WEEK 10: COORDINATING

CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are used as connectors between grammatically

related words or phrases. There are two kinds of conjunctions,
depending on whether that relationship is equal or unequal.
1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating conjunctions connect two or more words or phrases

that are grammatically equivalent: they are the same part of
speech or type of clause, and they each serve the same function in
the sentence.
Il est jeune et beau. He’s young and handsome.
Je vais prendre un café ou un thé. I’m going to have coffee or tea.
• Coordinating conjunctions are small words that connect two or
more grammatically equivalent words or phrases. The connected
words might be adjectives, nouns, adverbs, verbs, or even
independent clauses; the important thing is that they’re equal
and each one serves the same function in the sentence.
Il est jeune et beau. He’s young and handsome
Et connects two adjectives: jeune and beau

Veux-tu un café, un thé ou un chocolat ? Do you want coffee, tea, or hot chocolate?

Ou is joining three nouns: café, thé, and chocolat

Je l’ai lu, mais je n’ai rien compris. I read it, but I didn’t understand a thing

Mais is the connection between two equal clauses: je l’ai lu and je n’ai rien compris
 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
• Links two clauses that are not equivalent: one is a main clause, while the other is a
dependent clause.
• If you try to change the order of the clauses connected by a subordinating conjunction, the meaning
changes or even disappears.
Elle sait que tu l’as fait. She knows (that) you did it.
Dis-moi quand tu es prêt. Tell me when you’re ready.

J’espère que tu vas mieux. – I hope (that) you’re feeling better.

J’espère is the main clause, que is the conjunction, and que tu vas mieux is the dependent clause.
Note that que is required in French, but "that" is optional in English.

Quand tu seras prêt, on commencera. – When you’re ready, we’ll start.

On commencera is the main clause, quand is the conjunction, and quand tu seras prêt is the dependent clause.

Je peux t’accompagner, si tu veux. – I can go with you, if you like.

Je peux t’accompagner is the main clause, si is the conjunction, and si tu veux is the dependent clause.
à condition que provided that
alors que while, whereas
après que after, when
au lieu que rather than
avant que before
bien que although
en même temps que at the same time that
c’est-à-dire que meaning, that is to say
encore que even though
comme si as if
jusqu’à ce que until
de même que just as
même si even if/though
depuis que since
parce que because
en attendant que while, until
pour que so that
sans que without
sauf que except that
suivant que according to, depending on
tant que as long as
une fois que once
WEEK 11: VARIABLE
CAPITALIZATION AND
VOCABULARIES
CAPITALIZATION

■ For some French words, including nationalities and

honorifics, capitalization or the lack thereof distinguishes
between different meanings or uses.
■ There are words that are capitalized in English but not in
French.
I. CALENDAR WORDS

Days of the week and months of the year are not

capitalized in French.

Par exemple…

Nous allons partir lundi. We’re going to leave on Monday.

Le cours a commencé en septembre. The class started in September.
 II. Geographical Names

Geographical words used with proper names are not

capitalized in French.

Il habite 3, rue Gambetta. He lives at 3 Gambetta Street.

Je veux me baigner dans l’océan Atlantique. I want to swim in the Atlantic Ocean.
III. LANGUAGES

In French, languages are never capitalized.**

Elle parle français, espagnol She speaks French, Spanish, and

et grec. Greek.
La grammaire arabe est Arabic grammar is impossible!
impossible !
IV. RELIGIONS
Whether used as nouns or adjectives, most words related
to the names of religions are not capitalized in French.
le bouddhisme Buddhism
un Bouddhiste une Bouddhiste a Buddhist
un temple bouddhiste Buddhist temple
le christianisme Christianity
un chrétien une chrétienne a Christian
une église chrétienne Christian church
l’hindouisme Hinduism
un Hindou une Hindoue a Hindu
un temple hindou Hindu temple

l’Islam Islam
un musulman une musulmane a Muslim
une mosquée musulmane Muslim mosque
le judaïsme Judaism
un juif une juive a Jew
un temple juif Jewish temple
 V.
Non, je n’ai pas
d’argent.
No, I don’t have any
money.
SUBJECT
Je sais que je I know I can do it.
PRONOUN
peux le faire. JE/I
The first-person singular
subject pronoun is always
capitalized in English. Not
so in French.
 VI. COMPASS POINTS
Capitalized when they refer to a specific place:

Je veux visiter l’Europe de l’Est. I want to visit Eastern Europe.

