Simplified Engineering Mathematics

UNIT1: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

1. Introduction
Anyfunction of two or more variables may be differentiated partially with respect to one
variable treating other variables as constants; for instance, the function f(x,y) may be
differentiated with respect to x taking y as
constant and similarly we can perform partial
differentiation with respect to y keeping x
constant. Here partial derivatives of f(x, y) with
of and
respect toX and y are denoted as dy;respectively; also the partial derivatives of with
dx

respect to Xand y are denoted as or fxx and

ôx ôy or fxy respectively.
Again, if 'z = fx, y) is afunction of two independent variables 'x' and 'y', let us use the
following notations for the partial derivatives of 'z':
ôz ôz
Ox ôy =S,
dx oy Jy2
Remarks

. Ifz= f(x) be a function of single ôz dz

independent variable x then dx

" Order of partial differentiation is commutative i.e. a²ff

ôx ôy dy ax ,iff(x, y)possesses
continuous partial derivatives.
Geometrical interpretation: a gives the slope of tangent to the curve z = f(, y)
at the point of intersection with the planey=0.
Examplel Find all the first order partial order derivatives for the function
t=r'yz +5/yz+ siney-y
ôt
Solution: =3atyz + sine (21y)
ôt 5z
=x'z+
2\y +sinea- 4y) +cos(-ey
=ry+ 5/
Example2 If = (x'+y² +2') showthat + +
dy2 Oz2
=0

Solution: dx
=-+y' +2) i(2:3) =
(*2+y²+22)~

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Simplified Engineering Mathematics

2x²-y²-z²
(cly2+z2)3 (x²+y2+z2)7
-(--n)en
c24y2+z2)9 22-r'-y2 .: n

2y²-x²-z? and= 2. Composite Functions

Similarlyp = (r2+y24z?)~
+2r'y²-p'+zy'=r'-'+2s-'-y'.
e0 fz= f(x,y) , such that x =gt)
and y = h(t), z ís called a
(r24y²+g2)i that
single variable t. composite function of
then prove z= f(x,y) , such that x =
= rsin,
Example3 Ifu = f(r) and x = rcose,
y
g(u,v) and y= h(u,v). z is called a
of two variables u and v. composite function
1Differentiation of Composite Functions (Chain Rule)
. Ifz = f(*,y) where x 9(t) andy= h(t) dz Ôz dz
,
Solution: = f') and ßz dy
where
dz
is called the
dt dy dt
Similarly= f").)+f) dt total derivative of z.
...O Ifz = fx,y), where x = g(u, v)
ay2 ay2
"G)]+re» dz
au
ôz ox ðz oy
ax u oy u and
and y = h(u, v)
oz dx Öz
rsine then x² + y'= r .. 2
We have x=rcose, y= . Ifz = f(x,y), where y= Tay'v
g(x)= Öz dy
’r=r? +y?
r.1-*ax 3 = (using ) Example5 If z =f(X, y) , x =e"+eand y= e--e".
2Jgsy+Zxand 2 r2
Prove that du
dz ôz
=x-y ay
Similarly ay Solution: Here z =f(X,y), such that x = g(u, v) and y =
h(u, v)
+ 0z
az Ox ôy dz
ar or or dr inequation 1), we get
Substituting the values of aayx?'dy2 =ax'u dy du OZpu Oy-p-u
ôz Öz dx, ôz oy
-ro+e+ro,+=r0+}ro and
dy
dz dz 8z
r)=? -e
Example4 lfe = telst , what value of nwill make r2 ar ar dy
dz
Solution: 0 = tnp -rlar = (e" +e-")- (eu -e") àx
Example6 If z = f(x, y), x = logu andy = logv,
Prove that2=24 ,20'z, oz
du

and ( r = - e - e ( ) Solution: Here z = f(x,y), such that x= g(u) and y = h(v)

dz ax ôz oy az dx
dy`ou dx du
.oy 0
ôz dx ôz 1
Also = nt7-le
+te.=(n +re)e az
dx du ax u

As
u ôuôx
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Simplifed Engineerinz Mathematlcs

-ny
Similarly Ax ay
Solution: du 0xdu 8y du =e,a+(-xe ). 3bu'
which on substitution of x and y
gives
dI e-bu",a + (-1-
= U
au@x
du
au)e-bu3hu2
du
=e-bu"[a - 3bu' -3abu'|
3ry=1, find,
logrywhere
r3 + y3+ Example10 Find the total derivatíve of f(x, y) = x 4 3xy with
Example7Ifu = r y= sin-1x. respect to x given that
y=f(*)
fx,y). such that
Solution: Here u = Solution:=4 9 dy
ax
dy
dy' dx
au dy
ay 'dx = (2x +3y) +3x
=1+ logxy...)
a = + logxy
Ou
Now whích on substitution of y gíves
Also y==.9 df2x +3 sinxt
dy
3x
i
with respect to x
differentiating x³ +y³ +3xy = 1 Examplel1 If u = f(**+ 2yz, y' + 2zx), prove that
Furthertofind,
dx

