wcÖq wkÿv_x©, imvqb K¬v‡m

স্বাগতম
 wkÿK cwiwPwZ

W. Zvbfxi myjZvbv
mnKvix Aa¨vcK (imvqb)
meyRevM miKvwi K‡jR, XvKv
‡gvevBj b¤^i- 01715428746
E-mail :[email protected]
 cvV cwiwPwZ
Øv`k †kÖwY
welq : imvqb-2q cÎ
cvV : ‰Re imvqb (Organic chemistry)
A¨vj‡Kvnj
 wkLb dj
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-
• A¨vj‡Kvnj wK Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡e |
• A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji †kÖwY wefvM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e |
• A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx, ‡fŠZ I ivmqwbK ag© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e |
• cixÿvMv‡i A¨vj‡Kvnj kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e |
• cÖvBgvix, †m‡KÛvix I Uviwkqvix A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z
cvi‡e |
 A¨vj‡Kvnj
• A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WvªKve©‡bi ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi cvk¦©xq wkK‡ji GK ev
GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvby nvB‡Wªvw· g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q †h †hŠM Drcbœ nq
Zv‡`i‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j|
• Kvh©Kix g~jK –OH, ‡hŠ‡Mi mvaviY ms‡KZ R-OH
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji ‡kÖwY wefvM
A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K wewfbœfv‡e ‡kÖwYwefvM Kiv hvq |
A¨vj‡Kvnj AYyi Kve©b wkK‡j -OH g~j‡Ki msL¨v Abymv‡i A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K `yB fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq |
K) g‡bvnvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj : CH3-CH2 -OH
L) cwj nvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj : OH -CH2-CH2-OH
K) g‡bvnvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj t GKwU gvÎ nvBWªw·j g~jKhy³ A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K g‡bvnvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj
e‡j |
Kve©b wkK‡j -OH g~j‡Ki Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i g‡bvnvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj wZb †kÖwY‡Z wef³|
1| cÖvBgvix (1°) A¨vj‡Kvnj
2| ‡m‡KÛvix (2°) A¨vj‡Kvnj
3| Uviwkqvix (3°) A¨vj‡Kvnj
L) cwj nvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj: ‡h mKj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Kve©b wkK‡j `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK nvB‡Wªvw·j g~jK
hy³ n‡”Q Zv‡`i‡K cwj nvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j |
1| cÖvBgvix (1°) A¨vj‡Kvnj :
‡hme A¨vj‡Kvn‡j GK‡hvRx - CH2 g~jK _v‡K A_©vr
-OH g~jKhy³ Kve©b cigvby‡Z `yBwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
cigvYy I GKwU A¨vjKvBj g~jKhy³ _v‡K Zv‡K
cÖvBgvix (1°) A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j |

2| ‡m‡KÛvix (2°) A¨vj‡Kvnj :

‡hme A¨vj‡Kvn‡j -OH g~jKhy³ Kve©b cigvby‡Z
GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy I `ywU A¨vjKvBj g~jKhy³
_v‡K Zv‡K ‡m‡KÛvix (2°) A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j |

3| Uviwkqvix (3°) A¨vj‡Kvnj :

‡hme A¨vj‡Kvn‡j -OH g~jKhy³ Kve©b cigvby‡Z
wZbwU A¨vjKvBj g~jKhy³ _v‡K Zv‡K Uviwkqvix (3°)
A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j |
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mgvbyZv

1| Ae¯’vb mgvbyZv 3| Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvbyZv

2| wkKj ev †PBb mgvbyZv 4| Av‡jvK mgvbyZv

 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mvaviY cÖ¯w‘ Z
1| A¨vwjwKb †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ t cvwb ms‡hvM cÖwµqv A¨vjwKb I Mvp mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi
ms‡hvR‡b A¨vjKvBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU Drcbœ nq, hv Av`ªª© we‡kølY Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq |

2| A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj t A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW‡K Kw÷K †mvWv (NaOH) Gi Rjxq
`ªe‡Y DËß K‡i Gi Av`ª© we‡kølY Øviv A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ Kiv hvq|
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ
3| A¨vjwWnvBW †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj : LiAlH4 Øviv weRvib

