MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK

(SESSION 2024-25)

PROJECT REPORT
ON

“MOBILE COMMUNICATION”
SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF
COMMERCE, 5 YEARS
(HON’S COURSE)
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF SUBMITTEDTO

MRS. SEEMA RATHEE CHANCHAL

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR. M.COM(HON’S)
(DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE) (5TH SEMESTER)
ROLL NO.: 2509
 DECLARATION

It is to be declared that the project report entitle “MOBILE

COMMUNICATION” is a genuine work undertaken by me
under the Supervision of MRS. SEEMA RATHEE, department
of commerce, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak.

Signature______________
CHANCHAL
M.COM(HON’S)
5TH SEMESTER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

When I embarked this project, it appeared to me as onerous

task. Slowly as I Progressed I did realized that I was not alone
after all.
I wish to express my gratitude to prof. Mrs. SEEMA RATHEE,
who extended her kind Help, guidance and suggestion
without which it could not have been possible For me to
complete this project report.
I am also thankful to all my classmates, well-wishers who
with their Magnanimous and generous help and support
made it a relative easier affair.
My heart goes out to my parents who bear with me all the
trouble I caused then With smile during the entire study
period and beyond.

CHANCHAL
M.COM(HON’S)
5TH SEMESTER
 PREFACE

The advent of mobile communication has revolutionized the

way we live, work, and interact with each other. With the
proliferation of mobile devices and the rapid advancement
of wireless technologies, mobile communication has
become an indispensable part of modern life.

This project report provides a comprehensive overview of

mobile communication, including its history, evolution,
technologies, applications, and future prospects. The report
explores the impact of mobile communication on society,
economy, and culture, and examines the challenges and
opportunities presented by this rapidly evolving field.

The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed analysis of

mobile communication, highlighting its key features,
benefits, and limitations. The report aims to serve as a
valuable resource for students, researchers, and
professionals seeking to understand the complex and
dynamic landscape of mobile communication.
Introduction

“Communication – the exchange of Information – is essential

both for the social life of mankind And the organization of
nature” (Huurdeman, 2003, p. Xv). The word communication
is derived From the Latin word communicatio. In Latin, the
word communicatio meant to denote “the Process of
information exchange, covers the human need for direct
contact and mutual Understanding” (Huurdeman, 2003,
p.3).The limitation of human communication within his/her
Environment mainly because of the way his/her physiology
and system has been developed He/she has always looked
to enhance the communication medium. Smoke, fire and
drum sounds Were the first enhancement humanity looked
to during the prehistoric time.
The basic electrical signaling system was first introduced in
1838 when the first telegraph signals Were successfully
tested. The seed for the mobile telecommunication was
sown in 1973 although The first successful testing of
INMARSAT, ship to shore satellite telecommunication is the
Precursor of all the satellite based communication systems
of today. From what used to be Cumbersome bulky gadgets
of yesteryears, today’s mobile phones are sleek and savvy
and come With an array of services which envy a modern
desktop. If invention of mobile telephones are Considered to
be the advancement of human exploration, then the rapid
and speedy delivery of The mobile telephone services and
fast internet services which deliver such services to the
remote Destinations are the ultimate imagination of human
endeavor.

