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12 Material Failure

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29 views14 pages

12 Material Failure

Uploaded by

Kamal Suren
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LJMU HD in AME

Module Name with Code -Automotive materials and


manufacturing processes -5501ICBTAE
Semester - Semester 3
Batch Number -
Lecturer Name -
Center Name -

LJMU Higher Diploma 1


Content

• Types of Failure

LJMU Higher Diploma 2


Types of failures

▪ Yielding
▪ Fracture
▪ Elastic deformation
▪ Wear
▪ Buconcentratoin
▪ ckling
▪ Corrosion
▪ Fatigue
▪ Caustic embrittlement
▪ Stress
➢ Yielding
▪ A yield strength or yield point of a matrial is
defined in engineering and materials science as
the stress at which a material begins to deform
plastically. Prior to the yield point the material
will deform elastically and will return to its
original shape when the applied stress is
removed. Once the yield point is passed, some
fraction of the deformation will be permanent
and non- reversible.
➢ Fracture
Under tensile stress plastic
deformation is characterized by a
strain hardening region and a necking
region and finally, fracture (also
called rupture).
➢ Elastic deformation
▪ This type of deformation is reversible. Once the
forces are no longer applied, the object returns to its

original shape. Elastomers and memory metals such

as Intimal exhibit large elastic deformation ranges, as

does rubber. However elasticity is nonlinear in these

materials. Normal metals, ceramics and most crystals

show linear elasticity and a smaller elastic range.


➢ Wear

▪ In materials science wear is erosion


or sideways displacement of
material from its "derivative" and
original position on a solid surface
performed by the action of another
surface.
➢ TYPES OF WEAR

▪ Adhesive wear

▪ Abrasive wear

▪ Surface fatigue

▪ Fretting wear

▪ Erosive wear
➢ Buckling:
▪ In practice, buckling is characterized by a sudden failure of a
structural member subjected to high compressive stress
where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is
less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material
is capable of withstanding. For example, during earthquakes,
reinforced concrete members may experience lateral
deformation of the longitudinal reinforcing bars. This mode
of failure is also described as failure due to elastic instability.

As shown in fig.
A column under a concentric axial load exhibiting the
characteristic deformation of buckling.
➢ Corrosion

▪ Corrosion is the gradual


destruction of materials,
(usually metals), by chemical
reaction with its environment.
➢ Fatigue

▪ In materials science, fatigue is the


progressive and localized structural damage
that occurs when a material is subjected to
cyclic loading. The nominal maximum stress
values are less than
the ultimate tensile stress limit, and may
be below the yield stress limit of the
material.
➢ Caustic ambrittlement
▪ Caustic embrittlement is the
phenomenon in which the
material of a boiler becomes
brittle due to the accumulation
of caustic substances.
➢ Stress concentration

▪ This discrepancy is explained by the presence of very small,


microscopic flaws or cracks that are inherent to the material.
Recommended readings

LJMU Higher Diploma 14

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