Artificial Intelligence-Model 1

Unit – 1
1. Overview of AI
1. Definition of Artificial Intelligence
 Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in
machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their
actions
 Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to software technologies that make a
robot or computer act and think like a human
 AI is techniques that help machines and computers mimic human
behaviour
 AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,
especially computer systems
 Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with
making computers behave like humans
2. Philosophy of AI
 The philosophy of AI is a branch of the philosophy of technology that
explores AI and its implications for knowledge and understanding
of intelligence, ethics, consciousness etc.
 The philosophy of AI is a collection of issues concerned with whether or
not AI is possible/ whether or not it is possible to build an intelligent
thinking machine
 The philosophy of AI attempts to answer:
 Can a machine act intelligently?
 Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same?
 Is the human brain essentially a computer?
 Can a machine have a mind, mental states, and consciousness like
human beings have?
 The brain can be simulated?
 Can a machine have emotions?
 Can a machine be original or creative?
 Philosophy of AI is based on ethical reflection and brings together ideas from
computer science, robotics, psychology, information science etc.
 While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead
him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”
 Development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in
machines that we find in humans
3 Goals of AI
1. Develop problem-solving ability
2. Incorporate knowledge representation
3. Allow continuous learning
4. Encourage social Intelligence
5. Create Expert Systems
6. Promote creativity
7. Achieve general intelligence
8. Promote synergy between humans and AI
9. Facilitate planning
10. Implement Human Intelligence in Machines
1 Develop problem-solving ability
 AI research is focused on developing efficient problem-solving algorithms
that can make logical deductions and simulate human reasoning.
 The problem-solving ability of AI makes our lives easier.
2 Incorporate knowledge representation
 AI research revolves around the idea of knowledge representation.
 Knowledge engineering.
3 Allow continuous learning
 Intelligent agents provide a way to envision the future
 Planning is relevant across robotics
 autonomous systems
 cognitive assistants
 cyber security
4 Encourage social Intelligence
 Affective computing, also called “emotion AI”.
 Recognizes, interprets, and simulates human experiences, feelings, and
emotions.
 With affective computing, computers can read facial expressions, body
language.
5 Create Expert Systems
 Creating the systems which exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn,
demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
4 Elements of AI system
a. Machine Learning
b. Anomaly Detection
c. Computer Vision
d. Natural Language Processing
e. Conversational AI
a) Machine Learning
 Machine learning is the basic foundation of AI.
 Most AI solutions depend on machine learning algorithms.
b) Anomaly detection
 Anomaly detection is like finding a bug in the system and warning the administrator
about it.
 We can use anomaly detection for error detection in a system to stop a certain
malfunction.
c) Computer vision
 Computer vision is another subset of AI
 It deals with image processing and visual processing.
 It takes the data and compares it with the existing data and defines what is the data
based on the matching of the data.
 It is useful for a blind person
d) Natural language processing
 Natural language processing is also called NLP
 It can understand the natural language that people speak and write in everyday life.
 It is software that understands the written and spoken language
e) Conversational AI
 The conversation is an essential part of human life
 It is one of the vital aspects of business contact
5 Programming a computer without and with AI
i) Programming without AI
 A computer program without AI can answer the specific questions it is meant to solve
 Modification in the program leads to change in its structure
 Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead to affecting the program adversely
ii) Programming with AI
 A computer program with AI can answer the generic questions it is meant to solve
 AI programs can be modified without affecting its structure
 Quick and easy program modification
Differentiate between Programming without and with AI
Programming without AI Programming with AI
1)A computer program without AI can 1)A computer program with AI can answer
answer the specific questions it is meant to the generic questions it is meant to solve.
solve
2) Modification in the program leads to 2) AI programs can absorb new
change in its structure. modifications by putting highly independent
pieces of information together.
3) Modification is not quick and easy. 3) Modification Quick and Easy
6 AI techniques
1 Machine learning
2 Natural Language Processing (NLP)
3 Artificial Neural Networks
4 Machine Vision
5 Automation and Robotics
6 Support Vector Machines (SVM)
1 Machine learning (ML)
 Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems
can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human
intervention
 Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model
building
2 Natural Language Processing (NLP)
 It is the interactions between computers and human language where the computers are
programmed to process natural languages
 In NLP, the audio of a human talk is captured by the machine. Then the audio to text
conversation occurs, and then the text is processed where the data is converted into
audio. Then the machine uses the audio to respond to humans
3 Artificial Neural Networks
 Artificial Neural Network in the field of AI where it attempts to mimic the network of
neurons makes up a human brain so that computers will have an option to understand
things and make decisions in a human-like manner
 It is designed by programming computers to behave like interconnected brain cells
4 Machine Vision
 Machines can capture visual information and then analyze it
  Here cameras are used to capture the visual information, the analogue to digital
conversion is used to convert the image to digital data, and digital signal processing is
used to process the data. Then the resulting data is fed to a computer
 Machine vision can be found in signature identification, pattern recognition, and
medical image analysis, etc
5 Automation and Robotics
 Automation and Robotics is a AI technique creating robots and machines that are
programmed to work automatically
7 History of AI
1950 Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"

