawler retrieves the HTML content of the pages specified in
URLs.

After that, it parses HTML to extract links to another page.

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It prioritizes pages to fetch next based on criteria like content, originality,

importance and crawling policies.

Index
A large database where the acquired data is saved and organised. It is essential to store
efficiently and retrieve information from the large amount of data available on the
internet. It collects raw web data and allows for faster and more relevant search results.

Functionalities of Index

The primary functionalities of the Index are as follows −

Content Processing − After web crawling or fetching the content, it parses web
pages; to extract relevant and meaningful information.
Tokenization − The text is divided into individual tokens (words or terms).

Normalization − The tokenised text is normalized by converting them into

lowercase, stemming, and removing stop words like "and," "the," etc.

Index Creation − The processed tokens are used to build the index, a data
structure that maps terms to their places in the document corpus.

Inverted Index − It includes a list of terms, and for each term, a list of
documents.

Metadata Storage − It includes document IDs and URLs, and metadata is stored
alongside the index.

Search Algorithm
The process for retrieving and ranking the most relevant results based on the user's query.
The search algorithm component of a search engine processes user queries and retrieves
the most relevant results from the index. This includes a variety of tactics and strategies
for ensuring accurate, relevant, and fast search results.

Functionalities of Search Algorithm

Query Parsing − It parses the user's query to determine the search intent and
extract relevant and meaningful data.

Term Matching − It matches query terms with indexed terms to find potential
documents.

Ranking − The algorithm ranks the matching documents using relevancy and
other ranking signals.

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Retrieval − It retrieves the most relevant documents for the user.

User Interface
A search engine's user interface is a component that interacts directly with users. It is a
platform where users may enter their queries and view the results using a search bar and
a results page. Overall, it includes capturing user input, showing search results, and giving
an overall user-friendly experience.

Functionalities of User Interface

Search Bar − It allows users to input their queries.

Results Display − Presents the search results in an organised way.

Navigation − Users can use tools to move through search results, revise their
queries, and access additional features.

User Interaction − It manages user activities including clicks, scrolls, and filters
and provides feedback.

Personalization − Personalizes the user interface based on user preferences,

history, and behaviour.

Additional Features − It includes advanced features like search options, voice

search, and autocomplete suggestions.

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Importance of Search Engines

Search engines are an essential component in the modern world since they support their
users to get information available on the internet; they perform searches, make decisions,
and navigate the internet.

Some of the key significances of search engines are as follows −

Information Retrieval
Search engines enable users to easily locate relevant information on almost any topic of
interest. Whether you're seeking medical advice, researching a school project, or finding a
nearby restaurant, search engines allow rapid access to a wealth of information.

Access to Diverse Content

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The internet has billions of webpages, files, images, videos, and other relevant content.
Search engines index and organise this content, making it readily available to users
regardless of format or source.

Discoverability for Businesses

Businesses rely on search engines to increase visibility and attract users. Businesses that
optimise their websites for search engine rankings increase their chances of getting
noticed by potential clients who are actively looking for items or services similar to theirs.

Research and Education

Search engines are extremely useful tools for students, scholars, and researchers. They
provide access to scholarly publications, academic journals, research papers, and
educational resources from all around the world, encouraging learning and information
sharing.

Consumer Decision-Making
To make purchasing decisions, shoppers frequently use search engines to research
products, read reviews, compare pricing, or get suggestions. Search engines enable
consumers to make informed decisions by offering access to product information and user-
generated content.

Global Connectivity
Search engines connect individuals from all over the world, allowing them to
communicate, collaborate, and exchange ideas beyond geographical borders. They make it
easier for people, businesses, organisations, and communities to interact globally.

Economic Impact
Search engines stimulate economic growth by connecting customers and businesses and
simplifying online transactions. They enable entrepreneurs, small enterprises, and e-
commerce platforms to access a larger audience and compete in the digital market.

Entertainment and Discovery

Search engines are not only useful for retrieving information but also for fun and
discovery. Users can look for news articles, watch movies, listen to music, play games, and
browse different content on the internet for leisure and amusement.

How do search engines work?

A search engine works in the following three stages −

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Web Crawling
Search engines use web crawlers, which are automated programmes that explore the
internet for new and updated content. These crawlers begin with a list of known URLs and
then follow links on those pages to find more pages.

Web Indexing
The acquired data is subsequently saved in a large database known as the index. This
index describes the content and location of each page. The data is organised so that it
may be retrieved quickly. This includes processing and analysing the content, categorising
it, and inserting pertinent keywords.

Searching and ranking

When a user enters a query, the search engine searches its index for matching sites and
provides the most relevant results on the search engine results page (SERP). The engine
ranks material depending on several factors, including a page's authoritativeness,
backlinks, and the important terms it contains.

What is Search Engine Optimization (SEO)?

When a user types a query, the search engine scans the index for matching sites and
displays the most relevant results on the search engine results page (SERP). The engine
ranks content based on its characteristics, including a page's authoritativeness, backlinks,
and the terms it includes.

