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Single Phase Transformer
Unit IV(A)
Assistant Prof B.S Bobdey

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Introduction
● The transformer is probably one of the most useful electrical devices ever invented.
● It can change the magnitude of alternating voltage or current from one value to
another.
● Electrical energy is generated and transmitted at an extremely high voltages. The
voltage is to be then reduced to a lower value for its domestic and industrial use.
● Transformers have no moving parts, rugged and durable in construction,thus
requiring very little attention.
● They also have a very high efficiency as high as 99%.

In this chapter, we shall study some of the basic properties of transformers.

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Working Principle
Law of Electromagnetic Induction(Mutual
Induction)

❖ When an alternating voltage V1 is

applied to the primary, an alternating flux
ϕ is set up in the core. This alternating
flux links both the windings and induces
e.m.f.s E1 and E2 in them according to
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
induction. The e.m.f. E1 is termed as
primary e.m.f. and e.m.f. E2 is termed as
secondary e.m.f.
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Contd…...
(i) The transformer action is based on
the laws of electromagnetic induction.

(ii) There is no electrical connection

between the primary and secondary.
The a.c. power is transferred from
primary to secondary through
magnetic flux.

(iii) There is no change in frequency

i.e., output power has the same
frequency as the input power.
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Can the transformer operate on DC
Answer :- NO

Reasons:-

● Working Principle Electromagnetic Induction

● Alternating Flux
● Frequency in DC

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Emf Equation of Transformer

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 Contd...
Consider that an alternating voltage V1 of
frequency f is applied to the primary as shown in
Fig.The sinusoidal flux ϕ produced by the
primary can be represented as:

ϕ=ϕm sinωt
Φ - Flux
Φm - maximum value of flux
N1 - Number of primary turns
N2 - Number of secondary turns
F - Frequency of the supply voltage
E1 - R.m.s value of the primary induced e.m.f
E2 - R.m.s. value of theOther
secondary induced
Subjects: e.m.f
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Contd...
From faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
Average e.m.f per turns =

dϕ = change in flux
dt = time required for change in flux
The flux increases from zero value to maximum value ϕm in 1/4f of the time period
That is in 1/4f seconds
The change of flux that takes place in 1/4f seconds = ϕm-0 = ϕm webers

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Contd...
Since flux ϕ varies sinusoidally, the R.m.s value of the induced e.m.f is obtained by
multiplying the average value with the form factor
Form factor of a sin wave=

R.M.S Value of e.m.f induced in one turns=

R.M.S Value of e.m.f induced in primary winding =

R.M.S Value of e.m.f induced in secondary winding=

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EMF Equation of Transformer
The expression of E1 and E2 are called e.m.f equation of a transformer

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Voltage Ratio
Voltage transformation ratio is the ratio of e.m.f induced in the
secondary winding to the secondary winding to the e.m.f
induced in the primary winding.

This ratio of secondary induced e.m.f to primary induced e.m.f

is known as voltage transformation ratio

1. If N2>N1 i.e. K>1 we get E2>E1 then the transformer is

called step up transformer.
2. If N2<N1 i.e. K<1 we get E2<E1 then the transformer is
called step down transformer.
3. If N2=N1 i.e. K=1 we get E2=E1 then the transformer is
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called isolation transformer or 1:1 transformer.
Current Ratio
Current ratio is the ratio of current flow through the primary winding (I1) to the current

flowing through the secondary winding (I2)

In an ideal transformer

Apparent input power = Apparent output power.

V1I1 = V2I2

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KVA Rating
i) The transformer rating is specified as the products of voltage and current
(VA rating).
ii) On both sides, primary and secondary VA rating remains same. This rating is
generally expressed in KVA (Kilo Volts Amperes rating).

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KVA Rating
Full load current and it is safe maximum current.

V1 and V2 are the Vt of primary and secondary by using KVA rating we can calculate I1
and I2.

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Construction Of Transformer

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Types of Transformer
The transformer are of different types depending on the arrangement of the core and the
winding as follows.
Core Type
—
Shell Type
—
Berry Type
—
The magnetic core is a stack of thin silicon-steel laminations about 0.35 mm thick for 50
Hz transformer. In order to reduce the eddy current losses, these laminations are insulated
from one another by thin layers of varnish.

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Core Type Transformer

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Shell Type Transformer

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Laminations

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Berry Type Transformer

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Losses in Transformer
The power losses in a transformer are of two types, namely

1. Core or Iron losses

2. Copper losses

These losses appear in the form of heat and produce

(i) an increase in Temperature and
(ii) a drop in efficiency.