3r2+3y2 +3x+3y= 0 (y²- zx)+(«2- yz)+(22-

dz dx xy)=0
dy
Solution: Let p= x + 2yz, q=y² + 2zx
.u=fp,q), such that p = g(*, y, z), q= h(x,y, z)
Using , 9. in , we get Now
ôu ôp u ôg
dp ax
= 1+logzy-( 3 ||
ôu
.2x +. 2z ...1)
that=
Example& Ifu =sin-(r-y),x=3t,y= 4t, show Qu ôp Ôu g
y=h(t) ôpay
Solution: Here u = f(x, y),such that x = g(t) and
du ôu dx , ôu dy 22 +
dt ax dt ay 'dt
ou op, ou dq
1 +
1
3e-)2-).12? ap az
u
s(1-4²) 3(1-4) 3(1-4¢?) .2y + .2x ...3)
3(1-44°)
/1-(-y)7 1-(3t-t3)2 V1-92+244-166 V1-t-8t2+16t4+8¢4-16t6
3(1-4t2) 3(1-4¢2) Substituting the values of ox' dy ', az from (1), ), 3) respectively,
V(1-8r24+16t)-t²(1-8r2-16¢6) V1-t)(1-8t2+16c4) we get (y-zx) du

3(1-4") 3
+(x-yz)+(2-xy) =0

Examplel12 If u= f(ey,ex, e*), then prove that du

=0
Example9 Ifx(u) = 1+ au and y(u) = bu', find the rate of change of f(x, y) = xe Solution: Let l = e-, m =e-* n= e*-y
with respect to u.
::u=f, m, n) , such that =f(,y, z), m = g(x,y, z), n = h(x,y, z)
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Simplified Engineering Mathematics

e-)
u= u(ey-z, eI-, au On
ßl, ou om am
Now
ßu
a'ax
+ Ou ..) n'(n-1)xn-2y2n-2+n(n-1)yn-2y2n-2
n'y3n
Ou ou on1nan
an dy
Jy al 'ay am dy ...3) = -n'(n - 1)x7-2yn-2 yh+z"
=1-nn n3y3n-3
an dy
am ) respectively, (n-1)z-a"
du du oufom ). 2).
Substituting the values of ay'z
y2n-1

Examplel5 Ifx² +y? +z2- 2xyz = 1, show that d dy dz

we get ay
ou du =0
az Solution: Given x +y² +z-2xyz -1=0..)
tV1-y²t 0
Implicit Functions
3. Differentiation of between xand y Now, iff(x, y, z) = 0is an implicit relation between x, y,
Iffa,y)= 0is an implicit relation z
Then, df = dx +dy + dz = 0
df =dr +dy =0 ’ (2x- 2yz) dx + (2y - 2xz) dy + (2z -
afß-3Sulkythyi 2xy) dz = 0
------4,also = - in mo.
’ (x- yz)dx + (y - xz)dy + (2- xy)dz = 0
by direct diferentiation
dx dy dz
+
Note: We can evaluate and.d'y for implicit functions (y-xz)(z-xy) a-yz)(z-xy) a-yz)(y-x20..9
Now (y - xz) = y'+x'z?- 2xyz
cases.

Findusing differential formula of imni:, = xz? + (y²- 2xyz) =x'z²+1-x'-z?

Examplel3Ifx3 +3x'y +6xy2+y³= 1,
(y²- 2xyz) = 1-x-z' using )
functions. Also verify the result by direct differentiation. » y- xz)? = (1-x)(1-2)
dy
Solution: For implicit functions, dx =: * (1- a)(1- b) =1-a-b+ ab
Here f = 3x²+ 6xy + 6y², f = 3x? + 12ry+ 3y² »(y-xz) =V1-x*V1-z ..
x'+2xy+2y² Similarly (2- xy) = V1-x²/1-y²..@
*'+4xy+y?
(x-yz) =V1-y²V1-z...5)
Verification: Differentiating the equation x + 3xy + 6xy' +y=1 w.r.t. x
Using 3), 0. in 2, we get
’ 3x2 +3x?+6xy +12xy+6y² +3y= 0 dx
Vi-tt=0
dy

x'+2xy+2y?
4. Exact Differentials
dx x2+4xy+y2
A differential of the form df = f(x,y)dx + f2x,y)dy is said to be exact or perfect,
Examplel4 Ifx" + y" = a", Find dy22 ir f14,y)_ Of2(xy)
Solution: For implicit functions d²y fi-2feflsythyyfå
Example16 Given the differential df = (*2 + 4xy + 3y') dx + (2x? + 6xy)dy, check
Here f = nx-1, fr = n(n - 1)x-2, f? = n'x?n-2, foy = 0 whether it is exact or not.

5=ny,fy = n(n-1)y"-,ff =n'yn-2, f = n'yân-3 Solution: Given differential is ofthe form df = fi(x,y)dx + f2(,y) dy,
n(7-1)x7-Z.n'y2n-2-2nx7-'ny7-l0 + n(n-1) y7-2.n'y2n-2 fi(a,y) = *' + 4xy + 3y², f«y) = 2x? + 6xy
dy n3y3n-3

