RAY OPTICS

Kartik
Rathore
Class - 12th Science
Roll no -21
 INDEX
 Acknowledgement
 Refraction by lenses
 Convex lens
 Concave lens
 Refraction through a prism
 Lateral displacement
 Total Internal Reflection
 Hypermetropia or Long-sightedness
 Myopia or short-sightedness
 Bibliography
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my physics teacher,

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Awasthi
for the invaluable guidance and feedback
provided throughout this project. Sir vast
knowledge and encouragement have been
instrumental.
I would also like to thank our principal,
Mr. Akshay Jeremiah
for enabling access to resources that made
this project possible.
Finally, I am deeply thankful to my parents
for their constant support and motivation.
This project would not have been achievable
without them.
 REFRACTION
BY LENSES
.When light travels along the same homogeneous
medium, it travels in a straight line path. However, when
light passes from one medium (transparent) to another,
the direction of path changes at the interface of media.
This is called refraction of light.
The ray which is falling on the interface in the first
medium is called an incident ray and the ray which is
travelling in the second medium after being refracted is
called the refracted ray.
The angle between the incident ray and the normal is
the angle of incidence and the angle between the
refracted ray and the normal is the angle of refraction.
It is observed that:
a) The light rays bends towards the normal when they
travel from a rarer medium to a denser medium.
b) The light rays bend away from the normal when they
travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium.
c) The light rays go undeviated when they fall normally on
the interface.
Laws of Refraction:
 The phenomenon of refraction obeys two laws which
are known as laws of refraction.
1st law : At the incident point, the incident ray, the
refracted ray and the normal are always on the same
plane passing through the point of incidence.
2nd law : The ratio of sine of incidence angle and the sine
of refraction angle is a constant when the colour of light
and two media under consideration are fixed. This
constant is known as the refractive index of medium-2 with
respect to medium-1.
The second law of refraction is popularly known as Snell’s
law.
Let a ray of light be refracted from medium 1 to medium
2 . Angle of incidence is I and angle of refraction is r. Then
by Snell’s law sin i /sin r= 1μ2
1μ2 is a constant. It is known as the refractive index of the
second medium with respect to the first medium.

Spherical Lens
The lenses which are curved from both sides and look
like two arcs are joined to form one lens are termed as
spherical lenses.
Spherical lens are broadly classified into two types:
1)Concave or divergent lens
2)Convex or convergent lens
Guidelines for rays falling on the concave
and convex lenses:
1)When a ray strikes concave or convex lenses obliquely at
its optical centre, it continues to follow its path.
2)When a ray, parallel to the principal axis strikes concave
or convex lenses, the reflected ray passes through a focus
on the principal axis.
3)When a ray, passing through focus strikes concave or
convex lenses, the reflected ray will pass parallel to the
principal axis.

CONVEX LENS
What is a Convex Lens?
A lens that converges all the rays of light from an
object, coming parallel to its principal axis is known as a
convex lens. Due to its converging property, convex lenses
are also called converging lenses. It is made by joining two
spherical surfaces which are thin at the edges and thick at
the centre.
Image Formation by Convex Lenses:
When an object is placed at an infinite distance from
the convex lens, its rays are parallel to the principal axis
and after refraction meets at the focus. Thus, the image of
an object placed at an infinite distance from the convex
lens is produced at focus.

The image is:

1) Real
2) Inverted
3) Formed at the focus
When an object is placed beyond the centre of curvature

The image is:

1. Real
2. Inverted
3. Formed between the centre of curvature and the focus
When an object is at the centre of curvature

The image is:

1) Real
2) Inverted
3) Formed at the other centre of curvature
When an object is placed in between the
centre of curvature and focus

The image is :
1. Real
2. Inverted
3. Formed behind the centre of curvature
When an object is placed at the focus

The image is:

1) Real
2) Inverted
3) Formed at infinity

When an object is placed in between focus and

optical centre

The image is :
1. Virtual
2. Erect
3. Formed on the same side behind the object
Uses of Convex Lens
The lens in the human eyes is the prime example. So the
most common use of the lens is that it helps us to see.
 Another common example of the use of this type of

lens is a magnifying glass. When an object is placed in

front of it at a distance shorter than the focal length of
the lens, it produces a magnified and erect image of
the object on the same side as the object itself.
 It is used to correct Hypermetropia or long-
sightedness.
 It is used in cameras because it focuses light and
produces a clear and crisp image.
 More generally these are often used in compound
lenses used in various instruments such as magnifying
devices like microscopes, telescopes and camera
lenses.
 A simple kind of these lenses can focus light into an
image, but that image won’t be of high quality. For
correcting the distortions and aberrations, it is better
to combine both types of lenses.
 CONCAVE LENS
What is a Concave Lens?
A concave lens is a lens that diverges a straight light
beam from the source to a diminished, upright, virtual
image. Concave lenses have at least one surface curved
inside. A concave lens is also known as a diverging lens
because it is shaped round inwards at the centre and
bulges outwards through the edges, making the light
diverge. They are used to treat myopia as they make
faraway objects look smaller than they are.