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Core or Iron losses (Pi)
These consist of hysteresis and eddy current losses and occur in the transformer core due
to the alternating flux. These can be determined by open-circuit test.

Kh – hysteresis constant depend on material

f - Frequency
Bm – maximum flux density

Ke – eddy current constant

t - Thickness of the core
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Both hysteresis and eddy current losses depend upon

(i) maximum flux density Bm in the core

(ii) supply frequency f.

Since transformers are connected to constant-frequency,constant voltage supply, both f

and Bm are constant. Hence, core or iron losses are practically the same at all loads.

Iron or Core losses, Pi = Hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss = Constant losses(Pi)
The hysteresis loss can be minimized by using steel of high silicon content
Whereas eddy current loss can be reduced by using core of thin laminations.
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Copper losses (Pcu)

These losses occur in both the primary and secondary windings due to their ohmic
resistance. These can be determined by short-circuit test. The copper loss depends on the
magnitude of the current flowing through the windings.

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Why Transformer Rating in kVA
An important factor in the design and operation of electrical machines is the relation
between the life of the insulation and operating temperature of the machine.
Therefore,
Temperature rise resulting from the losses is a determining factor in the rating of a
machine.

We know that copper loss in a transformer depends on current and iron loss depends on
voltage.
Therefore, the total loss in a transformer depends on the volt-ampere product only and not
on the phase angle between voltage and current i.e., it is independent of load power factor.
For this reason, the rating of a transformer is in kVA and not kW.
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EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE
1) It would now be shown that the resistances of the two windings can be transferred to
any one of the two winding.

2) The advantage of concentrating both the resistances in one winding is that it makes
calculations very simple and easy because one has then to work in one winding only.

3) Transfer to any one side either primary or secondary without affecting the
performance of the transformer

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Contd…..

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Equivalent Resistance
Therefore Equivalent resistance of transformer referred to primary

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Equivalent Resistance
Similary

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Equivalent Resistance
Thus

While calculating Copper loss Equivalent resistance referred to secondary is taken

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Efficiency of a Transformer
Like any other electrical machine, the efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power (in watts or kW) to input power (watts or kW) i.e.,

Power output = power input – Total losses

Power input = power output + Total losses = power output + Pi + Pcu

Power output = V2I2 cosϕ,

Cos ϕ = load power factor
Transformer supplies full load of current I2 and with terminal voltage V2
Pcu = copper losses on full load = I22 R2e

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Contd...

This is full load efficiency and I2 = full load current.

This is full load efficiency and I2 = full load current

We can now find the full-load efficiency of the transformer at any p.f. without actually
loading the transformer.
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Contd...
Also for any load equal to n x full-load

Corresponding total losses = Pi + n2PCu

n = fractional by which load is less than full load=

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Condition for Maximum Efficiency
Voltage and frequency supply to the transformer is
constant the efficiency varies with the load.

As load increases, the efficiency increases. At a

certain load current, it loaded further the efficiency
start decreases as shown in fig.

The output current which will make Pcu loss equal to

the iron loss. By proper design, it is possible to make
the maximum efficiency occur at any desired load.
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Load current I2m at maximum efficiency

This is the load current at nmax in terms of full load current

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KVA SUPPLIED AT MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
Substituting condition for 􀪿

Substituting condition for nmax in the expression of efficiency, we can write

expression for nmax as

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Testing of Transformer
The testing of transformer means to determine efficiency and regulation of a transformer
at any load and at any power factor condition.

There are two methods

i) Direct loading test
ii) Indirect loading test
a. Open circuit test
b. Short circuit test
We will study Direct loading test

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Load test on transformer
This method is also called as direct loading test on transformer because the load
is directly connected to the transformer.

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Observation Table

The load is varied from no load to full load in desired steps. All the time, keep
primary voltage V1 constant at its rated value with help of variac and tabulated the
reading.