Nous habitons dans le Sud. We live in the South (of France).

Not capitalized when they indicate a direction:

Je l’ai trouvé à l’est de la ville. I found it east of the city.

Il faut continuer vers le sud You have to continue south for 20
pendant 20 kilomètres. kilometers.
 VII. HONORIFICS
Capitalized when talking to the person:

Bonjour Madame Lefèvre, comment allez-vous ? Hello Mrs. Lefèvre, how are you?

Un moment, s’il vous plaît, Professeur Duchamps. A moment, please, Professeur Duchamps.

Not capitalized when talking about him or her:

J’ai vu madame Lefèvre ce matin. I saw Mrs. Lefèvre this morning.

Il prends un cours avec le professeur Duchamps. He’s taking a class with Professor Duchamps.
VIII. NATIONALITIES

Capitalized when used as nouns:

Les Français déjeunent à 13 h. The French eat lunch at 1pm.

J’ai fait la connaissance d’un Grec hier. I met a Greek (man) yesterday.

Not capitalized when used as adjectives:

Mes voisins sont français. My neighbors are French.

J’ai découvert un bon vin grec. I discovered a good Greek wine.
 IX. PLACES AND PRODUCTS
Places are capitalized:
J’ai visité la Bourgogne l’année dernière. I visited Burgundy last year.
Il est à Gruyères, en Suisse. He’s in Gruyères, in Switzerland.

Their eponymous products are not capitalized:

J’y ai dégusté beaucoup de bourgogne. I tasted a lot of burgundy there.

Il n’aime pas le gruyère. He doesn’t like gruyère cheese.
WEEK 13: FORMING
QUESTIONS
 Par exemple…

EST-CE-QUE Est-ce que vous Do you like

 The phrase est-ce que (literally, "is it aimez voyager ? traveling?
that") is the inversion of c’est que ("this is
that"). In reality, est-ce que has no Est-ce qu’il est Is he ready?
meaning at all – it simply goes in front of prêt ?
a statement to turn it into a question.
Est-ce qu’elles ont Have they eaten?
This is the most common way to ask
questions. mangé ?

 Though est-ce que is widespread in Tu es prêt. You are ready.

spoken French, it’s much less common in Est-ce que tu es prêt ? Are you ready?
writing because it’s slightly informal.
Michel l’a fait. Michel did it.
Remember that if you’re in a formal Est-ce que Michel l’a Did Michel do it?
situation, you should avoid it in favor of fait ?
inversion.
Vous voulez danser. You want to dance.
Est-ce que vous voulez Do you want to dance?
danser ?
As always, que contracts to qu’ when it precedes a
word that begins with a vowel.
 INVERSION

-In French, a hyphen is required between the inverted verb-subject:

vous savez savez-vous
 In formal situations, inversion is more common:
il est est-il
the subject pronoun and verb are inverted and
joined with a hyphen:
-When a verb ending in a vowel precedes il, elle, or on, t- must be added
 The normal word order in French and English is for euphony:
subject + verb, as in vous êtes – you are. Both
languages also have what is known as il a a-t-il
inversion, where the verb and subject elle parle parle-t-elle
pronoun switch places, resulting in êtes-vous – on écoute écoute-t-on
are you. In English, inversion is used only to
-Inversion with je is possible, though rare and subject to certain conditions:
ask questions, but in French it has several
different purposes.
j’ai ai-je
je parle parlé-je
 Required euphonic techniques.
When inversion results in a hiatus (two vowel sounds
together), the letter -t must be added for euphony, but only 1) Elisions
with the subject pronouns il, elle, and on Most single-syllable words that
when the verb ends in a vowel. end in a vowel (usually e) drop it
Par exemple…
il aime aime-t-il when the next word begins with
a vowel sound.
elle parle parle-t-elle
on a a-t-on
il y a y a-t-il

Euphony is to avoid hiatus (the pause created by adjacent vowel sounds: at the
end of one word and the beginning of the next)
 OPEN QUESTION ( QUESTIONS OUVERTS)
When you ask for information
about who, what, when, Paretc., you’re
exemple…

asking an open question. In French,

just place the question word* in
front of est-ce que or inversion.
Où est-ce que vous aimez Where do you like to travel?
The question word(s) may be any of voyager ?
Où aimez-vous voyager?
the following:
• Interrogative adjective Quand est-ce qu’il sera prêt ? When will he be ready?
(quel) + noun Quand sera-t-il prêt ?**