1952 Arthur Samuel develops a self-learning program to play checkers

1956 Artificial Intelligence used by John McCarthy in a conference

1957 First programming language for numeric and scientific computing

(FORTRAN)

1958 First AI programming language (LISP)

1959 Arthur Samuel used the term Machine Learning

1959 John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky founded the MIT Artificial
Intelligence Project

1961 First industrial Robot (Unimate) on the assembly line at General

Motors

1965 ELIZA by Joseph Weizenbaum was the first program that could
communicate on any topic

1972 First logic programming language (PROLOG)

1991 U.S. forces uses DART (automated logistics planning and

scheduling) in the Gulf war

1997 Deep Blue (IBM) beats the world champion in chess

2002 The first robot cleaner (Roomba)

2005 Self-driving car (STANLEY) wins DARPA

2008 Breakthrough in speech recognition (Google)

2011 A neural network wins over humans in traffic sign recognition

(99.46% vs 99.22%)

2011 Apple Siri

2011 Watson (IBM) wins Jeopardy!

2014 Amazon Alexa

2014 Microsoft Cortana

2014 Self-driving car (Google) passes a state driving test

2015 Google AlphaGo defeated various human champions in the board

game Go

2016 The human robot Sofia by Hanson Robotics

2. Intelligent Systems
1 Definition of Intelligent Systems
 An intelligent system is an advanced computer system that can gather, analyze and
respond to the data it collects from its surrounding environment
 It can work and communicate with other agents, such as users or other computer
systems
 It can also learn from experience and adapt according to current data
 Intelligent systems refers to different software tools that enable decision makers to
draw on the knowledge and decision processes of experts in making decisions
 The most widely used intelligent system in public accounting firms is expert systems
(ES)
 An example of an ES is ExperTAX
2 What is Intelligence? / Understanding of Intelligence
 Intelligence is the ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and
analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve
problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify,
generalize, and adapt new situations
3 Types of Intelligence
Sl.no Intelligence Description Example
The ability to speak, recognize, and use
mechanisms of phonology (speech
Linguistic intelligence Narrators, Orators
sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics
1 (meaning).
The ability to create, communicate with,
Musicians, Singers,
Musical intelligence and understand meanings made of sound,
Composers
2 understanding of pitch, rhythm.
The ability of use and understand
Logical-mathematical relationships in the absence of action or Mathematicians,
3 intelligence objects. Understanding complex and Scientists
abstract ideas.
The ability to perceive visual or spatial
information, change it, and re-create Map readers,
Spatial intelligence visual images without reference to the Astronauts,
4 objects, construct 3D images, and to Physicists
move and rotate them.
The ability to use complete or part of the
Bodily-Kinesthetic body to solve problems or fashion
Players, Dancers
5 intelligence products, control over fine and coarse
motor skills, and manipulate the objects.
Intra-personal The ability to distinguish among one’s
Gautam Buddhha
6 intelligence own feelings, intentions, and motivations.
7 The ability to recognize and make Mass
Interpersonal
distinctions among other people’s Communicators,
intelligence
feelings, beliefs, and intentions. Interviewers
4 Human Intelligence vs Machine Intelligence / Difference between Human and Machine
Intelligence

1. Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules and data
2. Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching
algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store, and recall
as its pattern is simple
3. Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or
distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly
4. Human Intelligence is based on discursive thinking, where as Machine Intelligence is
based on contemplative thinking
5. Human Intelligence can reach sacred space, whereas Machine Intelligence cannot reach
sacred space