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)
+6y...
'=4r
o(r'+41y+ 3y'). Solution: For stationary points 0 and
ay
=0
We have ay 2)
O(2x'+6xy)- Ay + 6y... du3y2 - 6x =0 ...)
Of,(x,y)
Also,
2)1y)
Of,(xy) differential. Ou= -8y = 0 ...2)
exact
From(1)and (2y2+ 6ry)dyisan
3y2)dr + ôz From (1), we get x=0 or x = 2
+ 4ry+ Variables derivatives and
* a/ = (r ofTwo thepartial
Minima ofEunctions both From 2), we get y =0
5. Maxima
and points, where a localI maximum, a
f(x, y) has extreme
Afunction z =
variable is either
variables
:. Stationary points are (0,0) and (2,0)
function oftwo 0u =r= 6x-6,
zero. An extremne
point of a Now a2 =s=0, 8y =t=-8
and are zero, but the
saddle point. v
local minimum, or a where 0y . rt-s2 = -8(6x 6) 0=-48x +48
=fu,y),
Y)onthe curve z V)are of different signs.
Saddle Point: Apoint (*, of point(X, Again, [rt -sloo) = 48>0 and [rlo0) <0
on L.H.S. and R.H.S. a point of finflection,
value of function z = f(x, y) mininmum value, but : (0,0) is a point of maxima and maximum value= 1
maximum or
have any z=f(,y) Also[rt -sl20) =-48 < 0
Here the function does not values of afunction
find maximum or minimum : (2,0) is a saddle point
Algorithm to
and
1. Find the partial derivatives Example18 Locate the stationary points of u= x+y-2x? + 4xy - 2y² and determine
the extreme points an
and= 0. simultaneouslyto obtain their nature.
2. Solve the equations dz0 dy ax
Solution: For stationary points 0 and =0
(I,y).
0'2 =sand t = 4x 4x + 4y = 0... )
3. Find the differentials ax2 ax dy ax

points ( , yi).
4. Evaluate the expression (rt -s) at extreme = 4y³ +4x 4y = 0..
[rliN)
i. If[rt - s²a.v)>0, check the value of Adding () and (2, we get
minimum value at (X, y)
a rlav) > 0z = f(x, y) has a x3 + y³ = 0 ’ (x+y)(x²- xy + y²) = 0
value at (x, y)
b. rlav) < 0+z = f(,y) has a maximum
or

immediate
If [rt - s'l(ziv) = 0, check the value of z = f(X, y:) in the » (*+y) = 0 (x?-xy +y²) = 0
L.H.S. and R.H.S. ’y=-x ..3) x= 0, y =0is the only solution
vicinity on both sides. If the value of function z = f(x, y) on
for (x-xy +y) =0
of point (Xi, y)are of different signs, it is a saddle point.
Using 3 in ), we get x³ -x-x=0
iii If [rt - slzuy) < 0z =f(x.y) has no extreme value at (x(, yi), i.e., it is a ’x³- 2x = 0 ’x(x-2) = 0
saddle point. ’X= 0, tv2
Example17 Locate the stationary points of u=x° - 3x'-4y' +1and determine their : The extreme points using 3) are (0,0), (2, -v2) and (-V2,V2)
4, a²u =s=4, u =t= 12y2 - 4
nature. a2u
Now =r=12x ax ay ay2

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16|(3x2 1)(3y- 1) -1]

2-1)-16= function s = f(«,y) in
1)4(3y the
.rt-s'= 4(3r'- checkingthevalues of the
[rt -s'loo
Again,
vicinityon both
= 0.
sides. <0.[ul=1+1
-2+4-2>0 immediate dx dy ES=-sin(% +y)
-2-4 - 2
u-1) =1+1 t= -sin y -sin(z + y)
saddle point |rlva-v)>0 0y'
: (0,0) isa
sla=16(5)(5)- 16>0, and Now [rleg =----5<0
Again[rt -
:(V2,-V2)is apoint of minima lsG)=-sin +)=
s-a>0,and[rl-E)>0
Also[rt - leg=----V3
minima
:(-V2, V2) is also apoint of stationary points of the function
and determinethe nature of the
Example19 Locate [0,.
+y), where x,y E
sin x+ siny + sin(x [rt- sE >0 and (rJn<0
sin y+ sin(x+9)
Solution: Let f(x, ) = sinx + :. f(x,y) has a maximum value at
=0 and dy =0 G)
For stationary points
Also fG)= sin+sin+sin (;+)-++
=cos x+ cos(x +y) =0...
2

:. Maximum value of the function is 3V3

2 at the point (GH)
dy
=
cosy + cos(x + y) = 0 ...(2) Also, [rlon) = 0
Subtracting (2) from (), we get Isln) = 0
CoS X- COS y = 0 El() = 0
’ COS = C0S y :frt - s'r) =0
’x=y" x,y ¬ [0, n]...3) Checking the values of the function f(x, y) in the immediate vicinity on both sides.
Using 3) in ), we get Iflsl6'6s =sin+ sin+ sin 10 =+->0 6
coS X + cos 2x = 0
77

’cos 2x = - coS X Also, fl(n E= sin+ sin+sin 14T

6 6 -+<0
’ cos 2x=cos(T -x) :(T, T) is a saddle point
’ 2x =2n t( -x),nE z 6. Method of Lagrange Multipliers for Finding Extreme Values
If we want to find extreme values of a function whose variables are connected by a relation,
’3x = (2n +1) orx = (2n - 1)7, n¬Z
we can use the method of Lagrange Multipliers.
’X=, for n= 0 and n= 1respectively Algorithm to find maximum or minimum values of a function f(x, y, z) using Lagrange
: The extreme points using 3) are) and (, ) Multipliers
respectively. 1. Consider the function: Maximize/Minimize f(x, y,z) subject to g(x,y, z) =k
Now Er=- sin x- sin(x + y)
ax2

