Physical

Science
11
Physical Science – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 6: The Properties of Molecules Based on Polarity
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

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Editor: Bernadette S. Agustin
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Layout Artist: Micaelle Lauren V. Tenorio

Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin

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 Physical
Science 11
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 6
The Properties of Molecules
Based on Polarity
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 6 on The

Properties of Molecules Based on Polarity!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science Self-Learning Module 6 on The Properties of

Molecules Based on Polarity!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measure how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties;
2. distinguish the physical properties of different substances;
3. apply the concepts of molecular polarity and properties to real-life
situations.

PRETEST

Read very well and choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT a property of covalent compounds?

a. Low boiling points

b. Solids are brittle and variously colored
c. Poor conductors of heat and electricity
d. Superior malleability

2. What set of elements is most likely to form a covalent compound?

a. Na and O c. K and Na
b. C and O d. Na and Cl

3. Which of the following has a high melting point of (1000°C-3000°C)?

a. covalent c. metallic
b. ionic d. nonmetallic

4. Why do solid covalent compounds (molecules) have low melting points? Choose
the best answer.
a. it has weak intermolecular forces of attraction
b. because it contains nonmetal elements
c. it has positive charges
d. it has stronger intermolecular forces of attraction

5. What is the boiling point of water in Celsius and Fahrenheit?

a. 100 °c and 200 °F c. 0 °c and 300 °F

b. 100 °c and 212 °F d. 0 °c and 310 °F
 RECAP
Supply the molecular name of the following molecular shape.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

LESSON
The Polarity of Molecules Based On Its Properties

Polarity is a state or a condition having both positive and negative charges,

especially in case of magnetic or an electrical pole.”

Figure1. Attraction and Repulsion on a Magnet

Question: How do molecules attract one another?

The separation of charges makes the bond polar. It creates an electric dipole.
Dipole refers to “two poles,” meaning there is a positive and a negative pole within a
molecule. Polar attraction happens when two opposite charges are near each other.
The negative end of one molecule is attracted to positive end of the other. The
separation of charges is the result in a strong force of attraction between molecules.
On the other hand, non-polar molecules do not have positive and negative ends, so
the attraction is very minimal if none at all.
Question: How are the physical properties and attraction of molecules related?

Physical properties of substances are affected by the attractive forces between

particles. Greater attraction between molecules means more energy is required to
overcome these attractive forces.

Let us explore some of the common physical properties that are measurable,
related to all molecular substance.

Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point is defined as temperature at which solid turns into liquid,

whereas the boiling points is the temperature at which a liquid turns into gas. Heat
is needed to break the force of attraction between molecules to reach the melting or
boiling point.

Polar molecules have relatively stronger forces of attraction than nonpolar

molecules. Greater amount of heat is needed to break these forces therefore polar
molecules have higher melting points than nonpolar molecules.

Table 1. Actual Melting Point and Boiling Point of a Compound

Table 2. Temperature List of Diatomic Molecules

 Figure 2. Melting and Boiling Point as influenced by the size of molecules

As the size of the molecule increases the strength of the attractions increase
and the melting and boiling points increase.

Solubility
Solubility is the ability
of a solid, liquid, or gaseous
chemical substance (referred to
as the solute) to dissolve
in solvent (usually a liquid)
and form a solution. What do
you think will be the effect of oil
spill in the Pasig River?

Figure 3 Pasig River

Do you have an idea why water and oil do not mix? Look at the picture below.

Oil is composed of non-polar molecules; these

molecules have no charge. Because of this, oil
molecules are more attracted to each other than
to water molecules. Water molecules are more
oil
attracted to each other than to oil molecules.
Furthermore, molecules of oil are larger than that
of water and therefore they do not mix. On the
water other hand, molecules of water are polar,
therefore, they tend to stay away from one
Figure 4. oil and water another. You will further understand why this
phenomenon occurs if you know the polarity.
 Do you remember the rule of thumb “like dissolves like?” This rule is applied
to the concept of solubility. Polar solute dissolves in polar solvent. For example,
sucrose is soluble in water because they are both polar molecules. On the other
hand, nonpolar solute is soluble in nonpolar solvent. Though for most cases, almost
anything id soluble in water, making it the universal solvent. Not of course, if it is a
non-polar molecule.