4| ‰Re GwmW †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj : LiAlH4 Øviv weRvib

5| G÷vi †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj : LiAlH4 Øviv weRvib

 1°, 2°, 3° A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ
1° A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ : MÖxMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_
digvjwWnvB‡Wi ms‡hvR‡b cÖ_‡g h~Z †hŠM Drcbœ
nq | G‡K Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j 1° A¨vj‡Kvnj
cvIqv hvq |
2° A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯w‘ Z : digvjwWnvBW Qvov Ab¨
†h †Kvb A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi mv‡_ MÖxMbvW© weKvi‡Ki
ms‡hvRb wewµqvi cÖ_‡g h~Z †hŠM Drcbœ nq |
G‡K Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j 2° A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv
hvq |
3° A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ : wK‡Uv‡bi mv‡_ MÖxMbvW©
weKvi‡Ki ms‡hvR‡b cÖ_‡g h~Z †hŠM Drcbœ nq |
G‡K Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j 3° A¨vj‡Kvnj
cvIqv hvq |
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji `ªve¨Zv t
A¨vj‡Kvnj cvwb‡Z `ªebxq | A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cvwb‡Z `ªebxqZvi Kvib `ywU |
i) cvwb Aby I A¨vj‡Kvnj Aby DfqB ‡cvji Aby nIqvq Aby `ywUi g‡a¨ AvšÍ:AvbweK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi
gva¨‡g Abyi mseÜb N‡U |
ii) A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji nvB‡Wªvw·j Ask I A¨vjKvBj g~jK As‡ki g‡a¨ f‡ii Abycv‡Zi cwigvb | mvavibZ
nvB‡Wªvw·j Ask A¨vjKvBj g~jK As‡ki f‡ii AbycvZ 40% Gi †ewk n‡j †m A¨vj‡Kvnj cvwb‡Z †h
†Kvb Abycv‡Z `ªexfyZ nq |
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji kbv³Kvix cixÿv
Na avZzi cixÿv t A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K Na avZz mn‡hv‡M Zvc w`‡j H2M¨vm wbM©Z nq | Bnv Øviv
A¨vj‡Kvnj kbv³ Kiv nq |

PCl5cixÿv t A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ PCl5†K GK‡Î Zvc w`‡j HCl M¨vm wbM©Z nq | D³ M¨vm NH3
wm³ KuvP `‡Û ai‡j mv`v †auvqvi m„wó nq | Bnv Øviv A¨vj‡Kvnj kbv³ Kiv nq |
 cÖvBgvix,†m‡KÛvix I Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj kbv³KiY
1| jyKvm †U÷ t Abv`ª© ZnCl2 ‡K Mvp nvB‡Wªv†K¬vwiK Gwm‡W `ªexf~Z K‡i †h `ªeY cvIqv hvq Zv‡K jyKvm weKviK
e‡j | wZbwU cixÿv b‡j wZbwU bgybv A¨vj‡Kvnj wb‡q K‡qK ‡duvUv jyKvm weKviK †hvM K‡i cixÿvi djvdj ch©‡eÿY
Kiv nq |

