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Your Friendly Neighborhood Quadcopter Platform

A Build Tutorial

Compiled by: Feliks Ayk.

Started: FEB152010 Latest: MAR212010

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ______________________________________________ i 1. Introduction _________________________________________________1
1.1 A warm welcome 1.2 Safety warning 1.3 Reference to forum and to keep updated

2. Shopping List _______________________________________________ 1

2.1 Recommended parts list ___________________________________ 1 Priority 1 items __________________________________________ 2 Priority 2 items __________________________________________ 3 Priority 3 items __________________________________________ 5 2.2 Tools for the job _________________________________________ 6

3. The Build ___________________________________________________ 7

3.1 Downloads ______________________________________________ 7 3.2 Arduino-PC interface ______________________________________ 7 3.3 Sensors and shield - soldering _______________________________ 9 A note on electrostatic discharge (ESD) __________________________ 9 Breakout pins to the sensor boards _____________________________ 10 Stackable female headers (Duemilanove pack) to the shield ____________ 12 Motor and receiver pins to the shield ____________________________ 14 LED, resistor, and diode to the shield ___________________________ 15 Capacitors to the shield _____________________________________ 16 Sensors to the shield _______________________________________ 16 OPTION 1 __________________________________________ 17 OPTION 2 __________________________________________ 18 3.4 Power distribution ________________________________________ 20 Arduino power source ______________________________________ 21 3.5 Test radio and calibrate ESCs _______________________________ 21 3.6 Put everything together ____________________________________ 22 Motor to motor distances ____________________________________ 22 X versus Plus (+) configuration _______________________________ 22 Arduino Orientation _______________________________________ 23 3.7 Connect everything together ________________________________ 23 3.8 Test and configure everything _______________________________ 24 Pre-Flight Checkout list _____________________________________ 24 3.9 Maiden flight ____________________________________________ 25

4. Links to parts ________________________________________________ 26

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 A WARM WELCOME
Welcome to AeroQuad! This particular tutorial will focus on providing all the necessary information for a start from scratch build of an Arduino based quadcopter, referred to as an AeroQuad. It will be based on the recommended parts list already available on the AeroQuad website here http://aeroquad.info/bin/view/Main/PartsList_v2. However, since there are differences in views on how to deal with the frame part of the build (buying vs. building), building a frame will not be covered in this tutorial. A few suggestions of what a frame should have will be made.

1.2 SAFETY WARNING

Though there are not many questions about this and it is not mentioned much until something goes wrong, I feel it is my duty to mention this. The motors and propellers used here are not something to be joked around with. They are dangerous moving parts that can do some serious cutting and chopping damage if you are not careful. Under no circumstances are you to put the propellers on the motors until everything is checked out and tested to be working. This is something that can turn a nice day into something horrible, such as an emergency room visit or worse, so please be aware, and please do all your testing outside, away from people as well. The author of this tutorial will not be held responsible for any damage or injury done to or by the user. Please use safe engineering practices and common sense when working on such projects.

1.3 A SMALL NOTE

This tutorial was started on February 15, 2010 and was meant to help out the beginners in the AeroQuad community. Remember, in order to stay up to date, read and ask your questions in the AeroQuad support forum at www.aeroquad.info in the Support Forum link on the left. Good luck, stay safe, and have fun with your build.

2. SHOPPING LIST
2.1 RECOMMENDED PARTS
Priority 1 - recommended Arduino board (x1) 5 DOF IMU (x1) IXZ500 dual axis gyro (x1) AeroQuad shield (x1) Motors (x4, plus spares) ESCs (x4) Battery (x1) Counter rotating propellers (2 pairs, plus spares) Radio system (x1) Miscellaneous Battery charger Power supply Battery monitor/buzzer

Priority 2 can pick other

Priority 3

PRIORITY 1 these parts comprise the command center of the quadcopter and are the Arduino
(Duemilanove in this case), the gyro and accelerometer sensor boards, the AeroQuad shield, the female headers, the breakout pins. The Arduino is the computer controller which will do all the calculations for stability and control. A USB A to B cable is necessary when uploading the code to the Arduino from the PC. The gyros are for sensing rotational motion around the three axes (x y z) and the accelerometers are for sensing linear acceleration about those same axes. The 5DOF IMU has a dual axis gyro and a triple axis accelerometer. The IXZ500 board has a dual axis gyro of which only one will be used to add the sixth degree of freedom to the IMU. The AeroQuad shield is a small green circuit board to which the sensors are soldered to and which then connects directly on top of the Arduino through pins. It eliminates the need to have a breadboard and lots of loose wiring. Arduino Duemilanove with ATmega328 Price: $30 Where: AeroQuad shop 5 DOF IMU Price: $75 Where: AeroQuad shop