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kl
z)
y, + \g(x,y,z) where Ais Simplifed Engineering Mathematics
A) =f(x,
auxiliaryfunctionF(x,)y,z,
2. Form an -= k by the
g(x, y,z) method of = xy t 22z = 0>)=
the Lagrange multiplier. 0.=0 and
OF 0.=
=
3. Solve the cquations From ), 2) and (3), we get:==9
multipliers or both.
2y 22

grouping or
method of Xyz
6
Taking x, y , z as multipliers 2y2 2y2 =y² = z'...
4 2z
Considera fraction 3X2
*Method of multiplicrs: 1X* 2Xy 6XZ Given x +y' + z²=3 ...5)
= 4xy
multipliers., cach fraction
2Xx
Using ) in 5), we get
Taking x, y,z as
that x+y= 35
+ 4y,given 3x2 =3’x = t1, y= t1 ,z=£1
values of f(x, y) = 3x²
Example20 Findthe extreme : (1,1,1), (1,-1,1), (1,1,-1), (1, -1, -1), (-1,1,1),(-1,-1,1), (-1,1, -1),
y - 35)
3r2 + 4y² + A(x +
Solution: Let F(x, y, 1 ) = + ly- 35 (-1,-1, -1) are the eight points of maxima or minima.
3x2+ 4y² + x to zero
’ F(x,y, 2 )= x&y, and equating
respect to Clearly f(x, y, z) = 1at (1,1,1), (1, -1, -1), (-1, -1,1) and (-1,1, -1)
Differentiating F(x, v.A ) with . (1,1,1),(1, -1,-1), (-1, -1,1)and(-1,1, -1) are the points of
maxima
=6x+ 2= 0x= -...)
6
Also f(x,y, z) = -1 at (1, -1,1),(1,1, -1), (-1,1,1) and (-1, -1, -1)
O=8y + =0y=-... : (1,-1,1), (1,1, -1), (-1,1,1) and (-1,-1, -1) are the points of minima
Given x+ y=35... 3) Example22 Find the dimnensions of the box with maximum volume if the total surface area is
24cm2
Using ) and 2) in 3, we get
4_4=35-4=35 :1 =-120 Solution: Let V, y, z) = xyz, given that 2xy + 2yz + 22x = 24
6 24

Substituting the value of 2 in (1) and (2) Let F(x, y,z, A) = xyz + A(xy + yz + zx - 12)
2_ 120 = 15 ’ F(,y,z, 1 ) =F xyz + xy + lyz + Azx -122
x=-= 6 6
=20, y= 8

f(20,15) = 3(20) + 4(15) = 2100 Differentiating F(*, y, z, 1) with respect to x, y, z and equating to zero
i. The extreme value of the function is
2107
Checking the value at nearby point f(19,16) = 3(19) +4(16) = ax = yz +dy + az = 0’l=-..1)
y+2

’ (20,15) is the minima of the function f(x, y) = 3x + 4y, subject to x +y= 35 XZ

= Zx + Ax + z=01= ..2
Example21 Find the extreme values of f(x, y, z) = xyz, subject to x ty' + z?=3
X+z

Solution: Let F(x, y, z, 2) = xyz + 1(x? +y² + z'-3) = xy + y + x = 0> =-.3)

x+y

’ F(x,y, z, A ) = xyz + x? + Ay² + z2- 31 From (1), (2) and (3), we get
Differentiating F(x, y,z, 1) with respect to x, y,z and equating to zero y+z x+z x+y

àr =yZ+ 2x = 0>1= -2.0 Xyz xyz

Taking x, y ,zas multipliers x(y+z) y(x+z) z(x+y)
dy = xz + 2ly = 0’l= -...
2v
2)
From first two equations, we get: x(y + z) = y(x + z)

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 Simplifed Engineering Mathematics
4)
+ yzr =y... 5)
’xy+xz= Xy y =Z...
equations, we get
lasttwo Given x +y'+z' = 24. ...)
Similarlyfrom 2...)
=
we getx = y Using (5) and 6) in (), we get
From()and(5).
+ 2x= 12
...(7) (-z2) + (-2z)² + z' = 24 ’ z'4 4z' + z2= 24
Givenxy+ yz
’ 6z = 24 ’ z = t2
get
Using6)in ). we
4
Atz = 2, we get x = -2,y = -4 (Using (5) and 6)
3r' = 12r'= z >0
x=y=Z and x,y, units At z = -2, we get x=2,y= 4 (Using 5) and 6)
.*=2,)y=2,z= 2 = ryz = 8 cubic
is V(x,y,z)
volume ofthecube -1) to the
Thus, we get two points P(2,4, -2)and Q-2,-4,2)
Hence,maximum fromthe point (1,2, sphere
shortest andlongest distances The sphere which are at a shortest and longest distances from the point A(1,2, -1)
Example23Findthe
x'+y² +z' = 24. -1) from any point (x,y, z)on sphere, Now AP = (1-2)2 +(2- 4)2 +(-1+2y =V1+4++= V6
square of distance of A(1,2, AQ =(1+ 2)2 + (2 +4)2 +(-1-2)2 = /9+ 36 +9= 3V6
Solution: Let f bethe
(r-1)'+(-2)?+ (2+1)
Then, f(x,y,z)= (z+1)+A(«' +y'+z?- 24)
. At P(2,4, -2), shortest distance =V6
(r-1)' +(- 2)?+
Let F(x,y,z,1)= Ax' +ay² + Az2. + 242 At Q(-2, -4,2), longest distance =3V6
1) =(x-1) +(y- 2)² +(z+ 1)² +
’F(x,y, z, equating to zero
7. Differentiation Under Integral Sign
respect to x, y, z and Differentiation under the integral sign is a rule which is used to compute some specific
Diferentiating F(x, y, z, 2 )with
(x-1) .() integrals with more than one variable. The variable other than variable of integration is taken
=2(* -1) +2lx =0> =
as aparameter, and the integral is differentiated with respect to the parameter.
OF
=2(y-1) +2ay=0 l= -3..2 Leibnitz's Rule for Differentiation Under Integral Sign
cb(t)
=2(2-1) +2az =0’ = (z+1) 3 If I= f(x, t) dx, then dt = Ja(t) at dx + f(b(), t)-f(a(0), c)
oz
From ), and (3), we get Deduction: If the limits a and b are constants (independent of t), aI() çb af(x) dx
dt Ja at

