OPERATING SYSTEMS

An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer or
mobile device. An operating system can run from an external drive but in most cases an
operating system resides inside the computer or mobile device. The operating system that a
computer uses is called a platform. With purchased application, its specification will identify the
required platforms or operating system on which it will run.
Most operating system provide similar function, some of the functions are such as starting
computers and mobile devices, shutting down computers and mobile devices, providing user
interface, graphical user interface, command line interface, managing programs, managing
memory, coordinating tasks, and many more.
In starting computers and mobile devices, it’s just a matter of turning on the computer by
pressing the power button. If it is on you may need to restart the computer the computer or
mobile device for a variety of reasons. The method you use to restart a computer or device
differs depending on the situation and also the hardware. The start-up process, also known as
booting, occurs each time we turn on a device. Booting is essential because it loads the operating
system into memory, getting it ready for use. Here’s how it typically works:
-turning on the computer, where by the power supply sends an electrical current to the
circuitry in the computer or mobile device.

-self reset, this is when the charge of electricity causes the processor chip to reset itself
and find the firmware that contains start-up instructions.

- The startup process, executes a series of tests to check components. These test vary
depending on the type of computer or device. If any problem detected the device may
beep, display error message, or cease operation.

- loading the computer, if the tests are successful, the kernel of the OS and other
frequently used instructions load from the computer or mobile device internal storage
media to its memory
(RAM)

-The operating system in memory takes control of the computer or mobile device and
loads system configuration

 In shutting down computer and mobile devices. Different users choose either to shut
down their devices or leave them on. To turn off a computer, the use of operating system
commands might be required when turning off a computer, pressing of keyboard key(s),
pushing of power button, or combinations of these commands. Power options include
powering off, placing it in sleep mode, or placing it in hibernate mode. Sleep mode and
hibernate mode are designed to save time when you resume work on the computer. Sleep
mode saves any open documents and running programs or apps to memory, turns off all
 unneeded functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state. If, for some
reason, power is removed from a computer or device that is in sleep mode, any unsaved
work could be lost. Hibernate mode, by contrast, saves any open documents and running
programs or apps to an internal hard drive before removing power from the computer or
device. The function of the power button on a computer or mobile device varies, and
users typically are able to configure its default behavior. Pressing and holding down the
power button may remove all power from the computer or mobile device.

 In providing a user interface, you interact with an operating system through its user
interface. That is, a user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how
information is displayed on the screen. Two types of OS user interfaces are graphical and
command line.

 In Managing Programs, It’s how an operating system handles programs directly affects
your productivity. An operating system can be single tasking or multitasking where
different programs can run simultaneously.

 In Memory management, optimizes the use of a computer's RAM by controlling how

data and instructions are stored, accessed, and released. During processing, the operating
system assigns data and instructions to specific memory areas and monitors their
contents.

 In Coordinating Tasks, the OS determines the order in which tasks are processed. Tasks
include receiving data from an input device, processing instructions, sending information
to an output device, and transferring items from storage to memory and from memory to
storage. While waiting for devices to become idle, the operating system places items in
buffers.

 In Establishing an Internet Connection, Operating systems typically provide a means to

establish Internet connections. You can establish wired connections or wireless
connections. Some connections are configured automatically as you connect to the
Internet while others, you may need to set up a connection manually. Some operating
systems includes: a browser and an email program.

 In Monitoring Performance, Operating systems typically include a performance monitor

which is a program that assesses and reports information about various computer
resources and devices. The information in performance reports helps users and
administrators identify a problem with resources so that they can try to resolve any
issues.
  In Providing File and Disk Management, Operating systems often provide users with a
variety of tools related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs.

 In Updating Operating System Software; many programs, including operating systems,

include an automatic update feature that regularly provides new features or corrections to
the program. These updates can include fixing program errors, improving program
functionality, expanding program features, enhancing security, and modifying device
drivers.

 In administering security as well as controlling networks, The OS helps devices connect

and control networks, like Wi-Fi or a local network of connected computers. Network
management is essential for sharing files, printing over the network, and using online
services. Security is another important OS function, as it protects the device from
unauthorized access or harmful software. Security tools includes:
-User account, where by each user has a unique account, allowing for separate settings,
files, and permissions.
-Passwords and permission, where the OS limits access to certain files, programs, or
settings, ensuring only authorized users can make important changes.
-Firewalls and antivirus, Some OSs come with built-in firewalls to block unwanted
connections and antivirus software to detect harmful files. Regular updates keep these
tools effective against new security threats.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating systems are built with different types, like desktop computers, laptops, smartphones,
and servers. Each has a specialized version to make the most of that device’s hardware and
functions. A desktop OS is designed for more power and multitasking, while a mobile OS is built
to work well with touch screens and save battery life. Without an OS, all the parts of a computer
would not be able to work together, and users wouldn’t be able to interact with the device.

