LOGICAL OPERATORS

ENUMERATED
Let us consider logical connectors we join with
propositions. In this part, we shall deal with
logical operators. Logical operators include
negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional,
and biconditional.
 Negation Defined
The Negation of a proposition p is denoted by ~p
which is read as “not p”, and is defined through its truth
table

p ~p
T F
F T
 Negation Defined
Example 1: State the negation of each of the following
propositions.
n1: Quality determines the price.

Solution:
~n1: It is not true that quality determines the price.
or
~𝑛1: Quality does not determine the price.
 Negation Defined
Example 1: State the negation of each of the following
propositions.

n2: A learned is one who is educated.

Solution:
~𝑛2: A learned is not one who is educated.
 Negation Defined
Example 1: State the negation of each of the following
propositions.
𝟐
n3: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒙 is a cubic function.

Solution:
𝟐
~𝑛3: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒙 is not a cubic function
Or
𝟐
~𝑛3: It is not true that f(x) = 𝒙 is a cubic function.
 Negation Defined
Example 1: State the negation of each of the following
propositions.
n4: An obtuse angle measures 180⁰.
Solution:
~𝑛4: An obtuse angle does not measure 180⁰.
or
~𝑛4: It is not true that an obtuse angle measures 180⁰.
 Conjunction Defined
The Conjunction of the propositions p and q is
denoted by 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 and is read as “p and q”. It is defined
through its truth table

p q 𝑝∧𝑞 Proposition p and

T T T proposition q are called
T F F Conjuncts. The conjunction
𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 is true only when both
F T F
conjuncts p and q are true.
F F F
 Conjunction Defined
Example 2: Let d and e be propositions.
d: Leniency is long-suffering.
e: Those who misunderstand it abuse it.

Express the following conjunctions in verbal sentences or in

symbols.
1. d ∧ e

Solution:
1. Leniency is long-suffering and those who
misunderstand it abuse it.
 Conjunction Defined
Example 2: Let d and e be propositions.
d: Leniency is long-suffering.
e: Those who misunderstand it abuse it.

Express the following conjunctions in verbal sentences or in

symbols.
2. ~d ∧ e

Solution:
2. Leniency is not long-suffering and those who
misunderstand it abuse it.
 Conjunction Defined
Example 2: Let d and e be propositions.
d: Leniency is long-suffering.
e: Those who misunderstand it abuse it.

Express the following conjunctions in verbal sentences or in

symbols.
3. “Leniency is long-suffering and it is not true that those
who misunderstand it abuse it.”

Solution:
3. 𝑑 ∧ (~𝑒)
 Conjunction Defined
Example 2: Let d and e be propositions.
d: Leniency is long-suffering.
e: Those who misunderstand it abuse it.

Express the following conjunctions in verbal sentences or in

symbols.
4. “Leniency is not long-suffering and those who misunderstand it
do not abuse it.”

Solution:
4. ~𝑑 ∧ (~𝑒)
Example 3: Let r, s and t be propositions.
r: There is a profit in physical exercise.
s: It is best to exercise holiness.
t: A person must be holistically fit.

Express the following conjunctions in verbal sentences or in

symbols.
1. There is a profit in physical exercise and it is best to
exercise holiness.

Solution:
1. r ∧ 𝑠
Example 3: Let r, s and t be propositions.
r: There is a profit in physical exercise.
s: It is best to exercise holiness.
t: A person must be holistically fit.

Express the following conjunctions in verbal sentences or in

symbols.
2. There is no profit in physical exercise and a person
must be holistically fit.

Solution:
2. ~𝑟 ∧ 𝑡
Example 3: Let r, s and t be propositions.
r: There is a profit in physical exercise.
s: It is best to exercise holiness.
t: A person must be holistically fit.

Express the following conjunctions in verbal sentences or in

symbols.
3. 𝑟 ∧~𝑡

Solution:
3. There is a profit in physical exercise and it is not true
that a person must be holistically fit.
Example 3: Let r, s and t be propositions.
r: There is a profit in physical exercise.
s: It is best to exercise holiness.
t: A person must be holistically fit.

Express the following conjunctions in verbal sentences or in

symbols.
4. ~𝑟 ∧ 𝑠

Solution:
4. There is no profit in physical exercise and it is best to
exercise holiness.
 Disconjunction Defined
Negation and conjunction do not suffice logic. There are logical
statements that connote the disjunction of propositions. The
Disjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 which
read as “𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑞”, and defined through its truth table

p q 𝑝∨𝑞
Propositions p and q are
T T T
each called Disjunct. The
T F T disjunction 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 is false
F T T only when both disjuncts p
F F F and q are false.
 Disconjunction Defined
Example 4: Let t, u and y be propositions.
t: He is an old soul.
u: Old songs soothe his ears.
y: Old fashion is inviting to his eyes.
Express the following disconjunctions in verbal sentences or
in symbols.
1. 𝑢 ∨ y