A Brief History of Telecommunications

Telecommunication is a term borrowed from Greek which

loosely translates as “communicate at Distance”. The word
telecommunication, adding tele which means distance to
the word Communication was first coined by Edouard
Estaunié in the year 1904 in his book TraitéPratique de
télécommunication electrique (télégraphie-téléponie).
Estaunié’s definition for his New term was to denote
information exchange by means of electrical signals”
(Huurdeman, 2003, p.3). The International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) officially recognized the
term Telecommunications in the year 1932 and defined it as
“‘any telegraph or telephone Communication of signs,
signals, writings, images and sound of any nature, by wire,
radio, or Other system or processes of electric or visual
(semaphore) signaling. Currently, the ITU defines
Telecommunications as ‘‘any transmission, emission, or
reception of signs, signals, writings, Images, and sounds; or
intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, visual, or other
electromagnetic Systems.” (Huurdeman, 2003, p.5).
It was always the desire for humanity to communicate to far
distances and they used all the Available sources like fire,
drums and birds. When the technology was at its infancy
and the Science and industrialization were beginning to urge
humanity to push forward, the telescopes Were made use of
to create an optical telegraphy which consisted of a basic
mechanical Construction of symbols. This was effectively
used internationally by using optical telegraphic Lines to
communicate outside the borders of domains. The advent of
electrical telegraphy Especially using code-writing and
telegraph sow the seeds of better telecommunication
theories. The starting point of all modern
telecommunication can be attributed to the invention of the
Electric cell by Allessandro Volta in the year 1800. A portable
electricity was the dream of inventors and the possibilities of
invention using the portable electric cell were enormous,
which Later assumed the name battery. Tomoas S.
Sommering in 1809 proposed a telegraphic system Using
batteries and water and the experiments kept pouring in as
more inventors started working On the possibilities of
developing a more complete communication equipment of
all times.
In 1843 Samuel Morse proposed a model with ternary code
which provided the basis for future Telecommunication
inventions. Morse’s symbol code was developed using
Morse proposal and The advancement of technology. The
major disadvantage of these inventions were that the idea
Could be used and implemented only by trained personnel
who understood the codes and Electronic symbols.
Considering these shortcomings further research were done
to introduce Sound instead of symbols in communication.
The theory of sound proposed by Helmholtz and other
related concepts resulted in Alexander Graham Bell
developing a prototype called telephone which loosely
meant sound at a distance. The concept of telephone was
further consolidated by the PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network) which assumed the role of telephone
exchanges which could receive and transmit
Telecommunication signals. The advent of ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946and the
subsequent advancements in the microcomputer world
pushed the Telecommunication into mobile
telecommunication system (Brian, 2016).
2.2.1 Mobile system overview

In order to understand the working of Mobile phones it is

essential to understand how the system Works. Massive
Open Online Courses (MOOC) on mobile for development
(M4D) describes the Mobile system as “A system-on-chip
architecture with three primary components” The three
Components are
1. An application processor executing the end-user’s
application software with assistance From the middleware
and operating system (OS)
2. A modem or baseband processor with its own operating
system components responding To the baseband radio
activities (transmission and reception of audio, video, and
other Data contents)
3. A number of peripheral devices for interacting with the
end-user (Mobile for Development, 2016) The
Communication mechanism in a mobile telephone is made
up of several steps. The receiver Hardware in the mobile
phone senses the incoming signal and signals the radio
interface which Begins the communication process which
consists of the incoming audio/video processed by the
Modem processor. “For example, audio data captured by the
microphone driver or an image or a Video captured by the
camera or a position information captured by the GPS
device”. (Mobile for Development, 2016). To activate any of
these actions the Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)
plays a vital role.
Mobile phones use wireless technology where it uses
electromagnetic energy to transmit a call or Action from one
node to another. It is estimated that with all the
electromagnetic gadgets Available for humans to use the
mobile phones are the fastest growing gadget in the world.
When A signal is sent from a mobile phone the microphone
inside the handset converts the signal is into Digital ups and
downs (0 and 1) and transmits them to the air. The
transmitted signals are rushed As radio magnetic waves
through air and reaches the nearest cellphone mast at the
speed of light. The mast receives the signals and transmits
them to the designated base station which Coordinates to
send the signal to the cellphone network. On the receipt of
such signal in a Cellphone network the Subscriber
Identification Module (SIM) inside the mobile phone
capturesthe signal if it is designated to that module and
using the microchip converts these digital signals Into
numbers which in turn becomes data. (Woodford, 2016)
2.2.2 History of Mobile Communication System
The seed for the first ever mobile telephone was sowed in
1908 when N. B. Stubblefield applied For a patent for
wireless telephone on May 12, 1908 (Wireless patent, 1908).
The history of Mobile communication system is a very long
story as it goes back to the early part of 2nd world War. The
invention of mobile telephone which can be used as a
mobile communication device Was a long struggle. In the
early 1940s AT&T developed cells for mobile phones which
seems to Be the initial attempt to kick start the mobile
telephone process.
The Motorola’s effort into the first mobile phone in 1973 was
considered to be the 0G (Zero Generation) which has now
grown into 4G (4th Generation). The technology which was
used at That time was called as zero generation 0G where it
was mainly used for military communication. The first
generation (1G) of cellular network was established in 1973,
followed by the 2ndGeneration in 1993 followed by the 3G in
2001. The latest in that is the 4G which became
Commercially accessible around 2012 and have become the
enigma of all the telecommunication Carriers. The Global
System of Mobile Communication which is popularly
referred to as GSM is Widely spread and accessible.
2.2.3 Growth of Mobile Communication System
The growth of mobile users over the years is phenomenal.
The total number of mobile phone Users in 2009 was
estimated at over 4 billion Subscriber-statistics.html), which
represented more than 50% of the global population. This
number has grown to 7.2 billion in the year 2015 which is
around 97% of the world population. This phenomenal
growth is attributed to the growth in mobile communication
in India, China And Africa. Forbes reported on 4thJanuary
2016 that India touched the1 Billion mobile user mark Which
is estimated to be around 18% of the world mobile phones.
China crossed the 1 billionth Mark in as early as 2012 and
set to keep growing (Forbes, 2016). It is also estimated that
close to 1.2 billion people access internet through their
mobile devices and over 300,000 apps have been Developed
for the mobile phones.
A systematic analysis of the growth of mobile phone
ownership over the years paint a very bright Picture for the
perceived bright future of mobile communication system.
Table 2.1, Figure 2.1 And Figure 2.2 illustrate the growth of
mobile phones starting from 2005 onwards. A closer look At
the table and the figures show the steady growth in both the
mobile ownership as well as in the Mobile subscriptions per
100 people.