i) cÖvBgvix A¨vi‡Kvnj: †Kvb Aat‡ÿc c‡o bv Z‡e

Zvc w`‡j mv`v Aat‡ÿc cvIqv hvq

ii) †m‡KÛvix A¨vj‡Kvnj: 5-10 wgwbU ci

mv`v Aa‡ÿc c‡o |

iii) Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj : mv‡_ mv‡_ mv`v

Aat‡ÿc c‡o |
cÖvBgvix,†m‡KÛvix I Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj kbv³KiY
2| Rvib c×wZ t
GwmW WvB‡µv‡gU , GwmW cvig¨v½bv‡bU, jNy bvBwUªK GwmW Gme RviK `ª‡e¨i †h †Kvb GKwUi mv‡_ wewµqvq cÖvBgvix, †m‡KÛvwi I
Uviwkqvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj RvwiZ n‡q wfbœ wfbœ c`v‡_© cwibZ nq | Gme RvwiZ c`v_©‡K kbv³ K‡i cÖvBgvix, †m‡KÛvwi ev Uviwkqvwi
A¨vj‡Kvnj wba©viY Kiv hvq |
i) cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji RvwiZ c`v_© A¨vjwWnvBW Ges Kve©w·wjK GwmW |
G Dfq †hŠ‡MB cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji b¨vq mgvb msL¨K Kve©b cigvYy
eZ©gvb _v‡K |
ii) †m‡KÛvix A¨vj‡Kvnj RvwiZ c`v_© wK‡Uvb I Kve©w·wjK GwmW |
wK‡Uv‡bv g~j A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji b¨vq mgmsL¨K Kve©b cigvYy Dcw¯’Z _v‡K,
wKš‘ Rvi‡Yi †kl av‡c Drcbœ GwmW wgkÖ‡bi cÖwZwU Gwm‡W g~j A¨vj‡Kvnj
A‡cÿv Kg msL¨K Kve©b cigvYy eZ©gvb _v‡K |
iii) Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K RvwiZ Kiv †ek KwVb | Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K
Zxeª RviK Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j wK‡Uvb I GwmW wgkÖY cvIqv hvq | Z‡e Drcbœ me
†hŠ‡Mi cÖwZwUi g~j A¨vj‡Kvnj A‡cÿv Kg msL¨K Kve©b cigvYy eZ©gvb _v‡K |
 wg_vbj cÖ¯‘wZ
IqvUvi M¨vm †_‡K t ‡jvwnZ Zß ‡KvK (1400ºC) I wóg †_‡K IqvUvi M¨vm (CO+H2)Drcbœ Kiv
nq | IqvUvi M¨vm I Gi A‡a©K cwigvb nvBWª‡Rb M¨v‡mi wgkÖb‡K 200 atm Pvc I 300ºC
ZvcgvÎvq DZß wRbK A·vBW I ‡µvwgqvg A·vBW ev Al2O3 Gi wgkÖ cÖfve‡Ki Dci w`‡q wewµqv
cÖK‡ô Pvjbv Ki‡j CO I H2 Gi ms‡hvR‡b wg_vbj Drcbœ nq| Gfv‡e 99% weï× wg_vbj Drcbœ
nq |

wg_vbj kbv³KiY t GKwU cixÿv b‡j mvgvb¨ cwigvb bgybv A¨vj‡Kvnj wb‡q Zv‡Z mgcwigvb
m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW †hvM K‡i cÖvß wgkÖ‡Y K‡qK †dvUv Mvp H2SO4 ‡hvMK‡i DZß Kiv nq |
hw` wg_vBj m¨vwjmvB‡jU ev DB›Uvi MÖxb †Z‡ji Abyiƒc wgwó MÜ wbM©Z nq Z‡e †hŠMwU wg_vbj |
 B_vbj cÖ¯‘wZ
Møy‡Kv‡Ri jNy 10% `ªe‡Y B÷ †Kvl †hvM K‡i cÖvq 20ºC†_‡K 25ºC ZvcgvÎvq K‡qK N›Uv †i‡L
w`‡j B÷ †_‡K wbtm„Z RvB‡gm bvgK GbRvBg Gi cÖfv‡e Møy‡KvR AYy we‡hvwRZ n‡q B_vbj I Kve©b
WvB A·vBW M¨vm Drcbœ nq | GwU GKwU MvRb ev ‡PjvBKiY cÖwµqv | GB c×wZ‡Z B_vBj
A¨vj‡Kvnj ev B_vbj Drcv`‡b Møy‡KvR Gi Drm wn‡m‡e `yB †kÖwYi Kv‡ev©nvB‡WªU e¨eüZ nq |
1| ‡k¦Z mvi ev ÷vP© RvZxq c`v_© †hgb Avjy, Mg, PvDj, fzÆv BZ¨vw` |
2| WvB m¨vKvivBW RZxq c`v_© †hgb PxUv¸o ev †gvjv‡mm, Bÿz im, exU BZ¨vw` |
PxUv¸o ev †gvjv‡mm t Av‡Li im †_‡K wPwb
†KjvwmZ K‡i c„_K Kivi ci †h Mvp ev`vgx
i‡Oi fvix PUP‡U Ae‡kl _v‡K Zv‡K †gvjv‡mm
e‡j | †gvjv‡m‡mi g‡a¨ 40% A‡KjvwmZ kK©iv
_v‡K | GB kK©ivq cÖvq 70% my‡µvR I
30% d«z‡±vR _v‡K |
• GbRvBgt Rxe‡`n †Kv‡li KZ¸‡jv b†Uªv‡Rb NwUZ ˆRe †hŠM _v‡K | RxešÍ †Kvl †_‡K G¸‡jv
wbtm„Z n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G‡`i †Kvb cÖvY kw³ bvB | G ai‡Yi bv‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ RwUj cÖvK…wZK ˆRe
‡hŠM ¸‡jv‡K GbvRvBg e‡j | GbRvBg wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i | Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡K GK GK ai‡bi
wewµqv m¤úbœ K‡i | wKQz GbRvBg RviY wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i | G‡`i‡K Aw·‡Wm (oxidase) , wKQz
GbRvBg weRviY wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i G‡`i‡K wiWvK‡Um (reductase) e‡j | wKQz GbRvBg Av`ª©
we‡kølY NUvq G‡`i‡K nvB‡Wªv‡jm (hydrolase) e‡j | GbRvB‡gi wewµqvq Ask MÖnY Ki‡jI
Gi wbR¯^ †Kvb cwieZ©b N‡U bv | G Kvi‡Y G‡`i‡K ‰Re cÖfveK ejv nq |

