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Sun Certified Enterprise Architect
for Java™ EE Study Guide
Second Edition

Mark Cade and Humphrey Sheil

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Cade, Mark.
Sun Certified Enterprise Architect for Java EE study guide / Mark Cade, Humphrey Sheil. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Previous ed.: Sun Certified Enterprise Architect for J2EE technology study guide, 2002.
ISBN 978-0-13-148203-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Electronic data processing personnel—Certification. 2. Java
(Computer program language)—Examinations—Study guides. I. Sheil, Humphrey. II. Cade, Mark. Sun Certified
Enterprise Architect for J2EE technology study guide. III. Title.
QA76.3.C23 2010
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2009052010
Copyright © 2010 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
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ISBN-13: 978-0-13-148203-6
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First printing February 2010
I dedicate this book to my lovely wife Lara for putting up with all the long hours.
Your support, compassion, and love drove me to finish this book. I look forward to
a wonderful vacation to make up for the time spent on this book.
—Mark Cade

I wish the reader of this book the very best toward passing the SCEA exam,
and in the process, becoming a better architect. Better architects create better
designs and code—and that’s what we all strive to do.
—Humphrey Sheil
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Chapter 1 What Is Architecture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Prerequisite Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Understanding Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Role of the Architect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
More Detail on the Exam Itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Part I: Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Part II: Solving the Business Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Part III: Defending Your Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Preparing for the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Preparing for Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Preparing for Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Preparing for Part III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Essential Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Review Your Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 2 Architecture Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Prerequisite Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Decomposition Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Layering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
viii Contents

Generality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Coupling and Cohesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Planning and Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Work Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Tiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Virtual Platform (Component APIs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Application Infrastructure (Containers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Enterprise Services (OS and Virtualization) . . . . . . . . . . 19
Compute and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Networking Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Service-Level Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Extensibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Manageability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Impact of Dimensions on Service-Level Requirements . . . . . . 23
Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Modularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Workload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Common Practices for Improving Service-Level
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Introducing Redundancy to the System
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Improving Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
 Contents ix

Improving Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Improving Extensibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Improving Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Tiers in Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Two-Tier Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Three- and Multi-Tier Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Essential Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Review Your Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 3 Web Tier Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Prerequisite Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Model View Controller (MVC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Web Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Servlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Listeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
JavaServer Pages (JSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Java Standard Tag Library (JSTL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Unified Expression Language (EL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Managing Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
JavaServer Faces (JSF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Templating Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Web Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
JSPs and Servlets—Standard Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
JSF—Standard Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Web-Centric Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
EJB-Centric Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Rationale for Choosing Between EJB-Centric and
Web-Centric Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
The Future of Client-Server Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Essential Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Review Your Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
x Contents

Chapter 4 Business Tier Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Prerequisite Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Enterprise Java Bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Session Bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Stateless Session Bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Stateful Session Bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Entity Beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
CMP Entity Bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
BMP Entity Bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Entity Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Persistence Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Message-Driven Bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
EJB Advantages and Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Contrasting Persistence Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Ease of Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Extensibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
EJB and Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
EJBs as Web Service End Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
EJBs Consuming Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Advantages and Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
EJB 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Ease of Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Container in EJB 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
JPA in EJB 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Essential Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Review Your Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Chapter 5 Integration and Messaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Prerequisite Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
SOAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
WSDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
 Contents xi

JAX-RPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
JAX-WS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
JAXB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
JAXR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
JMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
JCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Java to Java Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Java Messaging Service (JMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Java to Non-Java Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Java Connector Architecture (JCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Essential Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Review Your Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Chapter 6 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Prerequisite Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
JRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
JAAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Credential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Principal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Client-Side Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Server-Side Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
EJB Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Web Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Putting the EJB Container and Web
Container Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Web Service Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
How Security Behavior Is Defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Declarative Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Programmatic Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Commonly Encountered Security Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Defining a Security Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Essential Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Review Your Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
xii Contents

Chapter 7 Applying Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Prerequisite Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Creational Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Abstract Factory Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Builder Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Factory Method Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Prototype Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Singleton Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Structural Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Adapter Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Bridge Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Composite Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Decorator Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Façade Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Flyweight Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Proxy Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Behavioral Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chain of Responsibility Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Command Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Interpreter Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Iterator Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Mediator Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Memento Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Observer Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
State Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Strategy Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Template Method Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Visitor Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Core Java EE Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Presentation Tier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Intercepting Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Context Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Front Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Application Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
View Helper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
 Contents xiii

Composite View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Dispatcher View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Service to Worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Business Tier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Business Delegate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Service Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Session Façade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Application Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Business Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Composite Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Transfer Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Transfer Object Assembler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Value List Handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Integration Tier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Data Access Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Service Activator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Domain Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Web Service Broker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Essential Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Review Your Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Chapter 8 Documenting an Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Prerequisite Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Building Blocks of UML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Structural Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Behavioral Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Grouping Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Annotational Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Common Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Adornments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Common Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Extensibility Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
UML Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
xiv Contents

Structure Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Component Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Deployment Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Package Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Behavior Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Activity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Statechart Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Use-Case Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Interaction Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Essential Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Review Your Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Chapter 9 Tackling Parts II and III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Prerequisite Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Worked Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Component Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Deployment Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Sequence Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Comments on Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Identified Risks and Mitigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Part III—Defending Your Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Essential Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Acknowledgments

Mark wishes to thank all of his past colleagues who have been great
sounding boards in developing material for creating architectures.

Humphrey would like to thank the Java EE community, inside and out-
side Sun Microsystems, for building and growing the JEE platform to
where it is today. A rich, vibrant programming platform needs good
design leadership to take it forward, and that is what the SCEA certifica-
tion, and this book, strives to engender.