Solution:
1. Old songs soothe his ears or old fashion is inviting to his
eyes.
 Disconjunction Defined
Example 4: Let t, u and y be propositions.
t: He is an old soul.
u: Old songs soothe his ears.
y: Old fashion is inviting to his eyes.
Express the following disconjunctions in verbal sentences or
in symbols.
2. (~𝑡 ^ (~𝑢)) ∨ 𝑦

Solution:
2. Either he is not an old soul and old songs do not soothe his
ears or old fashion is inviting to his eyes.
 Disconjunction Defined
Example 4: Let t, u and y be propositions.
t: He is an old soul.
u: Old songs soothe his ears.
y: Old fashion is inviting to his eyes.
Express the following disconjunctions in verbal sentences or
in symbols.
3. “Either he is an old soul or old songs soothe his ears
and old fashion is inviting to his eyes.”

Solution:
3. t ∨ (𝑢 ∧ 𝑦)
 Disconjunction Defined
Example 4: Let t, u and y be propositions.
t: He is an old soul.
u: Old songs soothe his ears.
y: Old fashion is inviting to his eyes.
Express the following disconjunctions in verbal sentences or
in symbols.
4. “He is not an old soul and either old fashion is not
inviting to his eyes or old songs soothe his ears.”

Solution:
4. ~𝑡 ∧ (~𝑦 ∨ 𝑢)
Example 5: Let j, k, l and m be propositions.
j: Laughter is the best medicine.
k: Grief causes illness.
l: Prayer relieves pain.
m: God takes charge of worries.

Express the following disconjunctions in verbal sentences or

in symbols.
1. It is either God takes charge of worries and laughter is
the best medicine or prayer relieves pain.

Solution:
1. (𝑚 ∧ 𝑗) ∨ 𝑙
Example 5: Let j, k, l and m be propositions.
j: Laughter is the best medicine.
k: Grief causes illness.
l: Prayer relieves pain.
m: God takes charge of worries.

Express the following disconjunctions in verbal sentences or

in symbols.
2. Laughter is not the best medicine and God takes
charge of worries or prayer relieves pain.

Solution:
2. ~𝑗 ∧ 𝑚 ∨ 𝑙
Example 5: Let j, k, l and m be propositions.
j: Laughter is the best medicine.
k: Grief causes illness.
l: Prayer relieves pain.
m: God takes charge of worries.

Express the following disconjunctions in verbal sentences or

in symbols.
3. j ∨ 𝑙

Solution:
3. Laughter is the best medicine or prayer relieves pain.
Example 5: Let j, k, l and m be propositions.
j: Laughter is the best medicine.
k: Grief causes illness.
l: Prayer relieves pain.
m: God takes charge of worries.
Express the following disconjunctions in verbal sentences or
in symbols.
4. (𝑗 ∧ 𝑘) ∨ (𝑙 ∧ 𝑚)

Solution:
4. It is either laughter is the best medicine and grief causes
illness or prayer relieves pain and God takes charge of
worries.
 Conditional Defined
Example 6: Let x, y and z be propositions.
x: Dioxins are found almost everywhere.
y: Plastics, bleached paper, and most commodities
contain the chemical dioxin.
z: Dioxins are a culprit to many diseases.
Express the following conditionals in verbal sentences or in
symbols.
1. 𝑥 → 𝑧

Solution:
1. If dioxins are found almost everywhere, then they are a
culprit to many diseases.
 Conditional Defined
Example 6: Let x, y and z be propositions.
x: Dioxins are found almost everywhere.
y: Plastics, bleached paper, and most commodities
contain the chemical dioxin.
z: Dioxins are a culprit to many diseases.
Express the following conditionals in verbal sentences or in symbols.
2. (~𝑦) → (~𝑥 ∧ ~𝑧)

Solution:
2. If plastics, bleached paper, and most commodities do not contain
the chemical dioxin, then it is not true that dioxins are found almost
everywhere and it is not true that dioxins are a culprit to many
diseases.
 Conditional Defined
Example 6: Let x, y and z be propositions.
x: Dioxins are found almost everywhere.
y: Plastics, bleached paper, and most commodities
contain the chemical dioxin.
z: Dioxins are a culprit to many diseases.
Express the following conditionals in verbal sentences or in
symbols.
3. If dioxins are a culprit to many diseases, then they are found
almost everywhere and plastics, bleached paper, and most
commodities contain this chemical.”

Solution:
3. 𝑧 → (𝑥 ∧ 𝑦)
 Conditional Defined
Example 6: Let x, y and z be propositions.
x: Dioxins are found almost everywhere.
y: Plastics, bleached paper, and most commodities
contain the chemical dioxin.
z: Dioxins are a culprit to many diseases.
Express the following conditionals in verbal sentences or in
symbols.
4. “If dioxins are not found almost everywhere, then it is not
true that either plastics, bleached paper, and most
commodities contain the chemical dioxin, or dioxins are a
culprit to many diseases.”
Solution:
4. (~𝑥) →~(𝑦 ∨ 𝑧)
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