The forecast for mobile ownership for 2016 and beyond is

unimaginably more. In spite of mobile Ownership has
crossed 100% mark which shows the multiple device
ownership and by 2020 the Entire globe is set to have
completely mobile.
Future of Mobile Communication System
It is predicted that the future of mobile phones look much
brighter with promises of a wider Reception and coverage
areas with technical advancements such TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access) and GSM providing much clearer calls. There Will be
increased internet accessibility with DSL and broadband
with possibilities of video Conferencing and other related
web 2.0 services which will resemble an ultra-mobile
personal Computer. It is anticipated that the launch of
WiMax technology and the 4G LTE will bring a Revolutionary
change in mobile communication world. The Next
Generation Mobile Network Alliance which oversee the
growth and development of mobile communication system
feels that The 5G revolution will be in place as early as 2020.
In the 5G platform importance will be givento speed, volume
and coverage. With an estimated speed of 1 Gb per second
simultaneously for Every user in a crowed floor the future of
mobile communication looks very bright.

2.3. Types of Mobile Devices

Basically a mobile device is nothing but a portable mobile
equipment with a microprocessorand Added capabilities
and enhancements. There are four broad categories of
mobile devices. They Are:

1. Mobile phones / Smartphones

2. Tablets
3. Mobile notebooks
4. Mobile GPS gadgets

2.3.1. Mobile Phones / Smart phones

At the time when the growth of mobile users has reached its
zenith, the long journey of mobile Phones witnessed a high
degree of metamorphosis. From the bulky and large
cellphones of 1973 When Motorola first introduced its
mobile phone which weighed close to 2 pounds to the
Smallest mobile phones released recently with a weight of
less than a cigarette case there seems To be a mobile
communication revolution. When Martin Cooper, the senior
engineer from the Motorola telecommunication called his
rival company on April 3, 1973 using a bulky mobile Phone
he and his company was aware that they are making a small
step into the giant world of Telecommunications. But what
they didn’t realize was the enormity and rapidity of their
Invention. Corbeil and Valdes-Corbeil (2007) summarize
mobile phones and smart phones as “a Phone combines,
telephone capability with a PDA, camera, video, mass
storage, MP3 player,Internet access, and networking
features in one compact system”. (Corbeil and Valdes-
Corbeil, 2007, p. 53).

2.3.1.1 Inside of a Digital Mobile phone

The architecture of the digital mobile phone is made-up of
the following components:

O A circuit board consists of the following:

Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog conversion cip
A microprocessor
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Flash memory
Radio frequency and Power section
RF Amplifier
O An Antenna
O Battery
O Input / Output devices
LCD / Retina Display
Physical / virtual Keyboard unit
Microphone
Speaker
Camera
O Optional Memory unit slots

2.3.2. Tablets
Tablets are wireless devices which are a bit bigger than the
mobile phones and at the same time a Bit smaller than the
notebook computers. The idea of a tablet was first visualized
by Alan Kay in 1971 and Apple commercialized the tablets by
introducing its flagship tablet called Newton. Since tablets
are wireless the entire package is bound with the display
unit, input unit and thepower unit. Most popular tablets
which are currently available are iPads from Apple, Galaxy
Range of tablets from Samsung and Surface from Microsoft.
iPads use the iOS operating Environment, Samsung Tabs use
Android and Surface use Microsoft OS.
The inside of a tablet will almost resemble the architecture
of a personal computer with the main Microprocessor and
controllers for input and output devices. The added
enhancements will be the Addition of accelerometer any
gyroscope which helps in the determination of the
orientation of The tablets. Apart from that there will be Wi-Fi
and cellular chips and antennas, speakers, touch-Screen
controller chips and camera sensor chips to enhance the
working capacity of the tablets.