The first reading is to be noted on no load for which I2 = 0 A and W2 = 0W

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Calculation
From the observed reading

W1 = input power to the transformer

W2 = output power delivered to the load

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Efficiency and regulation characteristics

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Autotransformer

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Advantage And Disadvantage of Autotransformer
Advantages Disadvantages

● The size of the auto transformer ● The leakage flux between the primary and
● The saving in cost of the material secondary windings is small hence the
● An auto transformer has higher efficiency impedance is low.
● Auto transformer has better voltage ● it is not possible to earth neutral of one side
regulation only
● It is more difficult to maintain the
electromagnetic balance of the winding
when voltage adjustment tappings are
provided

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 PolyPhase System

BEE Unit – IV (B)

Asst Prof B S Bobdey

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 Introduction
• The system which has three phases, i.e., the current will pass
through the three wires, and there will be one neutral wire for
passing the fault current to the earth is known as the three
phase system.

• In other words, the system which uses three wires for

generation, transmission and distribution is known as the three
phase system.

• The three phase system is also used as a single phase system

if one of their phase and the neutral wire is taken out from it.
The sum of the line currents in the 3-phase system is equal to
zero, and their phases are differentiated at an angle of 120º

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Comparision 1phase and 3Phase

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 Generation of three phase EMF
• According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, we know that
whenever a coil is rotated in a magnetic field, there is a sinusoidal emf
induced in that coil.
• Now, we consider 3 coil C1(R-phase), C2(Y-phase) and C3(B-phase),
which are displaced 1200 from each other on the same axis. This is shown
in fig.
• The coils are rotating in a uniform magnetic field produced by the N and S
poll in the counter clockwise direction with constant angular velocity.
• According to Faraday’s law, emf induced in three coils. The emf induced
in these three coils will have phase difference of 1200. i.e. if the induced
emf of the coil C1 has phase of 00, then induced emf in the coil C2 lags that
of C1 by 1200 and C3 lags that of C2 1200.

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Generation of Three Phase

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 Three Phase Waveform

The above equation can be represented by

their phasor diagram as in the Fig.

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 Important Definition
➢ Phase sequence :The order in which three coil emf or currents attain their
peak values is called the phase sequence. It is customary to denoted the 3
phases by the three colours. i.e. red (R), yellow (Y), blue (B).

➢ Balance System: A system is said to be balance if the voltages and

currents in all phase are equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by
equal angles.

➢ Unbalance System: A system is said to be unbalanced if the voltages and

currents in all phase are unequal in magnitude and displaced from each other
by unequal angles.

➢ Balance load: In this type the load in all phase are equal in magnitude. It
means that the load will have the same power factor equal currents in them.

➢ Unbalance load: In this type the load in all phase have unequal power
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factor and currents.
 Important Definition
➢Phase Voltage : It is defined as the voltage across either phase winding or
load terminal. It is denoted by Vph. Phase voltage VRN, VYN and VBN are
measured between R-N, Y-N, B-N for star connection and between R-Y, Y-B,
B-R in delta connection.

➢ Line voltage: It is defined as the voltage across any two-line terminal. It is

denoted by VL. Line voltage VRY, VYB, VBR measure between R-Y, Y-B,
B-R terminal for star and delta connection both.

➢ Phase current : It is defined as the current flowing through each phase

winding or load. It is denoted by Iph. Phase current IR(ph), IY(ph) and IB(Ph)
measured in each phase of star and delta connection. respectively.

➢ Line current : It is defined as the current flowing through each line

conductor. It denoted by IL. Line current IR(line), IY(line), and IB((line) are
measured in each line of star and delta connection
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Other Subjects: https://www.studymedia.in/fe/notes
 Types of Connections in Three-
Phase System
The three-phase systems are connected in two ways, i.e.,

• the star connection and

• the delta connection.

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 Star Connection
• The star connection requires four wires in which there are three
phase conductors and one neutral conductor

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 Delta Connection
The delta connection has three wires, and there is a no neutral point. The
delta connection is shown in the figure below

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 Connection of Loads in Three
Phase System
• The loads in the three-phase system may also connect in the star or delta.
The three phase loads connected in the delta and star is shown in the
figure below.
• The three phase load may be balanced or unbalanced. If the three loads
(impedances) Z1, Z2 and Z3 has the same magnitude and phase angle then
the three phase load is said to be a balanced load.
• Under balance condition, all the phases voltages are equal and the line
voltages are equal in magnitude.

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Relation between line and phase values for
voltage and current in case of balanced
delta connection
➢ Delta (Δ) or Mesh connection, starting end of one coil is connected
to the finishing end of other phase coil and so on which giving a closed
circuit.

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Contd….

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Contd...

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 Contd...

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Contd….

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Condt...

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 Relation between line and phase values
for voltage and current in case of
balanced star connection.
➢ In the Star Connection, the similar ends (either start or finish) of the three
windings are connected to a common point called star or neutral point.