IXZ500 Dual Axis Gyro Price: $40 Where: AeroQuad shop AeroQuad Shield v1.6.1 (or v1.7 now) Price: $25 Where: AeroQuad shop Stackable Female Headers (Duemilanove pack) Price: $5 Where: AeroQuad shop

Breakout Pins (straight) Price: $2.50 Where: AeroQuad shop

PRIORITY 2 these components include the motors, motor electronic speed controllers (ESCs), the
main battery, the counter rotating propellers, the radio system and other, miscellaneous things. The ESCs control the brushless motors. The 10amp ESCs are recommended for lighter quads (under 1kg) and the higher amperage ones (18 or 25) are for heavier quads. The female-female servo extension cables are used to connect the radio receiver channels to the shield. The 3mm male/female bullet connectors are used to connect the ESCs to motors and also to the main power distribution line. Finally, the 18 gauge (no thicker than 16 as that will add unnecessary weight) wire is used to make the main power line, splitting the batterys output in a parallel fashion for the four motors/ESCs. Hextronik DT750 motor (heavy duty) Price: $9 ($36 for 4) Where: HobbyKing Hacker Style 20-22L motor (medium-heavy duty) Price: $14 ($56 for 4) Where: HobbyKing

Turnigy 2217 20turn 860kv motor (heavy duty) Price: $14 ($56 for 4) Where: HobbyKing Hextronik 24gram 1300kv motor (for quads under 1kg) Price: $8 Where: HobbyKing

Turnigy Plush 10 amp ESC Price: $8.50 ($34 for 4) Where: HobbyKing

Turnigy Plush 18 amp ESC Price: $11 ($44 for 4) Where: HobbyKing

Turnigy Plush 25 amp ESC Price: $12 ($48 for 4) Where: HobbyKing

4 EPP1045 Counter Rotating Prop pairs Price: $4.50 ($9 for two pairs) Where: QuadroUFO.com OR APC1047 Counter Rotating Prop pairs Price: $8.50 ($17 for two pairs) Where: AeroQuad shop

Zippy Flightmax 4400mAh 11.1v 15C lithium polymer battery pack Price: $26 Where: HobbyKing

Servo Extension Cables (female to female) Price: $8 (for 6) Where: AeroQuad shop

Spektrum DX7 radio with AR6200 receiver (or the AR7000 shown) Price: minimum new $280 w/AR6200 (eBay) Where: online, local hobby shop

5 3mm Bullet Connectors (for motors & ESCs) Price: $4.50 ($9 for 2 packs, 20 pairs total) Where: eBay (seller: rctimer) 18 gauge wire (2-3 ft) Price: ~$6 Where: RadioShack, local hobby shop, online

PRIORITY 3 These items include a good battery charger with a power supply and a battery voltage monitor or buzzer. They are not necessary for the flight of the quad, but obviously are needed for charging the battery and making sure that the battery is not discharged below recommended levels. Many different choices are available in this priority and the known and tested ones are shown. The HobbyKing battery monitor requires some minor soldering while the one on eBay comes ready to use. Turnigy Accucel-6 50W 5A Balancer/Charger Price: $25 Where: HobbyKing

12v 5A Power Supply Price: $10 Where: HobbyKing

6 Lipo Battery Low Voltage Buzzer Alarm Price: $4 Where: eBay (seller: goodlucksell) OR Hobby King Battery Monitor 3S Price: $4 Where: HobbyKing

2.2 TOOLS FOR THE JOB

Some of the tools necessary for the build include the soldering irons necessary for soldering of the sensors to the pins and to the shield, soldering female headers to the shield, and finally soldering all the bullet connectors to the motors, ESCs, and main power line. It is very important to use a low power soldering iron, such as a 15 watt iron (no higher) for all the sensor and shield soldering. The rest (connectors, etc) can be done with a higher power iron, such as a 30 watt one. An obvious necessity is then the solder. A 0.032 thick rosin core solder is ideal for the sensors job and a thicker one, such as 0.062 thick, is preferred for the other tasks. 15 watt soldering iron Price: <$10 Where: RadioShack, online, other 30 watt soldering iron Price: <$10 Where: RadioShack, online, other

0.032 rosin core solder Price: <$10 Where: RadioShack, online, other 0.062 rosin core solder Price: <$10 Where: RadioShack, online, other

3. THE BUILD
After obtaining all the necessary and recommended components, it is now time to start the build. This part of the tutorial covers the installation of the software, establishment of an Arduino to PC link, soldering tasks for the sensors and connectors, putting everything together, testing the radio and calibrating the ESCs, connecting and testing everything, and finally making the maiden flight.