Image Formation in Concave Lens:

An object placed at infinity forms a virtual image at
the focus. The size of the image is much smaller than that
of the object.
When an object is placed at a finite distance
from the lens

The image is:

1. Virtual
2. Formed between the optical centre and the focus
Uses of a Concave Lens:
 Telescopes- Concave lenses are what you’ll find in
telescopes and binoculars. Concave lenses are used in
telescopes and binoculars for a variety of purposes.
Concave lenses, for starters, assist in magnifying the
item (Concave lenses are used before or in the
eyepiece of telescopes and binoculars to help people
focus more clearly). Unlike convex lenses, concave
lenses do not distort the image when magnified. As a
result, using concave lenses in telescopes and
binoculars is critical. Concave lenses also aid in
focusing clearly on the object, which is why they are
utilised.
 Eye-Glasses- Near-sightedness, often known as
myopia, is an eye condition that makes it difficult for
people to see things well at a distance. The extra
length of the eyeball makes it difficult to project
images of distant objects in this disease. This can be
remedied with the use of concave lenses in eyeglasses.
Concave lenses in eyeglasses scatter light rays a little
more throughout the eye than, allowing the wearer to
view distant things more clearly.

REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM

What is a Prism?
 It is a solid figure having two triangular bases and
three rectangular surfaces and is the closed surface. The
angle between each surface is the angle of the prism.
Here the opposite surfaces are equal surfaces and are
parallel.

Refraction Through a Prism:

Let A, B, C be the glass of the prism. Suppose BC is
the base and AB and AC are its two refracting surfaces.
From the above figure, we can say that OP is the incident.
The ray traveling through the rarer medium and than the
refractive index of the prism is the incident ray. As the ray
PQ strikes the surface of the and it is called as
the refracted ray. OR is the emergent ray which comes
out.
When the ray light enters the glass, it bends towards
normal and when ray comes out, it bends away from the
normal. Now the angle between the emergent ray and
incident ray is the angle of deviation. For a single
refracting surface, δ = |i – r|
In this case, δ = (i1 + i2) – (r1 + r2)
δ = i1 + i2 – A, A is the angle between the prism between
two lateral surfaces. We know that ∠A and ∠Q is 180º
and Angle of the prism of (A) is r1 + r2
r1 is the angle of refraction inside the prism and r2 is the
angle of refraction outside it. For an angle of minimum
deviation, δ is minimum and i1 = i2 = i
δmin = 2i – A
For small A, δ = (µ – 1) A

Lateral Displacement
 Lateral displacement is the perpendicular distance
between the path of an incident ray of light and the path
of the emergent ray after passing through a medium .
Cause: light rays travel through a medium with a
different refractive index than the original medium,
causing them to travel at a different rate. When the light
rays exit the second medium, they emerge parallel to
their original direction, but slightly displaced from the
original ray.

The three factors that determine lateral displacement

are:
1)Thickness of the optical slab
Lateral displacement is directly proportional to the
thickness of the optical slab.
2)Refractive index of the optical material
Lateral displacement is directly proportional to the
refractive index of the optical material.
3)Wavelength of the light
Lateral displacement is inversely proportional to the
wavelength of the light.
FORMULA: d=tsec(r)sin(i−r)

APPLICATION:
Understanding the laws of refraction-The laws of
refraction state that light moves towards the normal
when it passes from a rarer medium to a denser medium.
 TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
Total internal reflection is a phenomenon that occurs
when light rays travel from a denser medium to a less
dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.
CONDITION:
Light ray must travel from denser to rarer medium, and
the angle of incidence must be greater than the critical
angle.
CRITICAL ANGLE:
Therefore, the critical angle is defined as the angle of
incidence which provides a 90 degree angle of refraction.
FORMULA:
Total internal reflection = n1 / n2 = sin(i) / sin(r)

APPLICATION:
Optical fibers
When the beam of light moves from one end of optical
fibre to another fibre at a certain angle, it undergoes
recurrent total internal reflections. This reflection takes
place in the whole fibre and then the light comes out
from the other end. This concept is used to transmit and
receive electrical signals.