2.3.3. Mobile Notebooks

Mobile notebook computers are battery operated notebook
computers which has the capacity to Be used as mobile
devices with built in accelerometer and gyroscope chips to
determine the Orientation. Unlike tablets the input and
output devices of the mobile notebooks will be visible And
with a docking station the mobile notebooks can be
converted into personal computers.
The display of mobile notebooks are often using thin film
transistor or active matrix with mouse, Touchpad and
trackball technology to point to the screen with no or
relatively low chance of Touch screen capability. An
important component which makes the mobile notebook a
mobile Device is its Wi-Fi and cellular chips and antennas
and the network interface which comes along With it.

2.3.4. Mobile GPS Gadgets

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based
navigation system which was originally Developed and
deployed by the United States Department of Defense for its
military operations.It consists of 24 satellites based in an
orbit of 12 parallel channels, thus it transmit the exact
Coordinates to pin point the accurate position of the GPS
receiver. A mobile device which is Predominantly used for
GPS purpose with a Wi-Fi and cellular chip and antenna are
known as Mobile GPS device.

2.4 Mobile Communication Standards

Mobile technology makes use of the wireless technology. As
seen from the history of the mobile Technology the
standards grew along with the growth and development of
the wireless Technology. Since its evolution, mobile wireless
technology progressed at a very rapid speed and The
standards also grew along with it. Most important aspect of
this growth is that each Generation of mobile phones had its
own standards. The following sections are the amplification
Of the progression of such standards.

2.4.1 Zero and First Generation Technologies

The 0 Generation had technologies such as PTT (Push to
Talk), MTS (Mobile telephone System), IMTS (Improved
Mobile Telephone Service), AMTS (Advanced Mobile
Telephone System) to name a few. Most importantly these
systems are distinguished by the closed Radiotelephone
systems of the past years. The First Generation (IG) had
systems which were Called as NMT (Nordisk MobilTelefoni or
Nordiska MobilTelefoni-gruppen, Nordic Mobile Telephone in
English), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), Hicap,
CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data), Mobitex and DataTAC.
2.4.2 Second Generation Technologies
The Second Generation (2G) used the much talked about
system called GSM (Global System For Mobile
Communications). The arrival of first digital cell phone
technology signaled this huge Jump from the first generation
to the second generation. This is the first popular standard
for Mobile phones in the world used by more than 2 billion
people across 212 countries and Territories. The ubiquity of
this standard makes it easy for any phone to be on
international Roaming because of its common usage. The
data system which is available for GSM phones is Called
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) which provides a
moderate speedy data Interchange. EDGE (EGPRS)
(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) is the digital
mobile Phone technology that followed GPRS and acted as
an enhanced technology to boost the data Transmission and
reception.

2.4.3 Third Generation Technologies

Third Generation (3G) mobile systems came into the mobile
topology for the speedy access to Data. It experimented with
a wide range of standards such as UMTS, W- W-CDMA
(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), FOMA (Freedom
of Mobile Multimedia Access) and HSDPA(High-Speed
Downlink Packet Access). The following generation of mobile
systems promised to Optimize on all the above standards to
provide an open standard to give better mobile services. The
3G networks had and still have the potential to provide a
transfer rate of close to 3Mbs per Second which was a
phenomenal advantage in transferring video and audio
content over the Mobile system. (Mobile Technologies and
Standards, 2016)
2.4.4 Fourth Generation Technologies

The Fourth Generation (4G) which is in practice since 2006

can be called as the culmination of Man’s desire to provide
faster data download and the pressure of the mobile
industry which Wanted to replace the desktop computing
into mobile computing. For most mobile service Providers
the current technology in mobile communication systems is
4G. It predominantly uses WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access) technology which is
based on 802.16 wireless standard (Brain et. Al., 2016),
though other technologies such as LTE (Long Term Evolution)
and HSPA (High Speed Packet Access +) are also used. The
4G networks are Expected to provide approximately around
40Mbps which is a phenomenal rate to provide Streaming
video and High Density (HD) video services.

2.4.5 Fourth Generation LTE Technologies

4G LTE is the current standard which are followed in many
countries which seems to be setting The standard for mobile
communication system. 4G LTE is the continued
development of the Long Term Evolution standards which
promises to provide close to 86 Mbs per second of data
Transfer. LTE can operate on a wide range of band
frequencies and it can operate along the 3G And 4G
networks.