3.1 DOWNLOADS
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software Download the Arduino IDE for your operating system. The latest version right now (March 12, 2010) is the 0018 version. An older, tested and stable version is the 0015 version and is available in the same link under Previous IDE Versions. The Arduino IDE is an environment for developing and editing code, including the AeroQuad code. The IDE package should come with the necessary USB drivers. Install it. http://code.google.com/p/aeroquad/downloads/list Download the AeroQuad code. The AeroQuad code is the code which controls the quadrotor. It is uploaded into the Arduino through the Arduino IDE. Currently (March 12, 2010), the latest code available is the AeroQuad_v1.6 which is an upgraded version of the older v1.5/v1.4 code and has some fixes. Unzip it into a folder. (Later, when opening the AeroQuad code in the Arduino IDE, the file from the unzipped AeroQuad folder which needs to be opened is the AeroQuad.pde file.) http://code.google.com/p/aeroquad/downloads/list Download the AeroQuad Configurator_V2.1 (now available for both Windows and Mac OS). The Configurator is a very useful tool when configuring and troubleshooting the quad. It has displays and commands for motors commands, sensor outputs, PID settings, transmitter/ESC calibration, and much more. Install the Configurator.

3.2 ARDUINO-PC INTERFACE

If you are completely unfamiliar with the Arduino, this part of the tutorial should provide information on how to establish a connection between the computer and the Arduino. 1. Open the Arduino IDE and then the Blink tutorial through File>Sketchbook>Examples>Digital>Blink

8 2. Connect the Arduino to the PC through the USB A to B cable. The USB provides power to the Arduino automatically and thus an external power is not required, but can be connected anyway. 3. Select the correct Arduino board through Tools>Board>Arduino Duemilanove w/ATmega328

4. Select the correct USB serial port through Tools>Serial Port. If uploading fails, then the wrong serial port (USB) is selected. Select another one if this message pops up during uploads.

5. Upload the Blink sketch (code) to the Arduino. Upon a successful upload, the message below should show Done Uploading. 6. This Blink tutorial sketch makes the LED next to digital pin 13 on the Arduino blink on and off in a loop, one second at a time by default. Congratulations, youve uploaded your first sketch to the Arduino. When satisfied with the LED, it is now time to upload the AeroQuad code in a similar manner. 1. Open the AeroQuad code through File>Sketchbook>Open. 2. Find the AeroQuad folder and select the AeroQuad.pde file. This will open the complete AeroQuad code with all the tabs. 3. Hit upload to upload it to the Arduino. 4. After a successful upload, the Arduino may be disconnected from the computer.

3.3 SENSORS AND SHIELD SOLDERING

The next step is to solder the sensors to the shield to make a single-piece six degrees of freedom inertial measurement unit (IMU). This requires some precise soldering which needs to be done carefully using the aforementioned 15 watt soldering iron and the 0.032 rosin core solder. Before soldering, heres the complete set of components for the IMU. Included in the picture is the shield with capacitors, LED, resistor and diode, the stackable female headers (Duemilanove pack), the short-pinned female headers (for sensors), the breakout pins (52 total), and the two sensor boards. In this case, the shield (v1.6.1) comes as a kit and requires all the components to be soldered by the user.

A note on electrostatic discharge (ESD) It is important to take some care when working with the electronics (sensors and the Arduino) in order to prevent them from being damaged by ESD. Here are some recommendations: Ground yourself before touching the electronics. This can be done by touching a metal appliance which is plugged into an electrical socket. Work in an environment where there is less chance of ESD developing, such as on a concrete floor of a garage Avoid carpets and plastic tables When not in use, store the electronics in an ESD plastic bag.