Diamond
Diamond is popular because of its amazing shine and its
glamorous look. The shine of the diamond is due to the
phenomenon of total internal reflection. The reason is
due to the lower diamond and air interface. Because of
the lower diamond and air interface, the beam of lights
entering into the diamond remains inside the diamond
and suffers multiple internal reflections. The cut of the
diamond is made in such a way that the light that once
entered the diamond remains in it and comes out from
the top after suffering multiple reflections.

Hypermetropia
OR
long-sightedness
 Hypermetropia is also referred to as hyperopia or
long-sightedness, or far-sightedness. Hypermetropia is
the condition of the eyes where the image of a nearby
object is formed behind the retina. Here, the light is
focused behind the retina instead of focusing on the
retina.
The person suffering from hypermetropia will have
difficulty focusing on nearby objects but can clearly see
distant objects. Accommodation is the process used to
treat hypermetropia without any defects in vision in the
early stages.

Hypermetropia is mainly caused due to certain

structural defects in the retina. Structural defects include:
 Small-sized eye-ball
 Non-circular lenses
 The cornea is flatter than usual
 Defective blood vessels in the retina
 Weakness in ciliary muscle
 Changes in the refractive index of the lens
 Alterations in the position of the lens or absence of
lens
 Low converging power of eye lens
Symptoms:
This problem shows no major symptoms initially but
later leads to a mild aversion to light, blurry vision,
watering, tiredness in eyes, inward turning of the eyes
and causes headaches too

HYPERMETROPIA CORRECTON:
This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of
appropriate power. Eye-glasses with converging lenses
provide the additional focusing power required for
forming the image on the retina.

MYOPIA
OR
NEARSIGHTEDNESS
Myopia or Nearsightedness occurs when the eye
loses its ability to focus on far-off objects as the lenses do
not possess a long focal length. Objects that are near are
clearly visible to patients of this defect. As we know, from
the reference for countless ray diagrams describing the
functioning of the eye, when the light suffers higher
refraction than usual, the eye would not be able to form
an image for faraway objects.

Myopia Causes:
Young folks suffer from myopia which occurs due to
elongation of the eyeball or bulging of the cornea. When
the normal curvature of the cornea bulges, the light rays
are refracted so that the image is formed in front of the
cornea. The rods and cones of our eyes have areas where
the image has the best clarity when the image is focused.
Thus, as the image of the distant objects is not formed at
the right spot, it is detected as blurry.
Symptoms of Myopia:
 One of the common symptoms of Short-sightedness or
Myopia is squinting and frowning.
 Short-sighted people may suffer from tired eyes and
severe headaches by overstraining their eyes.
 One of the simplest symptoms is facing difficulty in
reading the alphabets or letters from a specific
distance.
Myopia Correction:
To correct short-sighted vision, a diverging lens
(concave lens) of suitable focal length is placed in front of
the eye as shown in figure. The rays of light from distant
object are diverged by the concave lens so that final
image is formed at the retina. If the object is very far off ,
then focal length of the concave lens is so chosen
that virtual image of the distant object is formed at the
far point F of the short-sighted eye. Therefore rays of
light appear to come from the image at the far point F of
the short-sighted eye and not from the more distant
object.

Myopia Formula:
The formula used to calculate the power of the
correcting lens for myopia is by using the approximate
formula of the focal length of combined lenses given as:
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f 2

Where,
f is the effective focal length
f1 is the focal length of the lens required
f2 is the focal length of the human eye

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://byjus.com/physics/concave-lens/
 https://www.vedantu.com/physics/convex-lens
 https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-
nearsightedness
 https://www.pw.live/chapter-chapter-light/defects-of-
vision-and-their-correction
 https://byjus.com/physics/defects-of-vision-and-their-
correction/#:~:text=Myopia%20is%20commonly
%20known%20as,not%20be%20comfortable
%20seeing%20them.
 https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/in/what-is-lateral-
displacement-draw-a-ray-diagram-showing-the-lateral-
displacement-of-a-ray-of-light-when-it-passes-through-
a-parallel-sided-glass-slab/26250/
 https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/cbse-physics-class-
10/section/2.3/primary/lesson/refraction-of-light-
through-prism/