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Contd...

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Contd...
Relation between line and phase voltage
• For delta connection

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Contd...

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Contd...

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Contd...

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 PolyPhase System

BEE Unit – IV (B)

Asst Prof B S Bobdey

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 Introduction
• The system which has three phases, i.e., the current will pass
through the three wires, and there will be one neutral wire for
passing the fault current to the earth is known as the three
phase system.

• In other words, the system which uses three wires for

generation, transmission and distribution is known as the three
phase system.

• The three phase system is also used as a single phase system

if one of their phase and the neutral wire is taken out from it.
The sum of the line currents in the 3-phase system is equal to
zero, and their phases are differentiated at an angle of 120º

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Comparision 1phase and 3Phase

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 Generation of three phase EMF
• According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, we know that
whenever a coil is rotated in a magnetic field, there is a sinusoidal emf
induced in that coil.
• Now, we consider 3 coil C1(R-phase), C2(Y-phase) and C3(B-phase),
which are displaced 1200 from each other on the same axis. This is shown
in fig.
• The coils are rotating in a uniform magnetic field produced by the N and S
poll in the counter clockwise direction with constant angular velocity.
• According to Faraday’s law, emf induced in three coils. The emf induced
in these three coils will have phase difference of 1200. i.e. if the induced
emf of the coil C1 has phase of 00, then induced emf in the coil C2 lags that
of C1 by 1200 and C3 lags that of C2 1200.

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Generation of Three Phase

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 Three Phase Waveform

The above equation can be represented by

their phasor diagram as in the Fig.

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 Important Definition
➢ Phase sequence :The order in which three coil emf or currents attain their
peak values is called the phase sequence. It is customary to denoted the 3
phases by the three colours. i.e. red (R), yellow (Y), blue (B).

➢ Balance System: A system is said to be balance if the voltages and

currents in all phase are equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by
equal angles.

➢ Unbalance System: A system is said to be unbalanced if the voltages and

currents in all phase are unequal in magnitude and displaced from each other
by unequal angles.

➢ Balance load: In this type the load in all phase are equal in magnitude. It
means that the load will have the same power factor equal currents in them.

➢ Unbalance load: In this type the load in all phase have unequal power
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factor and currents.
 Important Definition
➢Phase Voltage : It is defined as the voltage across either phase winding or
load terminal. It is denoted by Vph. Phase voltage VRN, VYN and VBN are
measured between R-N, Y-N, B-N for star connection and between R-Y, Y-B,
B-R in delta connection.

➢ Line voltage: It is defined as the voltage across any two-line terminal. It is

denoted by VL. Line voltage VRY, VYB, VBR measure between R-Y, Y-B,
B-R terminal for star and delta connection both.

➢ Phase current : It is defined as the current flowing through each phase

winding or load. It is denoted by Iph. Phase current IR(ph), IY(ph) and IB(Ph)
measured in each phase of star and delta connection. respectively.

➢ Line current : It is defined as the current flowing through each line

conductor. It denoted by IL. Line current IR(line), IY(line), and IB((line) are
measured in each line of star and delta connection
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Other Subjects: https://www.studymedia.in/fe/notes
 Types of Connections in Three-
Phase System
The three-phase systems are connected in two ways, i.e.,

• the star connection and

• the delta connection.

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 Star Connection
• The star connection requires four wires in which there are three
phase conductors and one neutral conductor

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 Delta Connection
The delta connection has three wires, and there is a no neutral point. The
delta connection is shown in the figure below

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 Connection of Loads in Three
Phase System
• The loads in the three-phase system may also connect in the star or delta.
The three phase loads connected in the delta and star is shown in the
figure below.
• The three phase load may be balanced or unbalanced. If the three loads
(impedances) Z1, Z2 and Z3 has the same magnitude and phase angle then
the three phase load is said to be a balanced load.
• Under balance condition, all the phases voltages are equal and the line
voltages are equal in magnitude.

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Relation between line and phase values for
voltage and current in case of balanced
delta connection
➢ Delta (Δ) or Mesh connection, starting end of one coil is connected
to the finishing end of other phase coil and so on which giving a closed
circuit.

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 Relation between line and phase values
for voltage and current in case of
balanced star connection.
➢ In the Star Connection, the similar ends (either start or finish) of the three
windings are connected to a common point called star or neutral point.

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Relation between line and phase voltage
• For delta connection

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