Question: What about iodine? Will it dissolve in water or in carbon tetrachloride,

CCl4?

Iodine is more likely to dissolve in CCl4. Iodine and carbon tetrachloride are
both nonpolar molecular compounds, while water is a polar molecular compound.
There are no significant attractions between the nonpolar I 2 molecules and polar
water molecules that would cause molecules of I2 to separate.

Consider the table below. It shows some of the distinctions between polar and
non-polar molecules.

Polar Molecules Nonpolar Molecules

- Soluble in water - Not soluble in water, makes a
- Low volatility- do not evaporate easily separate layer from a water
- Relatively high melting and boiling - Volatile- easily evaporate
points for their molar mass - Low melting and boiling points
- Denser than non-polar - Not very dense
- At room temperature very few are - At room temperature: small
gases, most are liquids and solids molecules are gases; larger ones are
- Solid have crystal lattices liquids or soft solid

Example of polar substances: water, Examples of nonpolar substances: oil, wax,

vinegar, blood, HCl, acetone, sugar most fuels like gasoline & methane, paint
thinner, sulphur, and oil base paints

Table 2. Polar and Nonpolar Substances

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1. “Seek to Understand!”

(Optional- if time permits and internet access is possible)

Direction: Search on the following substances and fill in the table below. Give and
explain what you have learned from it.
 Substance Appearance Does it dissolve in Does it melt? Is it a polar or
water? non-polar
substance?
1. graphite
2.candle wax
3.sand
4.glucose
5.sulphur
6.iodine

Takeaway Thoughts:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2. “Move to the Groove”

(Optional- if time permits and materials are available)
Procedure:

STEP 1. Pour enough milk . STEP 2. Add one drop of

in the plate to totally cover each of the four colors of
the bottom to the depth of food coloring—red, yellow,
green, and blue—to the
about 1/4 inch. Allow the
milk. Keep the drops close
milk to settle before together in the center of
moving on to the next step. the plate of milk.

STEP 4. Now place

a drop of liquid
dish soap on the
other end of the
cotton swab. Place
the soapy end of
the cotton swab
back in the middle
STEP 3. Find a clean cotton of the milk and
STEP 5. Add another drop of soap
swab for the next part of the hold it there for 10
experiment. Predict what will to 15 seconds. to the tip of the cotton swab and
happen when you touch the try it again. Experiment with
tip of the cotton swab to the placing the cotton swab at different
center of the milk. It’s places in the milk. Notice that the
important not to stir the mix— colors in the milk continue to move
just touch it with the tip of the even when the cotton swab is
cotton swab. Go ahead and try removed. What makes the food
it.
coloring in the milk move?
Hint: milk contains fats, and soap repels fats. The food coloring is carried along in
the milk as it retreats from the fats.

Questions:

1. What happened as you drop the liquid soap? Describe and explain. Give your
inference why it happened.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which of the substance that we used are polar and nonpolar? Explain briefly.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Differentiate hydrophobic and hydrophilic based on the result of your activity?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 3. “Temperature Matters!”

I. Arrange the following in an increasing order.

Boiling Point:
PCl3 (76.1 °C ); NCl3 (71.0 °C ); N2 (-196 °C); O2 (183 °C); Cl2(-34 °C)

Melting Point:
diamond(3550 °C); Br2 (7.2 °C); C6H6O1 (+41 °C); C6H12O6 (+146 °C); F2(-220 °C)

II. Analyze the table and answer the questions below.

1. Which of the substances has the lowest boiling point?

2. Why do you think it has the lowest boiling point in the list?
3. Which of the above substances do you think is the most polar of all?
4. Why do you think it would take longer time for it to reach the boiling point?
 5. What do you think is the effect of increasing electron number to the size of the
molecule? What is its effect on the boiling point and polarity of the substance?
6. Which of the molecules above do you think has the smallest molecule?
7. Which one would have the biggest molecule?
8. What can you say about the relationship of the size of the molecule to its
boiling point?