10 Breakout pins to the sensor boards 1. Break off a chunk of the breakout pins, two pieces of nine pins and one piece of four pins. 2. Insert the breakout pins to the hole slots of their respective sensor boards. Insert them from the bottom of the sensor boards (side with no circuitry) using the short end of the pins, like below. Also make sure not to break the pins individually but rather in groups, two of 9 and one of 4.

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3. Fix the pins to the sensor board so the pins are vertical to the board or have someone help. 4. Heat the 15 watt iron for at least 5 minutes 5. Solder the pins to the breakout board. Making sure that the pins and the board do not move, apply heat for about 1 second to both the round metal pad on the sensor board and the pin sticking out of it (simulateneously), then immediately apply the solder either onto the pad very close to the iron or onto the tip of the iron. Make sure not to touch the adjacent pads as that will short them and render the board useless. Also, after soldering the first pin, double check that the pins are vertical and flush with the board. If not, heat that first pin and carefully attempt to straighten out the pins. 6. Repeat this for all of the 22 pins (13 on the 5DOF IMU board and 9 on the IXZ500 board)

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Stackable female headers (Duemilanove pack) to the shield This step involves soldering the stackable headers (the ones bought separately from the shield) to the shield. This will allow the shield to be mated with the Arduino through the pins easily. There are a total of five pieces which need to be soldered, four on top and one from the bottom. Two are 6-pin, two are 8pin, and one is a special piece having 2 rows of 3 pins. 1. Start with the 6 or 8 pin pieces, soldering them with the same care as the sensor boards. Insert the 6 and 8 pin pieces from the top of the shield so as to have the black plastic headers on top and the pins sticking out from the bottom. They must be inserted into the outermost pins (see picture) in order to then fit the Arduino properly. 2. Solder the 6 and 8 pin pieces from the bottom, making sure they are all sticking out vertically 3. Insert the 2x3 piece from the bottom so as to have the metal pins coming out from the top side and the black headers being on the bottom side. 4. Solder the 2x3 piece to the shield

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14 Motor and receiver pins to the shield These breakout pins are soldered to the shield in order to allow for connections from the motor ESCs and the receiver channels to the shield.

15 LED, resistor, and diode to the shield These are simple to install and solder. First insert the LED, making sure that the polarity is respected. One side of the LED is flat and the spot on the shield for the LED has a round mark with one side being flat. The LEDs flat side should face the words shield v1.6.1. The diode should be inserted in the similar manner, having one flat size. Finally, the resistor has no polarity and may simply be inserted. Solder the three components from the bottom and trim off the extra wires.

16 Capacitors to the shield Insert the capacitors from the top and solder them from the bottom. The capacitors have a polarity which must be followed. Both the shield and the capacitors are clearly marked for polarity.

Sensors to the shield The final step is to solder the sensors (which already have the breakout pins soldered to them) to the shield. There are two options for this step. One is to solder the sensors directly to the shield through the breakout pins that they already now have. With this option, the sensors are permanently soldered to the shield. The second option is to first solder stackable female headers (the short-pinned ones) to the shield and then connecting the sensors to the shield through them. The second option thus allows the sensors to be removed if necessary to be used on another shield or another project.

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OPTION 2

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3.4 POWER DISTRIBUTION GRID

This part of the quad includes the wiring which provides power to the motors. It is simple to construct such a power line using 18 and 16 gage wires, the 3mm bullet connectors, a connector compatible with the one on the battery, and an optional simple switch. The main branch which connects to the battery should be a little thicker, thus 16 gage, while the other 4 (or 5, if using main battery to power Arduino) branches can be thinner using the 18 gage wire. The main branch should have a 4mm bullet connector with protector (identical to the one on the battery). Solder all the 3mm bullet connectors to the motors, ESCs, and the power line wires. The motors and the battery side of the ESCs should have the bullet (male) connector. The motor side of the ESCs and the power line wires should have the female connector. The switch should be somewhere along the main branch so as to control all power at once. Once again, this soldering task can be done using the 30 watt iron and thicker solder. Heres an example of a simple power line, although this particular one has JST connectors at the ends of the 4 branches instead of the female bullet connectors. This particular power line is for a light quad, using 20 gage wires, and will not take too much current on the individual branches.

An important thing to remember when making the power line is to consider the frame and its dimensions in order to make the power line fit into the frame without any problems, such as interfering with other components.