• B÷t B÷ GK cÖKvi Lye †QvU QÎvK RvZxq wb¤œ ¯Í‡ii GK‡Kvlx Dw™¢` | Giv KLbB Ab¨vb¨ †kÖwYi
Dw™¢‡`i gZ evqy, cvwb I gvwU †_‡K Lv`¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i bv | cuPv cÖvwYR I Dw™¢`¾ c`v_© †_‡K
Lv`¨ msMÖn K‡i †eu‡P _v‡K | B÷ Gi Kv‡l RvB‡gm, Bbfvi‡UR, gj‡UR BZ¨vw` GbRvBg _v‡K |

• MvRb ev †PjvB KiY t ‡Kvb wb¤œ †kÖwYi GK †Kvlx cÖvYx ev Dw™¢` †Kvl †_‡K wbtm„Z GbRvB‡gi
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z RwUj MVb m¤úbœ e„nr ‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi Aby¸‡jv mnRZi mij MVb m¤úbœ ÿz`ªZi ˆRe Aby‡Z
cwibZ Kivi c×wZ‡K MvRb ev †PjvB KiY e‡j |
 B_vbj kbv³KiY
• G÷vwiKiY cixÿv t GKwU cixÿv b‡j `yB-wZb †dvUv Mvp H2SO4 wb‡q D³ †U÷ wUD‡e
mgcwigvb bgybv A¨vj‡Kvnj I †ebRwqK GwmW †hvM K‡i ax‡i ax‡i DZß Kiv nq | hw`
cvKv Kjvi MÜhy³ B_vBj †eb‡Rv‡qU bvgK G÷vi Drcbœ nq Z‡e wbwðZ nIqv hvq bgybv
†hŠMwU B_vbj |