(-1)_-2) (z+1) Note: Here t is the parameter because integration is being performed with respect to x.
x

)_29)_(+a) Example24 Ifl = tan1dx,prove thatlog(1+a') + 2atan-' a

Taking x, y, zas multipliers y2 =2
Solution: Given = tan-1dz.O
From first two equations, we get (z? - x)y² =(y'-2y) Differentiating (1) with respect to parameter a
»r'y'-xy² =r'y?- 2x'y »y =2x ...9
=tan1) dx +f(a', a) -f0,a) da by Leibnitz's Rule
Similarly from last twoequations, we get y =-2z ...(5) d

From (4) and (5), we get x= -z..6)

da +tan-1 (2a) -o

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Simplified Engineering Mathematics

tan-'a
drt 2a
a'+r? l=a.t tan-1 +c= tan-1 +c
tana a

fdx=logf()
a
- d x+ 2a If= 0|=0,. c=0 using (1)
= tan- a f(O)
=-;log(a+x)1g'+2a ’l= tan-1 4
a']+2atana
=-log(a'+a')- log coe sin Ax dy =
tan-1...2) Hence Proved.
logn= lo8, x

a'+a*
=log+2a tan-'a logm - Putting a = 0 in (2, we get
Henceproved
ro sin dx =
=-log(1 +a')+ 2atan'a dl
x(r-1)
2 tan-1 co =
da
dt,provethat logx
KExample27 Prove that ndx = (/1+y-1)
Exxample25Ifl = logt sin x

dt.. ) Solution: Let I =f+o1ysin3)dxo

Solution: Given /=alogt sin x

Differentiating (1) with respect to

parameterX Differentiating (
with respect to parametery
f(r°)-f() by Leibnitz's Rule = ay sin?sin²
[(log1+y x) dx
limits a and bare independent of parameter y
dl
d
= d t+ dy x

log3
1 (2x)
dl
= 0dt+(3*)
1
dysin2x§y (log(1+ ysin x))dx
dx logr3
logm" = nlogm sin² x
=0+
3x 22
logx
Jo sin² x (1+y sin² x) dx = 1; (1+ysin?,x
3logx 2 logx logx
1 1 secx
x(x-1) Hence proved Jo (sin x+cos² x+y sin² x) dx = cos² x+sin? x(]# dx -
Jo 1+tan² x(1+y) dx
dx logx
tan-1, hence deduce that Sdx I
di 1

Example26 Prove that/,roe sin xdr= Jo +t2/14dt, by putting tan x= t, sec² xdx = dt
sin
Solution: Let I = Jo[Shdx..) dt = 1
dt V1+y Jtan
1+y
Differentiating (1) with respect to parameter
dl
parameter A =tan co -tan-0)
=tan- co =
Jo ) d x limits a and bare independent of
dl p-ax sin x
a 2J1+y

- ( s i nax) dx = ( cos Ax)dx » dl =dy

Integrating both sides with respect to y
- fe- cos 2xdx =|(-a cos Ax +Asin x), ’l=.2/1+y +c= ny1+y +c...2
fe cos bx dx = al+b2 (a cos bx + b sin bx) Ify =0+l=0, by using
d
e
" =0 :0= n+c ’c= -1, by using (2)

’ dl =
a

al+12 d
l=ny1+y-n =n(/1+y-1)
Hence Proved.
Integrating both sides with respect to 2

23
 SimplificdD

thatdx I,
1+x2 Simplified Engineering Mathematics
henceshow
+ar)rand
alog
Example28 Evaluate/ 1+r2
log(1+ar) dr... ) »l=log(1+ a'). tan a
1+r2
Solution: Given / = parameter a
'sRule
respectto byLeibnitz Putting a = 1,we get dx = log2
Differentiating ) with -fa,a) a
1+x2

(od+)dr+f(a.a)
8. Jacobians

da log(1+a) If u and v are functions of two independent variables x and y, then

1 dx+ 1+a2
the determinant
1+ax
da log(1+a?) is called the Jacobian of u,vwith respect tox, y and is
dl .dx 1+a2 Ax+B denoted by the symbol
:=Jot+r)(1+a)
da Ax+B
-a

(1+a2)(1+ar)
1+x2
+ J)or aSimilarly If u, v, ware functions of x, y, z, then the Jacobian of u, v, w with
Let (1+r)(1+ax) (1+(1+ax) jßu ôu
ax)
>I=(1 +x') +(Ax+B)(1 + respect to x, y, z is /(,w a
1+a
coefficientofx', we get
or
(u,vand ís given by: ay
Equate constantand |aw ôw
dy az l
0 1+a2
= +B’ B= 1ta Chain Rule forJacobians
1
0=
1402t a s If u= f(r, s), v=g(r,s) andr = o(x.v).s= ux.v), then (u)d) dr)
ars) a(z,y)
1 Example29 If (x,y, z) and (p,0, $) are respectively cartesian and spherical coordinates of a
1+ar) point, find the value of yz)
+a tan-i
(14x²)(1+ax)