21 Arduino power source Although using the main battery for providing power to the Arduino is fine, it is recommended to use a separate battery, such as a small capacity 7.4v Lipo, to do so. This will ensure a clean power source for the Arduino and also reduce the heat generated by its onboard voltage regulator. A good such battery is the Rhino 610mAh or 460mAh 7.4v Lipo from HobbyKing, each costing around $4.

It is also highly recommended to solder a female JST connector directly into the Arduino power-in jack (or rather in the back of it). This will eliminate the need for using a 2.1mm center positive plug and will allow for a direct connection to a battery such as above.

3.5 TEST RADIO AND CALIBRATE ESCS

The next step is to test the radio. Some radio systems, such as the Spektrum 2.4GHz ones, require the binding of the receiver to the transmitter. Follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and make sure that the radio system is working. This can be done by simply connecting a motor to an ESC and the ESC to the throttle channel of the receiver. If it is possible to run the motor, then the radio link is operational. After making sure that the radio system is working properly, it is now time to calibrate the ESCs. The calibration is basically teaching the ESC the range of thrust (lowest and highest power to give the motors so to say). It will assure equal motor startup later on. The ESC calibration must be done using the same radio system that will be used on the quadrotor and done individually for each ESC. To do the calibration on the recommended Turnigy Plush 18 amp ESCs, follow the given steps (these are also provided in the Turnigy ESC instruction manual): 1. Connect the ESC to the throttle channel of the receiver. Have a motor connected to the ESC as the motor will provide beeps necessary to hear the calibration steps. DO NOT attach the propeller or anything else to the motor; simply have the motor connected to the ESC. 2. Turn on the radio and put the throttle stick to maximum position 3. Now connect the ESC to the battery 4. The motor should beep a 1 2 3 beep followed by two short beeps. Immediately after the two short beeps, put the throttle stick down all the way, the motors should make 3 short beeps (representing the 3 cells of the battery) and then finally make a 1 long beep, indicating that the throttle range has been set (calibrated). Calibrating all four ESCs together method There is also a second method for calibration of the ESCs (mentioned on page 24 in section 3.8, Test and Configure Everything). This method is done through the use of the Configurator by following its given instructions.

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3.6 PUT EVERYTHING TOGETHER

This step is not discussed in detail as it involves the construction of a frame, which is completely up to the user. However, some recommendations regarding the construction of a frame are made. A ready to order frame known by many users at the AeroQuad forum is the Rustys frame - it is not discussed here but simply mentioned for the sake of awareness. A good frame should have the following: Landing gear for medium to larger sized quads (1 kg and over) the T-Rex 600 helicopter landing gear set can be used. These can be obtained online or from a local hobby shop for around $15 for the complete set. For smaller quads, such as under 1kg, the smaller T-Rex 450 helicopter landing gear set can be used, costing around $10. A housing for the electronics the electronics housing can be anything from an aluminum cage consisting of two strips of aluminum covering the electronics to a full pledged box of some sort. A good place to start is to use a styrofoam faucet cover, which provides a smooth, lightweight, and strong protective cover. The housing is there to protect the electronics from crash damage, such as flips and falls, as well as the elements when it is stored. Battery compartment this part is a little trickier, but with some work, can be made very effectively. A recommended design is to use Velcro underneath the belly of the quad, incorporating it into the structure of the quad. This will provide a strong battery compartment while still allowing for an easy battery removal and replacement in the field. Arm extensions these can be used to ensure safer operation of the quad, especially during first test flights or experiments. The arm extensions could simply extend beyond the propeller length or they can also protrude upwards, thereby providing protection for the motors and propellers during flips. Motor-to-motor distances Which motor to motor distance to pick is perhaps one of the most widely asked question in the quadrotor community. The simple answer is that there is no one best distance, unless talking about one particular quadrotor with all its dimensions and specifications known. Heres some information regarding the motor-to-motor distances: Generally, the larger the distance between the motors, the more stable is the quad. The shorter is the distance, the quicker is the quad to respond. In other words, a larger armed quad will have slower response times to movements and a smaller armed one will be able to make agile movements and acrobatic maneuvers. Most aerial video and photography quads will tend to have larger distances than those for acrobatics. A good motor distance to start with is around 60cm. This however, depends totally on what the user wants. The motor distances should be made identical as accurately as possible X versus + configuration This refers to the configuration of the frame. In the X configuration, the quad has two motors on each of the four sides, while still having 4 motors total. Weird? Not really. This simply means that the front of the quad is between two of the front motors, the rear between two of the rear motors, and so on. In the plus configuration, the location of the front is simply the front motor, the rear is the rear motor, and so on. The plus configuration is generally the more common for beginners. The X configuration is more useful for aerial photography where the camera needs to be positioned as close to the center of the frame as possible while still having an open view.

