SILVINO LUBOS VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SILVINO LUBOS, NORTHERN SAMAR

TLE-ICT
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

INTERNET AND COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

TESSIEBELLE T. LABAYDAN
ICF Teacher

Question
s? Text
or Call
092073
TOPIC : PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

COMPETENCY : Identify components to be measured.

Learning outcomes:

Upon completion of this module, the students are expected to:

 Identify components to be measured.

DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS LEARNING MODULE!

Let us determine how much you already know about the maintenance of hand tools. Take this test.

ACTIVITY 1. PRE-TEST
Direction. Match items in column A with column B.
Refer on the Learning Activity Sheet in writing your answer.

___ 1. Chips that are located on the motherboard. A. Registers

___ 2. A magnetic storage device that is installed inside the B. Flash drive or Thumb drive
computer.
___ 3. Early drive controller interface that connects computers and C. Read-only memory
hard disk drives which an interface that uses a 40-pin
connector.
___ 4. Temporary storage for data and programs that are being D. IDE
accessed by the CPU.
___ 5. A storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical E. Floppy drive
media.
___ 6. A storage device that uses removable 3.5inch disks. F. Random access memory

___ 7. Soldered the memory chips on a special circuit board. G. Optical drive

___ 8. A removable storage device that connects to a USB port. H. DDR

___ 9. Memory cells built right into the CPU that contain specific I. Hard drive
data needed particularly the Arithmetic and Logic Unit.

___ 10. Technology that doubles the maximum bandwidth of J. Memory module
SDRAM.
MEMORY
Although memory is technically any form of electronic storage, it is used most
often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage. If your computer's CPU had
to constantly access the hard drive to retrieve every piece of data it needs, it
would operate very slowly. When the information is kept in memory, the CPU
can access it much more quickly. Most forms of memory are intended to store
data temporarily.
The CPU accesses memory according to a distinct hierarchy. Whether it comes
from permanent storage (the hard drive) or input (the keyboard), most data
goes in random access memory (RAM) first. The CPU then stores pieces of data
it will need to access, often in a cache, and maintains certain special
instructions in the register.

Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located in the motherboard. ROM chips contain instructions that can be
directly accessed by the CPU. Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system are
stored in ROM. ROM chips retain their contents even when the computer is powered down. The contents cannot be
erased or changed by normal means.

Random access memory (RAM) is the temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the
CPU. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off. The
more RAM in a computer, the more capacity the computer has to hold and process large programs and files, as well
as enhance system performance.

Early computers had RAM installed in the motherboard as individual chips. The individual memory chips, called dual
inline package (DIP) chips, was difficult to install and often became loose on the motherboard. To solve this
problem, designers soldered the memory chips on a special circuit board called a memory module.

Here are some types of memory modules:

Dual Inline Package (DIP) Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM)

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) RAMBus Inline Memory Module (RIMM)
Small Outline Dual Inline Memory
Module (SODIMM).

SIMMs have 30-pin and 72-pin configurations.

DIMM is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM.

The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process because faster memory
improves the performance of the processor. As processor speed increases, memory speed must also increase. For
example, single-channel memory is capable of transferring data at 64 bits. Dual-channel memory increases speed by
using a second channel of memory, creating a data transfer rate of 128 bits.

Double Data Rate (DDR) technology doubles the maximum bandwidth of SDRAM. DDR2 offers faster performance
while using less energy. DDR3 operates at even higher speeds than DDR2; however, none of these DDR technologies
are backward- or forward compatible.

Even with a wide and fast bus, it still takes longer for data to get from the memory card to the CPU than it takes for
the CPU to actually process the data.

Caches are designed to alleviate this bottleneck by making the data used most often by the CPU instantly available.
Registers are memory cells built right into the CPU that contain specific data needed by the CPU, particularly the
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). An integral part of the CPU itself, they are controlled directly by the compiler that
sends information for the CPU to process.

STORAGE DRIVES

Storage drives read or write information on magnetic or optical storage media. The drive can be used to store data
permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk. Storage drives can be installed inside the computer case,
such as a hard drive. For portability, some storage drives can connect to the computer using a USB port, a FireWire
port, or an SCSI port. These portable storage drives are sometimes referred to as removable drives and can be used
on multiple computers. Here are some common types of storage drives: Floppy drive, Hard drive, Optical drive and
Flash drive.

Floppy Drive

A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage device that uses

removable 3.5-inch floppy disks. These magnetic floppy disks can
store 720 KB or 1.44 MB of data. In a computer, the floppy drive is
usually configured as the A: drive. The floppy drive

can be used to boot the computer if it contains a bootable floppy disk. A 5.25-inch floppy drive is older technology
and is seldom used.
Hard Drive

A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the
computer. The hard drive is used as permanent storage for data. In a Windows
computer, the hard drive is usually configured as the C: drive and contains the
operating system and applications. The hard drive is often configured as the first drive
in the boot sequence. The storage capacity of a hard drive is measured in billions of
bytes, or

gigabytes (GB). The speed of a hard drive is measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). Multiple hard drives can be
added to increase storage capacity.

Traditional hard drives are magnetic. Magnetic hard drives have drive motors designed to spin magnetic platters
and the drive heads. In contrast, the newer solid state drives (SSDs) do not have moving parts. Because there are no
drive motors and moving parts, the SSD uses far less energy than the magnetic hard drive. Non-volatile flash
memory chips manage all storage on an SSD, which results in faster access to data, higher reliability, and reduced
power usage. SSDs have the same form factor as magnetic hard drives and use ATA or SATA interfaces. SSDs can be
installed as a replacement for magnetic drives.

Optical Drive

An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical
media. There are three types of optical drives: Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile
Disc (DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD).

CD, DVD, and BD media can be pre-recorded (read-only), recordable (write once),
or rewritable (read and write multiple times).

External Flash Drive

An external flash drive, also known as a thumb drive, is a removable storage device that
connects to a USB port. An external flash drive uses the same type of non-volatile memory chips
as solid state drives and does not require power to maintain the data. These drives can be
accessed by the operating system in the same way that other types of drives are

accessed.

Types of Drive Interfaces

Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different interfaces that are used to connect the drive to the
computer. To install a storage drive in a computer, the connection interface on the drive must be the same as the
controller on the motherboard. Here are some common drive interfaces:

 IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics, also called Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) is an early
drive controller interface that connects computers and hard disk drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-
pin connector.
 SATA – Serial ATA refers to the serial version of the ATA drive controller interface. A SATA interface
uses a 7-pin data connector.
 SCSI – Small Computer System Interface is a drive controller interface that can connect up to 15
drives. SCSI can connect both internal and external drives. An SCSI interface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or
80-pin connector.
ACTIVITY 2.
Direction. Match items on Column A with Column B.
Refer on the Learning Activity Sheet in writing your answer.

_____1. A magnetic storage device that is installed inside the computer. A. Registers

_____2. Early drive controller interface that connects computers and B. Flash drive or Thumb drive
hard disk drives which an interface that uses a 40pin connector.

_____3. Temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed C. Read-only memory
by the CPU.

_____4. A storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. D. IDE

_____5. A storage device that uses removable 3.5-inch disks. E. Floppy drive

_____6. Soldered the memory chips on a special circuit board. F. Random access memory

_____7. A removable storage device that connects to a USB port. G. Optical drive

_____8. Chips that are located on the motherboard. H. DDR

_____9. Memory cells built right into the CPU that contain specific data I. Hard drive

needed particularly the Arithmetic and Logic Unit.

_____10. Technology that doubles the maximum bandwidth of SDRAM. J. Memory module