Types of Search Engine Optimization

Technical SEO

It optimises a website's technical components to improve search engine exposure and user
experience. Technical SEO considers a variety of factors, including website performance,
mobile friendliness, site architecture, and HTTPS security.

On-page SEO

Individual pages on a website are optimised to improve their ranking and attract relevant
traffic. On-page SEO encompasses keyword optimisation, Meta tags, header tags, URL

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structure, and page content.

Off-page SEO

It entails actions taken outside of the website to improve its ranks. This can include
obtaining relevant backlinks from other credible websites, utilising social media platforms,
and other external promotions such as influencer outreach.

Some popular Search Engines

Google
Google is a well-known search engine company that facilitates users to access
data/information on the internet. Larry Page and Sergey Brin discovered it in 1998. Google
uses sophisticated algorithms to index and rank websites according to quality, authority,
and relevancy. Google is one of the search engines that rank at the top. It is one of the
most popular search engines that provides users with the most accurate answers when
they ask questions. It processes approximately 3.5 billion searches every day.

Google provides a user-friendly interface to get fast and accurate search results, often
accompanied by voice assistants and personalized suggestions. Its continuous innovation
and commitment to quality have made it the preferred choice for billions of users
worldwide to access data/information on the internet.

Advantages
Some of the key advantages of Google are as follows −

Provides comprehensive results − Google has the largest database of web

pages which provides extensive search results.

Accurate and Relevant Results − Google uses advanced algorithms to ensure

accurate and relevant results.

User-Friendly Interface − It provides a simple and user-friendly interface to get

connected with the users; users can easily use Google to get relevant answers to
their queries.

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Additional Services − Google always includes advanced features to support its

users; it integrates services like Google Maps, Google Images, Google News, etc.

Constant Updates − Google updates their databases regularly to improve search

quality and features.

Bing
Bing is a search engine developed by Microsoft and launched in the year 2009. Like
Google, Bing can be used to search content, images, videos, and news. Bing also provides
a visually appealing user interface which facilitates users to get instant answers. Its
searches use advanced algorithms to find relevant search results. Bing provides additional
services like Bing Maps, Bing News, and Bing Ads. With a focus on providing accurate and
comprehensive search results, Bing is a prominent competitor in the world of search
engines on the Internet.

Advantages
Followings are the key advantages of Bing −

Comprehensive search results − Bing provides extensive search results.

Visual Search − Bing allows users to search more relevant image and video
searches.

Rewards Program − Users gain points through Bing Rewards, which can then be
redeemed for rewards.

Integration with Microsoft Products − Since it's a search engine of Microsoft it

integrates other Microsoft services.

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Yahoo
Yahoo was one of the older search engines which provide web search, email, news, and
other services. It was launched in 1994 and achieved fame as a web directory before
becoming a search engine.

Yahoo was a dominating search engine but gradually lost market share to remain its
existence amongst competitors like Google. Despite ongoing improvements and
partnerships, Yahoo struggled to keep evolving user preferences and technical
breakthroughs. However, it remains a well-known brand that offers different online
services in addition to its search engine functions.

Advantages
Followings are the key advantages of Yahoo −

Comprehensive Portal − In addition to search, it provides news, email, and

finance services.

Entertainment Content − It has a b emphasis on entertainment-related content.

Baidu
Baidu is China's popular search engine. It was developed by Robin Li and Eric Xu and
launched in the year 2000. It provides services like maps, news, music, and translation. It
facilitates its users to access webpages, images, videos, and multimedia information.
Baidu uses complex algorithms and artificial intelligence technology to give relevant search
results, as well as advertising and marketing solutions for firms looking to reach Chinese
users.

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Advantages
Followings are the key advantages of Baidu −

Focus on the Chinese Market − It's the best choice for search engines for
Chinese language content.

Comprehensive Services − It provides services like maps, news, and cloud

storage.

Yandex
Yandex is another popular Russian search engine. It was founded in 1997 and has grown
to become one of Russia's and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) leading
internet enterprises. It facilitates its users by offering services like web search, mapping,
news, and email. Yandex is well-known for delivering accurate and relevant search results
to millions of users every day. Yandex also offers unique products such as Yandex.Maps,
Yandex.Disk, and Yandex. Translate, which contributes to its position as a prominent
participant in the worldwide search engine market.

Advantages

Followings are the key advantages of Yandex −

Popular in the Russian Market − It’s a more relevant search engine to work for
Russian-language content.

Additional Services − Yandex offers different services like maps, email, and cloud
storage.

Local Search − Yandex is good for local search and localized results for Russia.

DuckDuckGo
DuckDuckGo is a search engine that was developed by Gabriel Weinberg in 2008. It
focuses on maintaining user privacy and avoiding the filter bubble of tailored search
results. It distinguishes itself from other search engines by not profiling users and by
providing all users with the same search results for a given query, rather than
personalizing results based on personal information.

Advantages

Followings are the key advantages of DuckDuckGo −

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Privacy − There is no tracking of user actions, which ensures more privacy.

No Filter Bubble − All users receive the same search results, which eliminates
individualized content bubbles.

Simple Interface − Clean and easy-to-use interface.

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