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The first image above shows the plus (+) configuration in which the motor ESCs are connected normally: the right motor ESC is connected to the Right motor pins on the shield, left motor ESC to the Left motor pins, and so on. The second image (on the right) shows the X configuration in which each of the four sides (front, rear, right, and left) have two motors and must be connected as depicted. Arduino orientation The correct way to secure the Arduino (which also has the shield and the sensors on top of it) is to have the USB connector side of it representing the rear side of the quad.

3.7 CONNECT EVERYTHING TOGETHER

The next step is to simply connect all the electronics together, after mounting them to their respective locations of course. DO NOT install the propellers yet. Motors should be clamped, bolted, or otherwise secured to the arms. The ESCs should be connected to the motors and also secured either on the arms, inside the arms if large enough (though not recommended for head dissipation issues), or inside of the electronics housing/box. The ESCs should also be connected to the main power line. The Arduino and all its components (shield, sensors, etc) should be secured at the center of the frame. It is common for beginners to use mounting tape or even scotch tape to secure their electronics. This is not a good practice as all those things will loosen and induce vibrations and instability. A good thing to do is to use bolts and nuts. The shield should mate onto the Arduino and also have the receiver channels connected to it

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3.8 TEST AND CONFIGURE EVERYTHING

These next steps are critical to ensure the correct operation of the quad. Once again, still DO NOT install the propellers yet. 1. Connect the now wired up AeroQuad to the Configurator on the PC. If using Windows Vista, run the configurator in Administrator mode. If connection does not work, select a different port. 2. In the rightmost flyout, select the Initial Setup option and then click on the blue Initialize EEPROM icon. This will write default values for PIDs and all the other factors into the Arduino EEPROM memory. 3. Then click the Calibrate Transmitter icon and follow the steps provided in the Configurator to do so. If using the recommended Spektrum DX7 radio with AR6200 receiver, then there should be no problems. 4. Using the Calibrate ESCs, it is possible to calibrate all four ESCs together. Follow the instructions provided in the Configurator under the Calibrate ESCs icon. Using the ESC calibration feature of the Configurator is potentially dangerous unless all the steps are read and followed carefully. Once again, DO NOT have the propellers installed yet. 5. Next, follow the 13 steps of the Pre-Flight Checkout list (taken from AeroQuad website) The Pre-Flight Checkout list (follow carefully) In the Flight Configuration tab of the Configurator, select the Motor Bar Plot from the bottom most flyout and follow these steps: 1. Arm the motor output by moving the throttle stick to the lower right. Increase the throttle to 50%. 2. By hand, roll the AeroQuad to the left. The left motor command should increase. The right motor command should decrease. 3. By hand, roll the AeroQuad to the right. The right motor command should increase. The left motor command should decrease. 4. By hand, pitch the AeroQuad down (the front motor should be lower in position than the rear motor). The front motor command should increase. The rear motor command should decrease. 5. By hand, pitch the AeroQuad up (the front motor should be higher than the rear motor). The rear motor command should increase. The front motor command should decrease. 6. By hand, rotate the AeroQuad clockwise. The front and rear motor commands should increase (assuming the motors are wired to rotate in the clockwise direction). 7. By hand, rotate the AeroQuad counter-clockwise. The left and right motor commands should increase in value (assuming the motors are wired to rotate in the counter-clockwise direction). 8. Using the transmitter, move the roll stick to the left. The right motor command should increase. The left motor command should decrease. 9. Using the transmitter, move the roll stick to the right. The left motor command should increase. The right motor command should decrease. 10. Using the transmitter, move the pitch stick forward. The rear motor command should increase. The front motor command should decrease. 11. Using the transmitter, move the pitch stick back. The front motor command should increase. The rear motor command should decrease. 12. Using the transmitter, move the yaw stick to the left. The front and rear motor commands should increase. 13. Using the transmitter, move the yaw stick to the right. The left and right motor commands should increase.