2.5 Mobile Application Platforms

The application platforms were not in the horizon up until the
first Personal Digital Assistants Were introduced in the
market as early as the 1987 by Apple computers. The first
platform which Emerged as a platform was known as Apple
Newton. According to Helel et. Al. (2012), Newton Was not a
commercially successful platform as it lacked the basic
functionalities, but it created arevolutionary idea of a viable
tablet market with the introduction of stylus (a pen used as
touch Device) and handwriting recognition.
Using the model of Newton as a platform, Motorola
Company developed a mobile version of Newton called
Envoy which was not very successful. This was followed by
Palm Operating System which was an exclusive operating
system for Palm devices which were manufactured by Palm
Inc. The same time a number of companies produced hand
held devices and made use of The Windows CE operating
system which provided the much needed competition of
entry by Microsoft into the handheld market. The
introduction of Nokia communicator in 1996 marked a
Definitive mobile platform evolution as it provided a number
of add on applications such as Phone, fax and host of other
applications to spice the beginning of mobile platform.

2.5.1 Evolution of Mobile platforms

The entry of smartphones into the mobile industry and the
availability of internet dependent Applications into the
mobile technology gave birth to a number of platforms in the
first Generation of mobile platforms. Palm OS, Symbian,
Windows mobile and Blackberry were the Most influential
operating systems of the initial mobile platform. These
platforms allowed Applications to be developed using C and
C++. The evolution of WebOS in 2009 provided an
Opportunity to develop applications using HTML, CSS and
JavaScript which paved way for Potential and exponential
growth in the mobile platform market place.
The introduction of Sun Microsystems’ (J2ME) Java 2 Micro
Edition which was an open Standard and lightweight virtual
machine threw the development market into an orgy of
Developments. The introduction of J2ME allowed the
development of an application in one place And running it
anywhere concept which seriously provided the necessary
developmentenvironment. This was closely followed by
BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless)

By Qualcomm and these two operating platforms worked

side by side. Unfortunately the growth
Of these two platforms were not exponential when
compared to mobile device and application Market.
The long time desire of mobile enthusiasts to have better
input devices, better display, virtual Keyboards, low power
consumption, GPS technologies all came together into the
mobile Handsets and that allowed developers to visualize a
more serious mobile technology platform. As A
consequence major players in the mobile platform industry,
Apple’s iOS, Google’s Android And Microsoft’s Windows
phone platforms emerged as the forerunners in the mobile
platform Industry.

2.5.2 iOS
iOS is the operating system from Apple Inc. Which runs all its
mobile devices such as mobile phones, iPods, iPad tablets
and apple TV set top boxes. iOS was originally released in
2007 for the first series of iPhones which provided a touch
capable user interface and kick started a frenzy to produce
touch only mobile phones. One of the major hallmarks of
iOS platform is its ability to allow users to use multi-touch to
its device interaction using intuitive touch gestures.
“Multi-touch based interaction is a form of direct
manipulation where users Directly manipulate digital
objects in a physically natural manner and receive
Continuous feedback on the effect of their input actions.
One of the most popular Multi-touch gestures on iOS is the
“pinch-to-zoom”gesture which can be used to Zoom in and
zoom out of pictures” (Helel et. Al. 2012, p. 10)
iOS consists of 4 distinct layers called Core OS layer, Core
service layer, Media layer and Cocoa layer which are
associated with several frameworks that are the core of
programing which are called Application Programing
Interfaces (APIs). These frameworks are very simple to
manipulate while writing program interfaces by simply
linking them to the project.

2.5.2.1 iOS app development tools

The iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) was released in
2008 to allow third-party developers To develop applications
for iOS devices. The application developers are required to
register and Create a developer account which requires an
annual registration fee and the development Environment is
Mac OS X Snow Leopard or later. The programing language
used for creating iOS apps are Objective C. Xcode which is
an Integrated Developer Environment (IDE) is used for writing
applications for iOS. Xcode is suite which has a debugger
and allows the simulator to compile programs into the ARM
based processors which are primarily used in iOS devices.
2.5.3 Android
The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) which is headed by
Google developed and keeps maintaining The Android
platform which is used by a number of mobile phone
manufacturers like Samsung, Motorola, HTC and host of
others. This alliance was formed on November 5, 2007 with
37 Members and currently there are 84 members (Open
Handset Alliance, 2016). The OHA is Committed to
openness with its mission statement reads as:
A group of 84 technology and mobile companies who have
come together to Accelerate innovation in mobile and offer
consumers a richer, less expensive