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DC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP

Dc characteristics

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shivalini090
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5 views

DC CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP

Dc characteristics

Uploaded by

shivalini090
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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D Characteristics of op-amp:

DC Characteristics of op-amp:
Current is taken from the sourre into the op-amp inputs respond differently to current and voltage
due to mismatch in transistor.
DC output voltages are.
1. Input bias current
2. Input offset current
3. Input offset volage
4. Thermal drift
Input bias current:
The op-amp's input is diferential amplifier, which may be made of BJT or FET.
º In an ideal op-amp, we assumed that no curent is drawn from the input tenninals
> The base curents entering into the inverting and non-inverting terninals (B- & IB+
respectively)
Even though both the transistors are identical, IB- and IB+ are not exactly cqual due to
intemal imbalance between the two inputs.
º Manufacturers specify the input bias current IE
Rr

RÊ

ov,
I-0
oV.

Lerig Angliier wiuh Bias


Ingt Dleas Curra Current

Ifinput voltage Vi = 0V. The output Voltage Vo should also be (Vo=0)


IB = 500nA
Op-amp with a IM feedback resistor
Vo= 5000nA X IM = S00mV
The output is driven to 500mV with zero input, because of the bias curents.
In application where the signal levels are measured in mV. this is totally unacceptable. This can
be compensated. Where a compensation resistor Rcomp has been added between the non
inverting input terminal and ground as shown in the figure below
K
R1

-oV,

Bias Cmeat

Current IB+ lowing through the compensating resistor Rcomp. then by KVL we get.
VI+0+V2-Vo =0(or)
Vo = V2-VI>(3)
By selecting proper valuc of Reomp. V2 can be cancelled with VIand thc Vo =0. The value of
Reomp is derived a
VI IB' Reomp (or)
IIB VIRcomp (4)
The node a' is at voltage (-VI). Because the voltage at the non-inverting input teminal is (-VI).
So with VË= 0 get,
I| = VI/RI >5)
12= V2RE )
For compensation. Vo should equal to zero (Vo = 0, Vi = 0). i.e. from equation (3) V2 = VI. So
that,
I2 = VI/Rf 7)
Input offset current:
> Bias current compensation will work if both bias currents IB+ and IB- are equal.
Since the input transistor cannot be made identical. There will always be some small
difference between IB+ and IB-. This difference is called the offset curent
|los =IB'- IB >{8)
Offiset curent los for BJT op-amp is 200nA and for FET op-amp is 10pA. Even with bias current
compensation, offset current will produce an output voltage when Vi =0.
VI = IB+ Rcomp (9)
And I| =VI/RI >10)
KCL at node a' gives,
12- (|B-I)
Again
VO = 12 R{- VI
Vo = 2 RÍ- IB Rcomp
Substitute equation (9) and after algebraic manipulation, So even with bias current compensation
and with eedback resistor of IM, a BJT op-amp has an output offset voltage
Vo= IMQX 200nA
keeping feedback
urrent can be minimized by impedance, large.
The offset
input RI must be kept reasonable gain, the T
Unfortunately to obtain high high. So as to obtain
: feedback resistor Rf
must also be
allow large fecdback resistance, while
solution. This will
fecdback network is a good
keer
he resistance to ground low (in done
feedback signal as if the netw
nuork werea single feedback resISlor.
e T-netwvork provides a
network first pick RI<<Rf2
T to Il conversion, to design T-
By T

RÊ

Input offset voltage: techniques, it is found that the output


Inspite of the use of the above compensating voltage [Vo 0 with Vi = 01. This is due to
voltage may still not be zero with zero input
to apply a small voltage at the input
unavoidable imbalances inside the op-amp and one may have offset voltage Vos. This is the
terminal to make output (Vo) =0. This voltage is called input
for making output voltage to zero (Vo =0).
voltage required to be applied at the inputoutput
Let us determine the Vos on the of inverting and non-inverting amplifier. IfVi =0
(Fig (b) and (c)) become the same as in figure (d). is given by above cquation
Thus, thc output offsct voltage of an op-amp in closed loop
R
RI
W

V,=0V
V
Inpt Ofset Veliage Nen-brertig, An Hfar
Rg 6)
Fig()
Rr

R1 R

v,- 1+RR)Ves
V;= 0V

Equiralend ciruit for Vi=0V

Total output offset voltage:


The total output ofset voltage VOT could be either more or less than the offset voltage
produced at the output due to input bias current (IB) or input offset voltage alone( Vos). This is
because IB and Vos could be cither positive or negative with respect to ground. Therefore the
maximum offset voltage at the output of an inverting and non-inverting amplifier (figure b, c)
without any compensation technique used is given by many op-amp provide offset compensation
pins to nullify the offset voltage.
10K potentiometer is placed across offset null pins l&S. The wipes connected to the negative
supply at pin 4.
> The position of the wipes is adjusted to nullify the offset voltage.

10K

Thermal drift:
Bias current, offset current, and offset voltage change with ttemperature.
A circuit carefully nulled at may not rem hen the temperature rises to 35°C.
This is called drift.
Oftset current drift is expressed in nA"C.
These indicate the change in offset for cach degree Celsius change in temperature.

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