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17A31A0373

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/355058625

Rocket Propulsion

Presentation · June 2021


DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12504.21768

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Chada Jithendra Sai Raja


Core Carbide Tools Pvt Ltd
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By
Chada Jithendra Sai Raja
17A31A0373
DEPARTMENT OF MECHGANICAL ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Contents:
• Principle of rockets
• operation of rocket
• rocket engine
• rocket propellants
• nozzle
• reference
PRINCIPLE OF ROCKETS

• THE PRINCIPLE OF ROCKET PROPULSION


DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING TWO LAWS: -
(I) NEWTON 'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

(II)LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM


LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

• THE TOTAL QUANTITY OF MOTION POSSESSED BY A


MOVING BODY IS KNOWN AS THE MOMENTUM OF THE
BODY.
• IT HAS BOTH MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION AND HENCE
A VECTOR QUANTITY. IT IS DENOTED BY P.
• MAGNITUDE OF P=MV
WHERE M IS MASS OF BODY
V IS VELOCITY OF BODY
“IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL FORCES , THE
TOTAL MOMENTUM OF THE BODY IS CONSERVED”
NEWTON 'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

• THE ROCKET EXPELS A JET OF HOT GASES FROM ITS TAIL.


THIS IS SAY, AN ACTION FORCE. THE JET OF HOT GASES
EXERTS A FORCE ON THE ROCKET, PROPELLING IT FORWARD;
THIS IS THE REACTION FORCE.

• PROPULSION PRINCIPLE FROM THE MOMENTUM POINT OF


VIEW, T H E H O T G A S E S A C Q U I R E M O M E N T U M I N T H E
BACKWARD DIRECTION & THE ROCKET ACQUIRES AN EQUAL
AMOUNT OF MOMENTUM IN THE FORWARD DIRECTION.
PRINCIPLE OF ROCKETS
OPERATION OF ROCKETS

• Rocket thrust is caused by pressures acting in the


combustion chamber and nozzle. From Newton's
third law, equal and opposite pressures act on the
exhaust, and this accelerates it to high speeds.
• ROCKET ENGINES PRODUCE THRUST BY THE EXPULSION OF A HIGH-SPEED FLUID
EXHAUST.

• THIS FLUID IS NEARLY ALWAYS A GAS WHICH IS CREATED BY HIGH PRESSURE (10-200
BAR) COMBUSTION OF SOLID OR LIQUID PROPELLANTS, CONSISTING OF FUEL AND
OXIDISER COMPONENTS, WITHIN A COMBUSTIONCHAMBER.

• THE FLUID EXHAUST IS THEN PASSED THROUGH A SUPERSONIC PROPELLING


NOZZLE WHICH USES HEAT ENERGY OF THE GAS TO ACCELERATE THE EXHAUST TO
VERY HIGH SPEED, AND THE REACTION TO THIS PUSHES THE ENGINE IN THE
OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
ROCKET ENGINE

• THE ROCKET ENGINE CARRIES BOTH ITS FUEL AND


OXIDIZER AND ITS COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF
THE ATMOSPHERE FOR ITS COMBUSTION

• ROCKETS CAN OPERATE IN VACUUM OF THE SPACE

• F U E L A N D O X I D I Z E R A R E S P R AY E D I N T O T H E
COMBUSTION CHAMBER WHERE THEY BURN
CREATING A HIGH-PRESSURE HIGH-TEMPERATURE
MIXTURE OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.
• THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION EXPAND TO SUPERSONIC SPEEDS
THROUGH THE ROCKET NOZZLE LEAVING AT A VELOCITY OF Ve.

• ROCKET ENGINES PRODUCE HIGHER THRUST BUT EFFICIENCIES


ARE LOWER
• THE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT ROCKET ENGINES
CAN BE OBTAINED FROM SPECIFIC IMPULSE (Isp).
• SPECIFIC IMPULSE IS DEFINED AS THE THRUST PER UNIT WEIGHT
FLOW AT SEA LEVEL

• NECESSARY CONDITION TO HAVE A HIGH IMPULSE IS


A) COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE TO SHOULD BE HIGH
B) MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF FUEL SHOULD BE LESS
 SPECIFIC IMPULSE IS THE NUMBER OF SECONDS AFTER
WHICH 1 POUND OF PROPELLANTS WILL PRODUCE 1 POUND
OF THRUST
ROCKET PROPELLANTS

• THE FUEL AND THE OXIDIZER TOGETHER


ARE CALLED AS ROCKET PROPELLANTS.