-log(1+ax) +;log(1+x*)
O(p.0.4)
Solution: Sperical coordinates are given by:
a+2a+arjdx = x= psin cos 0, y= psin
tan' a) sin 0, z= pcos ¢
--log(1 +a) +~log(1 +a') +a
|sin cos -psin ¢sin 8 pcos cos
19glog(1+a') +atana)
O(x,y.2) y ôy @y
O(p,0,¢) p =sin sin9 psin cos 0 pcos sin 9
log(1+a') dz cos
- psin
From 2), we get dadl _ log(1+a') +atan' a) + 1+a2
Taking out p sin from second column and p from third column, we get
-log(1 +a) + atan a) |sin cos 0
= p² sin |sin sin 9 COs
sin cos
cos sin
cos
O(p,0.4)
0
»dl=log(1 +a') +atan' a) da
cos
sin ¢

Integrating both sides with respect to a

=o'sin &sin ) cos e(-sin ¢cos 8) - sin ¢sin 9(sin 8sin ¢)]
+ cos (-sin" cos - cos 0 cos )
ra
»l=flog(1 +a)da +f tanda + C 1+a2
= p' sin [-sin? ocos? 0 sin' sin? -sin?0 cos - cos² 0 cos ]
=p² sin ¢[- sin o (cos 0 + sin 0) - cos' (sin' 0+ cos² 0) ]
-og(1 +a'). tan'a- tan" a da +f"a
1+a2
-da + c
=p² sin [- sin? - cos² ] =-p' sin ¢
I=log(1 + a'). tan' a+c Jacobians toDetermine Functional Dependence: Two functions f(x, y) and g (x, y) are
If a= 0=|=0. by using ) called functionally dependent if they are functions of each other. In terms of Jacobians, if
:0=0+c c= 0,by using 2) f(x,y) and g(x,y) are functionally dependent, then Ofg)
d(xy)
= 0

25
 Simplificd

+yV1-x,findif u and vare

-y² Simplified Engineering Mathematics
x/1 betweenthem.
sin-'y,v=
relation
sin'r + the
1

Example30 Ifu = ifso thenfind J-y?

|Ou ôx
functionally dependent, du
du dy ou ôx 4u dy|
T
dy du dy´ov
J u,v) Dy + dy du ax'av
Solution: a(xy) ay´dv
=1-1+0= 0
=1, Hence Proved
functionally dependent sin""x+siny=u Example31 For the transformation x = e" cos v, y =e sin v, show that O(u,v) e2

sin-(21-y²+y1-x)=
a(x.y)
i u and v are
Alsosin-v= Solution: Let J =
Qy ay
le cos -e sin v|
v= sin u le sin p e cos v
. sinv=uor relations
Jacobians of Implicit
Functions y and
connected bythe fi(u, v,x,y)= =e".e" |coS V - sin v|
functions of variables X, Isin v COS V |= elu(1)
Let u, vbe implicit =(-1)2-a)
a(u,v)e-2u
a(xy)
0and f(u, v,X, y) = 0, then a(xy)
O(u,v)

Functions Using Jacobians Example32 If x* + y' +u'-v =0 and uv + xy =0,show that a(u,v)
Implicit
Partial Derivatives of Solution: We have x+y' + u'-y =0 and uv + xy = 0 O(x,y) u2+y?
a(x,v) aff2) ’fi(u, v, x,y) = 0 and f2(, v, x,y) = 0
O-af2) ßy
ax a(u.v) d(uv) 0f1f2)
O(u,v) =(-1)2O2y)
Of1f2) a(x,y) a(u.v)
O(ux)
ax dU1.62) dy a(u,v)
a(u,v)
connected by the relatione dy
functions of variables x, y, Zand
Again, if u, v, wbe implicit
O(x,y)

= 0and f(u,v, w, x, y, z) =0
Au,v, w, x, y,z) = 0, ff(u,y, w,x, y,z) 2x2-2y2
asf2f3) 2u24212 u242
d(u,y,w) =(-1)3 Oy2) Example32 If u, v, ware the roots of theequation (a- x)³+ (7-y)³+ (1-z)³ = 0 in 1,
then find ,w)
O(x,yz)
a(x,y,z)
Note: IfJ= d(u,vw)
dx,yz)
,then = a(xy2) Solution:We have (a- x)³ + (2 - y)³ + (7- z)³= 0
Result: Ifu and v are functions of two independent variables x and y, such
that » 31³- 3(x +y+z)2² +3(*² +y² +z2)d-(r°+y² + z) = 0
O(u,v) (x.y) (u,v,x, y) = 0and f(u, v, x, y) = 0
J=
O(x,y)
J'= a(u,v) then J' = 1, where J' = Since u, V, Ware its roots, therefore,
Proof: Let u =u(x,y) ..) u+v+ w= xtytz
v= v(z,y)..2) uw + vw + wu = x'+y² +z2
Differentiating with respect to u and v uvw=* +y +z)
=1=
du ôx du dy
and , Ôu =0
ôu ox du dy i(4,v, w, x, y, z) = 0,fl4,v, w, x, y, z) = 0and f,(u, v, w, x,y, z) = 0
Ox'du dy du ’Au,v, W, x, y, z) =utv+w -x-y-z = 0
Differentiating 2 with respect to uand v f(u, v, w, x, y, z) = uv + vw + wu- x- y'-z? =0
=0=
fa(u, v, w, x, y, z) = uvw (+y² +z°) = 0
and
dy'u af1.f2f3)
= (-1)3 0(*y2)
Now J' a (x,y,z) af1.s2.f3)
O(x,y)'` 0(u,v) O
(u,v,w)