• wg_vbj I B_vb‡ji cv_©K¨ wbY©q t

• Av‡qv‡Wvdg© cixÿv t GKwU cixÿv b‡j A¨vj‡Kvnj bgybv wb‡q Zv‡Z AwZwi³ Av‡qvwWb I
2-4 †dvUv †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW `ªebmn SvwK‡q DZß Ki‡j hw` njy` e‡Y©i wgw÷ MÜ hy³
Av‡qv‡Wvdg© Drcbœ nq Z‡e bgybvwU B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j wbwðZ nIqv hvq | wg_bj GB
wewµqv †`q bv |
‡iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU t 96.6% B_vbj I 6.4% cvwb Gi mgùzUb wgkÖY n‡jv ‡iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU Ges Gi
ùzUvbv¼ n‡jv 78.1ºC ‡mjwmqvm |
wbR©j A¨vj‡Kvnj t 99.9 % wek× A¨vj‡Kvnj wbR©j A¨vj‡Kvnj ejv nq | †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU †_‡K weï×
A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcv`‡bi mgq 78.3ºC ZvcgvÎvq cvwZZ A¨vj‡Kvn‡j cÖvq 99.5% weï× nq | GB
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji g‡a¨ KwjPzb †hvM K‡i fvjgZ SvKv‡bv nq Ges cieZx©‡Z cybivq 78.3 ºC ZvcgvÎvq cvZb
K‡i wbR©j A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq |
‡gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU t †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU‡K cv‡bi Abyc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ Gi g‡a¨ wg_vbj wgkv‡bv nq | wg_vbj
wgwkÖZ GB ai‡Yi ‡iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU‡K ‡gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU ejv nq | G‡K wW†bPviW A¨vj‡Kvnj I ejv nq |
‡gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU `yB fv‡e ‰Zix Kiv hvq |
1| evwYwR¨K ‡gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU t kZKiv 95 fvM ‡iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU Gi mv‡_ 5 fvM wg_vbj wgwk‡q
Gai‡Yi w¯úwiU ‰Zix Kiv nq |
2| wgbvivj b¨vc_v w¯úwiU t kZKiv 90 fvM ‡iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU Gi mv‡_ 9 fvM wg_vbj I 1 fvM †cUªj
wgwk‡q Gai‡Yi w¯úwiU ‰Zix Kiv nq |
wewfbœ wk‡í evwY©‡ki Kv‡R Ges `ªveK wn‡m‡e wg‡_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU†K e¨envi Kiv nq |
• cvIqvi A¨vj‡Kvnj t A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ †cUªj,†ebwRb, B_vi,†UUªvwmb
BZ¨vw` wgwk‡q †cUªj ev AK‡U‡bi cwie‡Z© †gvUi Mvoxi R¦vjvbx †n‡m‡e
e¨envi Kiv nq | kw³ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq e‡j Gai‡Yi A¨vj‡Kvnj
wgkÖ‡Yi bvg cvIqvi A¨vj‡Kvnj |

• cÖæd w¯úwiU t AvqZb wn‡m‡e 57 fvM B_vbj I 42.9 fvM cvwbi wgkÖY‡K
cÖæd w¯úwiU e‡j | A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji kw³gvÎv wba©vi‡Y cÖæd w¯úwiU‡K gvcKvwV
wn‡m‡e aiv nq | cÖæd w¯úwiU Gi kw³ gvÎv†K 0 a‡i bgybv A¨vj‡Kvn‡j
kw³ cwigvc Kiv nq | †Kvb bgybv A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cÖwZ 100 wgwj wjUvi Gi
mv‡_ hZ wgwj wjUvi cvwb wgkv‡j H A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖæd w¯úwiU Gi mgZzj¨ nq
| †mB gvbB nj bgybv A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji DaŸ© kw³ gÎv |
 evwYwR¨K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz A¨vj‡Kvnj
Isopropyl alcohol(2-propanol)

Ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol)

Glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol):
Glycerol was first obtained as a
by-product of soap manufacture
 evwoi KvR

H-CHO
Mg C
RX B H2O, H+
Ether CH3CHO
D
H2O, H+
K) ‡gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU wK ?
L) A¨vj‡Kvnj cvwb‡Z `ªebxq †Kb Zv e¨vL¨v Ki |
M) DwÏc‡Ki B ‡hŠM †_‡K cÖvBgvix, †m‡KÛvix I Uviwkqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj wKfv‡e
ms‡kølY Kiv hvq Zv †`LvI|
N) DwÏc‡Ki C I D †hŠM wKiƒ‡c kbv³ Ki‡e Zv wewµqvmn eY©bv Ki |
G‡ÿ‡Î wewµqvi nvi mgvb nq bv †Kb ?