• Interrogative adverb Pourquoi est-ce qu’elles n’ont pas Why haven’t they eaten?
(combien, comment, où, pourquo mangé ?
Pourquoi n’ont-elles pas mangé ?
i, quand)
• Interrogative pronoun (qui, que)
 INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE
(QUEL/QUELLE)

When asking someone to make a choice between two or

more things, you need the interrogative adjective quel,
meaning "which" or "what."
Characteristics of interrogative adjectives Quel film veux-tu Which movie do
voir ? you want to see?
1. Used in place of an article, not with one Quelle ville est plus Which city is
jolie : Annecy ou prettier: Annecy or
2. Placed directly in front of a noun Besançon ? Besançon?
3. Must agree with the noun in gender and number
4. Are identical to French exclamative adjectives
5. Quel + noun can be replaced by the interrogative
pronoun lequel
 INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS

1) Combien (de) Combien de temps How much time do you

Combien means "how many?" or "how much?" When avez-vous ? have?
followed by a noun, it requires the preposition de.
Comment as-tu fait ça ? How did you do that?
2) Comment
Comment usually means "how?" Comment vous appelez- What’s your name?
In certain situations, comment means "what?” vous ?

3) Où
Où veux-tu manger ? Where do you want to
As an interrogative adverb, où means "where?”
eat?
4) Pourquoi
Pourquoi means "why?” Quand veux-tu te When do you want to
réveiller ? wake up?
5) Quand
Pourquoi est-ce qu’ils Why are they late?
Quand means "when?"
sont en retard ?
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
When it comes to interrogative pronouns,* qui means "who" or "whom" and que means "what."

 Qui as subject
Qui va au Who’s going to the
When "who" is the subject of the question, you marché ? market?
can translate it by either qui or, less Qui est-ce qui va
commonly, qui est-ce qui, plus a verb in the third au marché ?
person singular.

 Qui as object
Qui est-ce que tu Whom do you
As the direct object of a question, "whom" is connais ici ? know here?
translated by either qui est-ce que or qui + Qui connais-tu ici ?
inversion.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
When it comes to interrogative pronouns,* qui means "who" or "whom" and que means "what."

 Que as subject
When "what" is the subject of the
question, it is equivalent to qu’est-ce Qu’est-ce qui manque ? What is missing?
qui plus a verb in the third person
singular.

 Que as object
Qu’est-ce que vous What are you doing?
As the object of a question, "what" is faites ?
translated by either qu’est-ce que or que + Que faites-vous ?
inversion.
 Week 15:
Vocabularies
Professions and the city and shops
PROFESSIONS

ENGLISH FRENCH
Architect L’architecte (m)
Lawyer L’avocat(e)
Nurse L’infirmière
Writer L’ecrivain(m)
Teacher L’enseignant(e)
Engineer L’ingénieur(m)
Doctor Le medecin
Waitress La serveuse
Secretary Le/La secrétaire
PROFESSIONS

ENGLISH FRENCH
Electrician L’electrician (ne)
Employee L’employé(e)
Beautician L’estheticienne (f)
House cleaner La femme de ménage
Waitress La serveuse
Taxi driver Le chauffeur de taxi (m)
Hairdresser Le coiffeur, la coiffeuse
Bus driver Le conducteur
Gardener Le jardinier
Title Slide 3

English French

Bakery La boulangerie

Pastry shop La pâtisserie

Butchery La boucherie

Hairdresser Le salon de coiffure

Coffee shop Le café

Supermarket Le supermarché

market Le marché
Title Slide 3

English French

Store Le magasin

Bookshop La librairie

Restaurant Le restaurant

Bank La banque

Pharmacy La pharmacie

City hall L’hotel de ville

The museum Le musée

English French
Hospital L’hopital
Hotel L’hotel
Post office La poste
Police station Le commissariat
Airport L’aéroport
Train station La gare
Park Le parc
Church L’église
English French
Cathedral La cathédrale
Department store Le grand magasin
Tower La tour
Mall Le centre commercial
Pool La piscine
Beach La plage
school L’école
MERCI!