WRAP-UP

I. List five (5) products found at home. Classify them as to polar or

nonpolar compounds and give their uses.

Polar Nonpolar Uses

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.

II. Complete this concept map

Effects on
Molecules Polarity Physical
Properties

3. ____BP &MP,
4. water ____,
1. _______- Ex. wax, Cl2
5. _____dense,
6.______volatile
Solid/Liquid/Gas
7. ____BP & MP
8. water _____,
2. ______-Ex. soap, HCl
9. _____dense
10. _____ volatile
 VALUING

Some people have doubts in buying cooking oil from the market, thinking that
it might have been mixed with water to fool customers. Is there a logical basis to
think like this? Explain your answer.

POSTTEST

Direction: Modified TRUE or FALSE. Analyze the underline word in each sentence.
If it makes the statement true, write the word TRUE. It if it makes the statement
wrong, give the word to make the statement correct.

_____________ 1. Color greatly affects the MP and BP of molecules.

_____________ 2. Solubility refers to the temperature at which solid turn to liquid.

_____________ 3. Sucrose and water are made of insoluble molecules.

_____________ 4. Oil is made of polar molecules, it has a lower BP than water.

_____________ 5. Water and oil do not mix because they are both non-polar.

_____________ 6. Boiling point (BP) is the temperature at which liquid turns to gas.

_____________ 7. Polarity affects the physical properties of molecules.

_____________ 8. Water is a polar molecule and is a universal solvent.

_____________ 9. Polar molecules have weak intermolecular forces of attraction.

_____________10. Non-polar molecules have higher BP and MP than polar molecules.

 KEY TO CORRECTION
Big size=high BP 8.
9.strong 10. lower
Iodine 7.
6. TRUE 7. TRUE 8. TRUE
Hydrogen 6.
nonpolar
High e #=big size 5.
High # of e 4. 5. water-polar,oil-
Iodine 3. 4. non-polar
Low # of e 2. 3.soluble
Hydq rogen 1. 2. melting point
III.
1.polarity
146CC; 35590C
-220 0C; 410C; 7.20C; POST TEST
6. octahedral
5. tetrahedral II.Melting Point:
76.1CC; 1830C 10. low volatile
4. trigonal planar 9. more dense
-1960C;-340C; 710C;
3. trigonal pyramidal I.Boiling Point: 8. water soluble
2. bent Activity 3 7. high BP & MP
1. linear 2.Polar:
RECAP experiment 6. highly volatile
5. B on the result of mini 5. less dense
4. A. answers may vary depending
4..water insoluble
Activity 2
3. B 3. low BP*MP
2. B on their researchA 1.Non-polar:
1.D answers may vary depending II.
PRETEST Activity 1 I.Answers vary
Activities WRAP UP

References
Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Updated November 24, 2019. "10 Example of electrical conductor
and insulator."

Espaldon, Nina. Nov 15, 2014. bicol philippines: Slideshare,

https://www.slideshare.net/ninaespaldon/slides-properties-
ioniccovalentcompounds201213?qid=496dd295-dd07-4a31-a5b9-
5b863621381a&v=&b=&from_search=1.

n.d. "Molecules and Molecular Compounds. (2017) Libretexts. Available at:

https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/General_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A
_Chemistry%3A_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/02._Atoms,_Molecules,_and_Ions/2.
6%3A_Molecules_and_Molecu."

October, 2012) l Jim Clark. octoberm, 2012 (modified) 2000 . "MOLECULAR STRUCTURES."
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/molecular.htm.

SOFFAR, HEBA. PUBLISHED FEBRUARY 28, 2015 · UPDATED NOVEMBER 18, 2019. "What is the
melting point? & Life applications on the melting process." Online Sciences.

SPANGLER, STEVE. n.d. color changing milk.

https://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/milk-color-explosion/.