The authors would also like to thank all those who provided great feed-
back to help improve this book, including Ken Saks and Chris Herron.
This page intentionally left blank
About the Authors

Mark Cade is a lead developer and assessor for the Sun Certified Enterprise
Architect for Java EE exam. He has more than 20 years of experience as a software
engineer and has extensive experience creating architectures for Java EE solutions
for Fortune 500 companies. He worked at the Sun Microsystems Java Center as a
Senior Java Architect until 2006. He is currently employed at BigFix.

Humphrey Sheil is a lead developer and assessor for the Sun Certified Enterprise
Architect for Java EE exam. With a background specializing in enterprise architec-
ture and integration in the United States and Europe, he holds a M.Sc. and B.Sc. in
Computer Science from University College Dublin. He is currently the CTO at
Comtec Group.
This page intentionally left blank
 C H A P T E R 1

What Is Architecture?

Introduction

The Sun Certified Enterprise Architect exam is comprised of three

parts: knowledge-based multiple choice, assignment, and questions that
each requires a short essay answer. You must pass all three parts in order
to complete your certification.
Each subsequent chapter in this book will follow the same basic
structure. The chapter starts with a listing of the exam objectives that are
described in the chapter, followed by a “Prerequisite Review” section,
which identifies any assumed knowledge for the chapter and provides
other reading material to acquire the assumed knowledge. A “Discus-
sion” section, which describes the topics in the chapter with a focus on
the exam objectives, is next. This is followed by “Essential Points,” which
is a summary of the key ideas in the chapter. Finally, the “Review Your
Progress” section focuses on questions that might appear on the exam.
This first chapter will lay the groundwork for an understanding of
how the exam developers define architecture and some common termi-
nology. Having this understanding will help you in each of the subse-
quent chapters.

Prerequisite Review

This book assumes a certain level of knowledge for the readers. If you do
not have the prerequisite knowledge, you must gain this knowledge else-
where before proceeding with this book. Each chapter will have a list of
prerequisite knowledge for the objectives covered in that chapter. This
set of prerequisites covers the entire book:

1
2 Chapter 1 What Is Architecture?

■ You understand object-oriented concepts, such as encapsulation,

inheritance, polymorphism, and interfaces.
■ You have programmed in an objected-oriented language, prefer-
ably the Java programming language.
■ You have designed object-oriented programs and systems.
■ You are using this book to prepare for the Sun Certified Enter-
prise Architect (SCEA) for Java Enterprise Edition Technology
exam.

Becoming a full-fledged system architect requires many years of real-

world experience creating architectures and designing systems. This
book is not a substitute for that experience, but a study guide to assist
you on your path to become a Sun Certified Enterprise Architect for
Java Enterprise Edition (JEE) technology. As a study guide, it will make
assumptions about knowledge you should have and only cover the key
details for the exam.

Discussion

The best starting point for this book is to make sure that you are on the
same page as the exam developers. Having this common vocabulary will
reduce confusion in the later chapters. A clear and concise definition of
architecture is imperative to your success on this exam. Once you under-
stand the definition, you must understand your role in creating architec-
ture. You must realize what your tasks are. Finally, you must understand
the purpose of creating architecture. You create architecture to support
the service-level requirements of a system. Without service-level
requirements, your systems cannot meet customer demand for availabil-
ity, reliability, and scalability. These service-level requirements keep a
company from having a “CNN” moment, which occurs when the failure
of your computer systems makes headline news on CNN.

Understanding Architecture
According to the Rational Unified Process:

Software architecture encompasses the significant decisions

about the organization of a software system. The selection of the
 Discussion 3

structural elements and their interfaces by which the system is

composed together with their behavior as specified in the collab-
oration among those elements. The composition of the struc-
tural and behavioral elements into progressively larger
subsystems, the architectural style that guides this organization,
these elements, and their interfaces, their collaborations, and
their composition. Software architecture is concerned not only
with structure and behavior but also with usage, functionality,
performance, resilience, reuse, comprehensibility, economic
and technology constraints and trade-offs, and aesthetic issues.1

That is a lengthy definition, so let’s look at a simpler definition provided

by the SunTone Architecture Methodology:

Architecture is a set of structuring principles that enables a sys-

tem to be comprised of a set of simpler systems each with its
own local context that is independent of but not inconsistent
with the context of the larger system as a whole.2

Both definitions focus on system structure. You create architecture to

describe the structure of the system to be built and how that structure
supports the business and service-level requirements. You can define the
structure of a system as the mechanisms that the system employs to solve
the common problems of the system. A mechanism is a capability that
supports the business requirements in a consistent and uniform manner.
For example, persistence is a mechanism that should be used consis-
tently throughout the system. This means that, any time the system uses
persistence, it is handled in the same manner. By defining persistence as
an architectural mechanism, you provide a default method of addressing
persistence that all designers should follow and implement consistently.
The architectural mechanisms—such as persistence, distribution, com-
munication, transaction management, and security—are the infrastruc-
ture on which you build the system and must be defined in your
architecture.

1 Philippe Kruchten, The Rational Unified Process: An Introduction, Third Edition

(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2003).
2 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
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