25 Finally, repeat the above steps, but this time check the responses of the actual motors and crosscheck them with the responses of the motors in the Configurator. The virtual motors in the Configurator and the actual motors should have the same (correct) responses. Note: If the automatic ESC calibration was used (Calibrate ESCs button in the Configurator), then when armed (throttle stick to the lower right), the motors would spin at a low rate indicating that they are armed. Also, when zeroing all the sensors out through the transmitter (left stick to the lower left and right stick to the lower right), the motors should spin up at a low rate three times and then stop.

3.9 MAIDEN FLIGHT

After completing the quad and double and triple checking that everything works, it is now time to test it out. To assure safety, it is wise to test fly the quad in an open field, as far away from people as possible, the operator included. It is now time to put on the propellers. Remember, the front and rear motors spin clockwise when looking from above, thus they need the clockwise propellers and the right and left spin counterclockwise when looking from above. If any of the motors are spinning the wrong way, then the only thing that needs to be done is to swap any two of the three motor/ESC wires of those particular motors. From this point on, the quad is potentially a very dangerous machine and must be handled with extreme caution. After attaching the propellers, turn on the Arduino and the main power. The motors are armed by bringing the throttle stick to the lower right and disarmed when on lower left. Step back, arm the motors, and apply thrust slowly. Be cautious and apply thrust slowly at first to assure that all the motors are spinning equally. Take off, hover, and learn to fly. Good luck!

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4. LINKS TO PARTS
Arduino Duemilanove http://carancho.com/AeroQuad/store/ (AeroQuad shop) 5 DOF IMU http://carancho.com/AeroQuad/store/ (AeroQuad shop) IXZ500 Dual Axis Gyro http://carancho.com/AeroQuad/store/ (AeroQuad shop) AeroQuad shield v1.6.1 http://carancho.com/AeroQuad/store/ (AeroQuad shop) Stackable female headers http://carancho.com/AeroQuad/store/ (AeroQuad shop) Breakout pins http://carancho.com/AeroQuad/store/ (AeroQuad shop) Hextronik DT750 motors http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=6247 (HobbyKing) Hacker Style 20-22L motors http://hobbyking.com/hobbyking/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=4700 (HobbyKing) Hextronik 24gram 1300kv motors http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=2069 (HobbyKing) Turnigy 2217 20turn 860kv motors http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=5691 (HobbyKing) Turnigy Plush 10 amp ESCs http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=4204 (HobbyKing) Turnigy Plush 18 amp ESCs http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=4312 (HobbyKing) Turnigy Plush 25 amp ESCs http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=2163 (HobbyKing) Zippy Flightmax 4400mAh 11.1v 15C battery http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=6504 (HobbyKing) EPP1045 counter-rotating propellers set www.quadroUFO.com (QuadroUFO) APC1047 counter-rotating propellers set http://carancho.com/AeroQuad/store/ (AeroQuad shop) Female-female servo extension cables http://carancho.com/AeroQuad/store/ (AeroQuad shop) Spektrum DX7 Mode 2 radio with AR6200 receiver eBay (seller: gotheli) or local hobby shop or http://www.toddsmodels.com/default.asp (Todds Models) 3mm bullet connectors eBay (seller: rctimer) 18 and 16 gage wire RadioShack, other Turnigy Accucel-6 balancer/charger http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=7028 (HobbyKing) 12v 5A power supply http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idProduct=6256 (HobbyKing) Battery voltage alarm eBay (seller: goodlucksell) http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=7223 (HobbyKing)

27 15 watt soldering iron RadioShack, other 30 watt soldering iron RadioShack, other 0.032 solder RadioShack, other 0.062 solder RadioShack, other 610mAh Arduino battery http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=7305 (HobbyKing) JST male/female connectors w/cables http://www.dealextreme.com/details.dx/sku.15234 (DealExtreme) Square carbon fiber 10x10x750mm tubes http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=9012 (HobbyKing) 4mm bullet connectors w/ protector http://hobbycity.com/hobbycity/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idproduct=9283 (HobbyKing)

In this revision: removed the TowerPro 2410-09 motors (no longer recommend them as I believe they have been a source of instability in the past) added the Hextronik DT750 motors (very smooth and powerful heavy duty motors, personally tested) added the Hextronik 24gram 1300kv motors (tiny and smooth motors, personally tested to work very well with 8 inch EPP0845 props on a less than 900 grams quad) added the Turnigy 2217 20turn 860kv motors (heavy duty motors, tested by multiple users with positive feedback) added two more ESCs, the Turnigy Plush 10 amp and the Turnigy Plush 25 amp ones for a larger variety