27
 Simplihd

Simplified Engineeríng Mathematics

of
9.1 Polar Coordinates: A polar coordinate system is a two
a(u,v,W
dimensional system where every point in the plane is Polar Coordinates
a(x,yz)
of 1 1 determined by its distance r from the origin and an angle 0.
Here is the angle by whích we rotate about the positive
-1 direction of x-axis to get to the point. We can establish a r.e)
a -1 y² z relation between Cartesian and polar coordinates using
-2x -2y -z
Now Oy
Az
Figurel.
Clearlyx=r cos e,y=rsin Figure 1
Using, C2 ’ Cz - C, r=yx? + y²and 0 = tan-12
1
y-X (z-x)(z+*)/
=-2-x)(e-x)(2-y)
We can convert from Cartesian coordinates to polar and vice-versa using above relations.
+x) = -2(r-y)o-z)(z-x)
x G-x)( Iacobian of Transformations of Cartesian to Polar Coordinates
We know that x =r cos 0,y=r sin then
1
lou 1 u+ v
1
Jacobian of Transformation=Ox,y) |ar
+w u+w ar,e) ay ay
and
VW -r sin 91
aw Isin r cos =rcos²0 +r sin' 0 =r
1
u-W Using C2 ’C2 -C1 C3 - Cg c 9.2 Cylindrical Coordinates: In cylindrical coordinate
= lp+ w Cylindrical Coordinates
vw (u-v)w (u- w)ul system, xy plane is replaced by the polar plane and the vertical
= (u- v)(-w)(u -w) z -axis remains the same (Figure 2). (r0.z)
-2(*-y)(-z)-x)_ 2(*-y)(-z)-*)
a(u,v,w) (u-v)(v-w)(w-u) Here, x =rcos 0,y=r sin 0, z =z
Hence, (u-v)(y-w)(u-w) 1
a(x,y,z) ’r=/x + y', 0= tan-12,z=z
and w=z+x", show that
Example33 Ifu = x +y², v =y +z²
1+8xyz
We can convert from Cartesian coordinates to cylindrical and
=V-y - z = 0, f3 = w -z-x?= 0 A
Solution: Here f, = u -X -y²= 0, f vice- versa using above relations.
ox Figure 2
du a(u,y.z) a(xyz) Jacobian of Transformations of Cartesian to Cylindrical
Coordinates
az ây ôz|
We know that x =r cos 0,y =rsin , z z then
Ox
|ou dy

lau Jacobian of Transformation = y2)

a(r,0,z)
ôy dy
az
|1 -2y -2y
-1 -1 -22 lar
0 -1 |cos -r sin 0|
1(1) 1 =sin r cos 0 0 = rcos +rsin 0 = r
-1(1)-2x(4yz) 1+8xyz 0 0
9. Transformations of Coordinates
We have been using Cartesian coordinate system in most of the applications, where the 9.3 Spherical Polar Coordinates: In spherical coordinate system, we define the position of a
point by three coordinates p, and (Figure 3). Herep(p>0) is Spherical Coordinates
position of each data point is defined by (x, y)coordinates in two dimensions or by
(x,y, z)coordinates in three dimensions. However, for some the distance of the point from the origin (similar to r in polar
applications
involving curved lines or surfaces, system derived from circular coordinates), is same as that of polar or cylindrical coordinates, and (0 <os) is the
shapes, such as polar, angle that we need to rotate down from the positive z-axis to get to the point.
cylindrical or spherical coordinate systems are better used to specify the positions.
29
 (1)
+ z2...
cylindrical
p=Vr?fron
o. Simplified Engineering Mathematics
= pcos = Z...2)
psino,z = rsin.z 0.
r=
Here =rcose, psin sin
0,y= cos
Also,x
coordinates get x=psin
2+y2 )-(-sin a t cosa)) -(-sin + cos a)
(2), we tan-1
Using(1)in d= cos a-Ox + sin a) (cos a + sin a
andvice
Z
tan-1,
z= pcos z2,0= coordinatestospherical +2 sin a cos a + sina..)
+
p = ' + y' Cartesian
convertfrom
in
coordinates terms of r, 0 Figure3
and o Also,
= cos?a
ôz
3 ' ( ) =(-sinat cos a -sin a t cosay)
axay dy2

Wecan aboverelations. spherical polar z=rcosA

versa using authors define rsin6 sin,
Coordinates = sina - 2sin a cos aaxðy +cos²aay ...O
.y= Spherical
Note: Some rsin cos Cartesianto Z=rcos then
=
Then xTransformations of Adding )and 2, we get
rsin 6 sinp, ax
Jacobian of x=rsin &cos ,y= ax aZu, a2u
that Example36 Transform ax2 = 0into polar coordinates.
We know
O(x.y.z) Solution: Let x= r cos ,y =rsin@r=/+y² and 0 = tan-1 x

Jacobian of Transformation=a(r,0.4) Now

Ou ar
=*2Jx2+y² ar
2x
ar'ax aeax

rcos cOs -rsin sin | y

|sin cos
sin sin¢
rcos 0sin rsin cos x Qu y u
-rsin 0
r ôr
Vx? + y2
cos +r2 sin cos sin2
cos cos ) sin 0 au
=cos0(r'sin = COSE " X=r cos and y=rsin
+ rsin?0 sin )
ar

