MATH05

Basic Calculus
Course Outcome 3
• Lesson 4: Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

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Lesson 4: Differentiation
of Logarithmic Functions

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Lesson 4: Differentiation of Logarithmic
Functions
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Apply implicit differentiation to derive the formula for logarithmic
functions.
2. Apply the formula for differentiation of logarithmic functions.
3. Evaluate higher-order derivatives of logarithmic functions.
4. Illustrate implicit differentiation involving logarithmic expressions.

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Lesson 4: Differentiation of Logarithmic
Functions
• 4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic Functions
• 4.2. Higher-Order Derivatives Involving Logarithmic
Expressions
• 4.3. Implicit Differentiation Involving Logarithmic
Expressions

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4.1. Differentiation Rules
for Logarithmic
Functions

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
In this topic, we will find the derivatives of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = log𝑏 𝑥 and the natural logarithmic function
𝑦 = ln 𝑥.

We will start with the natural logarithmic function 𝑦 = ln 𝑥. We know that it is differentiable because it is the
inverse of the differentiable function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥.
𝑑 1
ln 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Proof.

Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥, then 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 by laws of logarithms.

Differentiating this equation implicitly with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
And so
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑥

𝑑 1
In general, if we combine the formula ln 𝑥 = with the Chain Rule, we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
ln 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Now for the general logarithmic function, a logarithmic function with base 𝑏 in terms of the natural
logarithmic function is given as:
ln 𝑥
log 𝑏 𝑥 =
ln 𝑏

Since ln 𝑏 is a constant, we can differentiate as follows:

𝑑 𝑑 ln 𝑥 1 𝑑 1
log 𝑏 𝑥 = = ∙ ln 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑏 ln 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑏

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Thus,
𝑑 1
log 𝑏 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑏

And, in 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥):

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
log𝑏 𝑢 = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑏 𝑑𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Example 4.1.1.

Differentiate 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 3 + 1).

Solution:

Since we are dealing with a natural logarithmic function, we will be using the differentiation rule:

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
ln 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Solution:

𝑑𝑢
We let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 1 and = 3𝑥 2.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 3 ∙ 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 + 1

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Example 4.1.2.

Differentiate 𝑦 = log 2 3𝑥 2.

Solution:

Since we are dealing with a general logarithmic function, we will be using the differentiation rule:

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
log𝑏 𝑢 = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑏 𝑑𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Solution:

𝑑𝑢
We let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 and = 6𝑥. The base 𝑏 = 2.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2 ∙ 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 ln 2
Simplifying, we get the final answer:
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 2 ln 2

𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 2

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Example 4.1.3.

Differentiate 𝑦 = log(2 + sin 𝑥).

Solution:

Since we are dealing with a general logarithmic function, we will be using the differentiation rule:

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
log𝑏 𝑢 = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑏 𝑑𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Solution:

𝑑𝑢
Where 𝑢 = 2 + sin 𝑥, = cos 𝑥, and the base is 𝑏 = 10. (NOTE: If a general logarithmic function does not
𝑑𝑥
show any base, the standard base is 10)
𝑑𝑦 1
= ∙ cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 + sin 𝑥 ln 10

𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2 ln 10 + (ln 10) sin 𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Logarithmic Differentiation

The calculation of derivatives of complicated functions involving products, quotients, or powers can often be
simplified by taking logarithms. The method to be used is called Logarithmic Differentiation.

Steps in Logarithmic Differentiation

1. Take natural logarithm of both sides of an equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and use the properties of logarithms.

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
2. Differentiate implicitly with respect to 𝑥. Using the differentiation rule 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥.

𝑑𝑦
3. Solve the resulting equation for 𝑦′ or or 𝑓′(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Example 4.1.4.

𝑥.
Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥

Solution:

We apply the steps in Logarithmic Differentiation in solving this problem.

Step 1: Take natural logarithm of both sides of an equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and use the properties of logarithms.
𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Solution:

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
Step 2: Differentiate implicitly with respect to 𝑥. Using the differentiation rule ln 𝑢 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 −
1
∙ = 𝑥 1 + ln 𝑥 𝑥 2 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 ln 𝑥
∙ = +
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥

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4.1. Differentiation Rules for Logarithmic
Functions
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
Step 3: Solve the resulting equation for 𝑦′ or 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑓′(𝑥).

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 ln 𝑥
=𝑦 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥
=𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥
=𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 1+ 𝑥 ln 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥

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4.2. Higher-Order
Derivatives Involving
Logarithmic Expressions

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4.2. Higher-Order Derivatives Involving
Logarithmic Expressions
In this topic, we will evaluate higher-order derivatives of logarithmic functions. We will be using the same
concept for the higher-order derivatives from the previous lesson.

Example 4.2.1.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑 2𝑦
Given 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
and 𝑑𝑥2 = 0.

Solution:
𝑥 𝑎 𝑦𝑏 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎+𝑏

ln 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦𝑏 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎+𝑏

ln 𝑥 𝑎 + ln 𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∙ ln(𝑥 + 𝑦)

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4.2. Higher-Order Derivatives Involving
Logarithmic Expressions
Solution:
𝑑 𝑎 𝑏
𝑑
ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∙ ln 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑎 ln 𝑥 + 𝑏 ln 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∙ ln 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑎∙ + 𝑏∙ ∙ = 𝑎+𝑏 ∙ ∙ 1+
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑦
+ ∙ = 1+
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑦
+ = +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

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4.2. Higher-Order Derivatives Involving
Logarithmic Expressions
Solution:
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑏 𝑑𝑦
− = −
𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏
− = −
𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑦
=
𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑦
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦
=
𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑦
𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥
=
𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦

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4.2. Higher-Order Derivatives Involving
Logarithmic Expressions
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥

We proved that,
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 2𝑦
Now let us prove that 𝑑𝑥2 = 0 by differentiating the first derivative.

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4.2. Higher-Order Derivatives Involving
Logarithmic Expressions
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥 −𝑦
= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦
= =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥2

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4.3. Implicit
Differentiation Involving
Logarithmic Expressions

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4.3. Implicit Differentiation Involving
Logarithmic Expressions
In this topic, we will be illustrating implicit differentiation for logarithmic functions. We will be using the same
concept for the implicit differentiation from the previous lesson.

Example 4.3.1.

𝑑𝑦
Use Implicit Differentiation to find 𝑑𝑥 of the given expression.
4𝑥𝑦 + ln 𝑥 2𝑦 = 7

Solution:

Using the laws of logarithms, we can simplify the given expression in such a way that we can easily
differentiate it.

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4.3. Implicit Differentiation Involving
Logarithmic Expressions
Solution:
4𝑥𝑦 + ln 𝑥 2 + ln 𝑦 = 7
4𝑥𝑦 + 2 ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 = 7
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
4𝑥𝑦 + 2 ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 = (7)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦
4 𝑥 + 𝑦 1 + 2 1 + =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 1 𝑑𝑦
4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + + =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2
4𝑥 + = −4𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

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4.3. Implicit Differentiation Involving
Logarithmic Expressions
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1 2
4𝑥 + = −4𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 −
= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
4𝑥 +
𝑦
2
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 −
= 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥𝑦
4𝑥 +
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥

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End of Presentation

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MATH05
Basic Calculus
Course Outcome 3
• Lesson 4: Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

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