• CLASSIFICATION OF PROPELLANTS
 LIQUID PROPELLANTS
 SOLID PROPELLANTS
SOLID PROPELLANT

• IN SOLID PROPELLANTS, THE FUEL AND OXIDIZER


COMPONENTS ARE PREPARED SEPARATELY AND ARE THEN
MIXED TOGETHER. THIS IS BECAUSE THE OXIDIZER IS IN
POWDER FORM AND THE FUEL IS A FLUID OF VARYING
CONSISTENCY.
• IN ADDITION TO FUEL AND OXIDIZER, SOME OTHER
COMPOUNDS ARE ADDED TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
PROPELLANTS.

 THE CATALYST - TO INCREASES RATE OF COMBUSTION,


EG: IRON OXIDIZER POWDER (0.07 %).
 THE BINDER - HOLDS MIXTURE TOGETHER, EG:
POLYBUTADIENE ACRYLIC ACID.

 AN EPOXY-CURING AGENT

• THE BINDER AND EPOXY ALSO BURN AS THE FUEL BURNS,


THUS CONTRIBUTING TO THE THRUST PRODUCED
DISADVANTAGES

• THE SOLID PROPELLANT MOTOR CANNOT BE SHUT DOWN. THE FUEL


ONCE IGNITED BURNS TILL THE END.

• THE PROPELLANT IS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE.

ADVANTAGES

• THEY ARE STABLE AND EASILY STORABLE.

• THEY DO NOT REQUIRE TURBO PUMPS OR COMPLEX PROPELLANT


FEEDING DEVICES.
LIQUID PROPELLANTS

• BOTH THE FUEL AND OXIDIZER ARE CARRIED ONBOARD THE


ROCKET IN LIQUID FORM AND THEY ARE INJECTED UNDER
PRESSURE AS A SPRAY INTO THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.
THE PROPELLANTS ARE FED AT EXTREMELY HIGH PRESSURES AROUND 440 ATM.
• THERE ARE 2 APPROACHES :
 1. PUMP-FED SYSTEM
 2. PRESSURE-FED SYSTEM
CRYOGENIC PROPELLANTS

• IN A CRYOGENIC PROPELLANT THE FUEL AND THE OXIDIZER


ARE IN THE FORM OF VERY COLD, LIQUEFIED GASES.

• THESE LIQUEFIED GASES ARE REFERRED TO AS SUPER


COOLED AS THEY STAY IN LIQUID FORM EVEN THOUGH THEY
ARE AT A TEMPERATURE LOWER THAN THE FREEZING POINT.

• THUS WE CAN SAY THAT SUPER COOLED GASES USED AS


LIQUID FUELS ARE CALLED CRYOGENIC FUELS.
HYPERGOLIC PROPELLANTS

• A HYPERGOLIC PROPELLANT IS COMPOSED


OF A FUEL AND OXIDIZER THAT IGNITE
WHEN THEY COME INTO CONTACT WITH
EACH OTHER.

• THERE IS NO NEED OF IGNITION


MECHANISM
NOZZLES
• C-D NOZZLE

 SIMPLE CONE SHAPE-EASY TO FABRICATE

 RARELY USED IN MODERN ROCKETS

• BELL NOZZLE

 BELL SHAPE REDUSES THE DIVERGENCE LOSS

 REDUSES THE SIZE

• ANNULAR OR SPIKE OR PLUG NOZZLES

 ALTITUDE COMPENSATING NOZZLE

 IT USES A SECOUNDARY GAS BLEED TO FILL OUT THE TRUNCATED PORTION OF NOZZLE
REFERENCES
• Jithendra sai raja chada et al., STUDY ON CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND SHAPE
OPTIMIZATION OF PINTLE NOZZLE OF A ROCKET, i-manager’s Journal on Mechanical
Engineering, Vol. 10 ,No. 4.
• Jithendra Sai Raja Chada et al., Conceptual Design And Study Of Flow Through a Dual Bell
Nozzle At Different Altitudes Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, i-manager’s Journal on
Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 11 ,No. 3.
• Jithendra Sai Raja Chada et al., Study Of Flow Characteristics In a Convergent And Divergent
Nozzle Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, International Journal of Scientific Research and
Engineering Development, Vol. 4, no.3.
• https://www.nasa.gov/
• https://www.isro.gov.in/
• https://www.spacex.com/
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