a) DESKTOP OPERATING SYSTEM

- A desktop operating system or stand-alone operating system, is a complete operating
system that works on desktops, laptops, and some tablets. Examples of the more widely
used desktop operating systems are Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, Linux, and Chrome OS
- Windows operating system, Known for its user-friendly design, compatibility, and wide
range of software options. It’s used in homes, offices, and gaming, with frequent updates
to improve security and usability.
- Mac operating system, Known for its sleek design, stability, and popularity in creative
fields like music and video editing. Mac OS integrates well with other Apple devices and
emphasizes user privacy.
 - UNIX Operating System, Primarily used in research and business environments, valued
for stability and reliability, especially in high-demand settings.
- Linux Operating System, An open-source OS popular with tech enthusiasts and
developers. Linux is highly customizable, with different versions (distributions) like
Ubuntu and Fedora, and is often free.
- Chrome Operating System, Designed by Google for internet-based tasks, Chrome OS
runs on Chrome books. It’s lightweight, relying mainly on cloud storage, making it
suitable for students and users who mainly need a browser.

b) Server Operating Systems

- A server operating system is a multiuser operating system that organizes and
coordinates how multiple user’s access and share resources on a network. Server
operating systems are designed specifically to support all sizes of networks, including
medium- to large-sized businesses and web servers. Server operating systems can
separate a physical server into several virtual servers. Examples of server operating
systems include the following:

• Windows Server: Developed by Microsoft, Windows Server enables organizations to

manage applications and websites on-site and/or on the cloud. Integrates well with other
Windows devices and is easy to set up, making it popular for businesses.

• OS X Server: Developed by Apple, OS X Server enables organizations to collaborate,

share files, host websites and mail servers, and more on Mac computers and iOS devices
and is popular in creative industries where macOS is already in use.

• UNIX: Capable of handling a high volume of transactions in a multiuser environment

and working with multiple processors, UNIX often is used on web servers also Known
for stability and high performance, UNIX is used in many corporate and academic
settings.

• Linux: it provides a secure, stable multiuser environment, Linux often is used on web
servers and on supercomputers. Often chosen for servers due to its flexibility and
security. Web servers use Linux because it’s free, customizable, and secure.

c) Mobile operating system.

-Is the operating system on mobile devices and many consumer electronics and resides on
firmware. Mobile operating systems support: calendar and contact management, text
messaging, email, touch screens, accelerometer, digital cameras, media players, speech
recognition, GPS navigation, a variety of third-party apps, a browser, and wireless
connectivity such as cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
 -Mobile OSs are designed for touch screens and portable use. Each OS provides unique
features:
 Android: Android is an open source, Linux-based mobile operating system
designed by Google. Highly customizable and used by various brands, Android
has a wide range of apps available and supports many device types. Android is
open-source, allowing developers to adjust it for different uses.

 IOS: also called iPhone IOS, developed by Apple, a proprietary mobile operating
system specifically made for Apple’s mobile devices. Supported devices include
the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. Features unique to recent versions of the iOS
operating system include the following:

- Siri, a voice recognition app.

- Passbook app, provides a centralized location for coupons, boarding passes,
loyalty cards, and mobile payment accounts in a single, easily accessible location.
- iCloud enables you to sync mail, calendars, contacts, and other items.
- iTunes Store provides access to music, books, podcasts, ringtones, and movies.
- iPod to play music, video, and other media.
- Mac App, Store provides access to additional apps and software updates

 IOS is also known for smooth performance and security, iOS works seamlessly
with other Apple devices and is popular among users who want a consistent
experience.

 Windows Phone, developed by Microsoft, is a proprietary mobile operating

system that runs on some smartphones. Features of the Windows Phone operating
system include the following:

- Sync photos, files, and settings with SkyDrive.

- Use your phone as a remote control for your TV.
- Access a global catalog of music, videos, or podcasts, or listen to iTunes music.
- Windows Phone Store provides access to additional apps and software updates.
- Wallet app provides a centralized location for coupons, credit cards, loyalty
cards, and memberships in a single, easily accessible location.
In conclusion, this chapter discussed the functions common to most operating systems: starting
and shutting down computers and mobile devices, providing a user interface, managing
programs, managing memory, coordinating tasks, configuring devices, establishing an Internet
connection, monitoring performance, providing file and disk management, updating operating
system software, controlling a network, and administering security. It also presented a variety of
desktop operating systems, server operating systems, and mobile operating systems. Operating
systems are the foundation of all digital devices. They manage applications, files, memory,
security, and networking, making it easy to running smoothly and securely, supporting our
everyday activities