+rsin 0(rsin?0 cos 0(cos² + sin 0) = r2 sin 9 ) = (cos ))

sin =r sin
=r' sin cos? +r² sin 0 )
from cylindrical to spherical coordinat: =(cos
Example344Convert the point( V3,;.1) Qu ôr 2y Ou

Solution: We have p² =r²+

z’p =3+1=4, :p= 2 Again, ay ar ay ae'ay 2/x2+y~ ar t
cylindrical and spherical coordinates x Ou

Also, 8 = 0 is same in polar, x24y2 ar x2+y2 a0 r2 ae

*r=/x2 + y2
cos = ; = cos1="3 cos u
Again, z = pcos »1 = 2cos 2 = sin àr : x= r cos and y =r sin
)
:The point(V3,,1) in cylindrical coordinates is same as the point the point( 2,I ôy
(u) = (sin +coseo )
spherical coordinates. = (sin0+a6)
Example35 If z = f(x,y), by changing the independent variables u and v to x and y .. sin 0 0 (cos 0 sin ôu)
means of relations x = u coS a v sin a ,y =usin a + v COs a, Jx \ax) - (cos sin20 au
;is transformed to •xz
'z 'z = cos²0
au sin a
cos )+
Show that au? +
ay2 ar2
cos a r r ae.
(sin a2u
r2 a92
sin?0 a2u
Solution: Here z = f(x, y), let x= g(u, v) and y = h(u, v) ar?
COs sinousin (cos arYe -sin )+ r2 ae2
Now 2 ôz oz, ôz öy 2sin 0 cos a2u sin"0 ôu
cos aax = cos2Au sin 0 cos 0 u sin"0 u
öy 'du ay ar2 dr-e r2 aA r ar Tr2 202. )
(2) =(cosa+sin a )) Also, a2u
ay? 2
ay \ay/- (sin +cos (sin +
COs Ju

= sutsin a = sin'0 + sin ( 9ôu

+
cos 0
(sin 9 cos²o a2u
ar2 r2 a92
cos?0 a2u
²u cos 0 u ôu
Again; +
Oy
= sin?0 a²u
ar2 + sin
(cos
r2 ou+os sin
0tcos ar r 2 a02

31
 Simpli
cos0
r² a'u
ag2..
(2)
cos0Ou
ßu
sinB
cos0 + Or Simplified Engineering Mathematics
2sincosB' u

= sin'o: arãe

(2),weget 19. Find the value of the Jacobian

Adding(1and 1 8²u transformation.
a(r9) where
u= a(x+ y),v= b(x- y) and x =
required r' cos 20,y = r'sin 20
the
0 0 is
8u
oy? 1ôu,r21a92 20. 1f y, =,y, = 4
O-u ,find
21. Show that u=x+ 2y +z,v =x-2y +3z and w= 2xy- Xz +4yz - 2z are
TestYourKnowledge
functionally dependent. Find the relation between them.
-)x'+y? 22. If r = x?+y², 0= tan-1 evaluate a(r,0)
a(z,y)
ifu = tan
1. (a) Find 23. Using Jacobians, find du ifu'
.
+ xy² - xy = 0 and u + uvx+y²=0
ifu= cos-1 24. If x+y= 2e cos and x-y= 2e sin , show that a²u, au
(b) Find + =4xy dxdy
u
show that
Oxdyàx 25. If z = f(x,y), x?= uv, y² =5, then change the independent variables to u and v in
2. Ifu= ',
ar2ay
u=
(x+y+z)2
y3+z3-3ryz), showthat the equation x? - 2xy + y²+2y = 0 axðy ay2 dy
log(r3+ an2=m(m+ 1) m
3. Ifu= showthat
(r'+y'+z'), and v=r", Answers
4. Ifr= dy
3ary= 0, find and dz
1. (a) x²+2xy-y
5. Ifx'+ y²- -5a². find the value of dx
when (*+y)2+(¢2y?j2 (b)
6. Ifz = r?+ y² and x³ +y² +3axy = X=y=a dy ay-*² d²y 2a'xy
that
() ( =-1oy) \ayz
5. dy y2-ax' dx2
(ax-y2)3
7. Iff(x,y, z) = 0, show y) = yel+) 6.0
differential ofthe function f(, au
8. Find the total =0
=fy-z,z-X,X-y),showthat ax dy dz 8. df =(yet))dx +(ek*2(+ 1)) dy
9. If u x'y(1-X- y)
minima of f(x, y) =
10. Discuss the maximaand maximum value of cosAcos B cos C 10. (0,0) saddle point and maxima and maximum value =
432
11. In a plane triangle, find the =x'e^-x- y) has a maximum at the
12. Show that the function f(x,y) 11. f is maximum at A= B =C=", maximum value=

aminimum at --0)and astationary pointat the origin. 13. 14, 12

14. p²/a? + b² + c?
13.Find the maxímum and minimum distances of the points (3,4,12) from the sphere y2
y² +z² = 4 16. log(1 t a)
14. Find the minimum value of x' 4 y'+ z, given that ax + by + cz =p 17.E(3 sin x³-2 sin x²)
15.Show that the rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a given
sphere isacube. 19. -8abr3

16. Evaluate the integral Jofdx

logx by aplying differentation under the integral sign 20./4
(a>0). 21.u² -y2 = 4w
17. Find the derivative with respect to x of the integral F(x) = sin xt dt 1

r2 cos tx
22.
18.. Ifl =[ di
dx, prove that dt cos 2t-cos t
t 23.
2x