(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M.

Salman

Chapter 5
Angle Modulation

Introduction:
It is a type of CW modulation in which the angle of a sinusoidal signal
(either frequency or phase) in proportion to the message where amplitude is
constant. It gives a high degree of noise immunity by band expansion; it is also
wide use in high fidelity music broadcast, also having a constant envelope.

∅(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃(𝑡) “Angle Modulation

∅(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)cos (𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 ) “Amplitude Modulation”
Where (𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 ) represents the angle of carrier frequency
For PM
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑓(𝑡)
Where 𝑘𝑝 is constant (rad/volt) θ(t) θ(t)
If 𝜃𝑜 =0 ωct+θo
…(5-1)
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑓(𝑡) θo
t
…(5-2)
∅𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑓(𝑡)]
Im

The instantaneous frequency 𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) is: A

ω θ
𝑑𝜃(𝑖)
𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) = = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) …(5-3)
𝑑𝑡 Re

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

For FM

𝑑𝜃(𝑖) …(5-4)
𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) = = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Where 𝑘𝑓 is constant ( ) modulation constant
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

𝑡
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝ …(5-5)
−∞

𝑡
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝] …(5-6)
−∞

We note from ∅𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) and ∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) that FM and PM are similar [PM corresponds to
𝑓(𝑡) and FM corresponds to𝑓 ′ (𝑡)]. Where the frequency is the derivative of the
phase, or it represents the rate of change in phase.

ʃ f(x)dx Phase
f(t) ʃ α (t) Modulator
ΦFM (t)
Frequency
Modulation
FM modulator

f (t) Frequency
f(t) d/dt ΦPM (t)
Modulator
Phase
Modulation
PM modulator

H.W
Write the equation for ∅𝐴𝑀 (𝑡), ∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) and ∅𝑃𝑀 (𝑡), if the modulating signal is;
1-𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠300𝜋𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠600𝜋𝑡
2-𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 , 𝑎𝑡 0 < 𝑡 < 1 𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

Comparison of time waveforms

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

Ex 5-1
Find maximum and minimum instantaneous frequencies resulting from modulating
a carrier signal with carrier frequency of fc=100 MHz by f(t) shown if:

𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
1-𝐹𝑀 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑘𝑓 = 2𝜋 ∗ 105 is used f(t)
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑟𝑎𝑑 2*10-4
2- 𝑃𝑀 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑘𝑝 = 10𝜋 is used (2/10-4)t-1 +1
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

Solution: t
For FM
-1
(-2/10-4)t+1
𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑘𝑓
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓(𝑡)
2𝜋
= 108 + 105 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 − 105 |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99.9 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 105 |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100.1 𝑀𝐻𝑧
For PM
𝑘𝑝 ′
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓 (𝑡)
2𝜋
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 − 5 ∗ 105 ∗ |𝑓´(𝑡)|𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 − 105 = 99.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 5 ∗ 105 ∗ |𝑓´(𝑡)|𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 105 = 100.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧

Power of Angle Modulated waves:

Simply from equations:

𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑡𝐹𝑀 = 𝑃𝑡𝑃𝑀 = Watt …(5-7)
2
𝐴2𝑐
(assuming R=1Ω, if R is given then 𝑃𝑡 =
2𝑅

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Bandwidth of the Angle modulation waves:

FM
𝑡
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝]
−∞
𝑡
Let 𝛼(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝

∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒{𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗[𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝑘𝑓𝛼(𝑡)] }

𝑘𝑓 2 2 𝑛
𝑘𝑓 𝑛 𝑛
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒 {𝐴𝑐 [1 − 𝑗𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡) − 𝛼 (𝑡) + ⋯ + 𝑗 𝛼 (𝑡)] 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 }
2! 𝑛!

𝑘𝑓 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝛼 (𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 2!
𝑘𝑓 3 3
[ − 𝛼 (𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯ ]
3!
It yields infinite number of sidebands, for practical purposes, an angle-
modulating signal can be considered band limited.
If the BW of 𝑓(𝑡) is B Hz, then
The BW of 𝛼(𝑡) is B Hz,
The BW of 𝛼 2 (𝑡) is 2B Hz,
The BW of 𝛼 𝑛 (𝑡) is nB Hz.
Since 𝑛 → ∞, then the BW of FM and PM is infinite, but most of the modulated
signal power resides in a finite bandwidth.

Narrow Band FM (NBFM)

If |𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)| ≪ 1 in the equation then we could write,

∅𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) ≅ 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]

…(5-9)
This is a liner modulation similar to AM/(DSB-LC)

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

𝐵𝑊𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2𝐵
…(5-10) similarly for PM

∅𝑁𝐵𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) ≅ 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑝 𝛼(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]

…(5-11)

H.W
Write relation of sideband power, carrier power and total power for narrowband
FM &PM modulation.

Generation of NBFM, NBPM Signals

-
f(t) ʃdt X kf ΦNBFM (t)
+

90o

cos ωct

-
f(t) X kp ΦNBPM (t)
+

90o

cos ωct

NBFM and NBPM Generators

Wideband FM (WBFM):
If the condition |𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)| ≪ 1 is not satisfied, many sidebands would occur
and increasing the BW.

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The instantaneous frequency is 𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡), it varies in the range

(𝜔𝑐 − 𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝 ) to (𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝 ), where 𝑓𝑝 = |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑚𝑖𝑛 = |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑚𝑎𝑥

Then, the BW of WBFM would be 2𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝 , 𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝 is called the maximum

deviation of 𝜔𝑐 (∆f)

𝑘𝑓
∆f = 𝑓
2𝜋 𝑝
Hz ….. (5-12)

𝐵𝑊 = 2∆f Hz ….. (5-13)

Carson’s Rule
It is a general rule to compute the BW of FM (and PM) signal regardless of
it is narrowband or wideband.

𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + B) … (5-14)

If |𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)| ≪ 1, then ∆f ≪ 𝐵, then, 𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑀 ≅ 2𝐵 [narrowband case]

If |𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)| 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ≪ 1, then ∆f ≫ 𝐵, then, 𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑀 ≅ 2∆𝑓 [wideband case]

Therefore, we define deviation ratio,
∆f if 𝛽 ≪ 1(usually 𝛽 < 0.2) → NBFM
𝛽=
𝐵
if 𝛽 ≫ 1(usually 𝛽 > 5) → WBFM …. (5-15)
𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝
𝛽=
𝐵 Unit less … (5-16)

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For PM
The instantaneous frequency depends on the derivative of f(t), i.e,

𝑘𝑝 ′ … (5-17)
∆𝑓 = 𝑓
2𝜋 𝑝

𝑘𝑝 𝑓𝑝′ rad … (5-18)

β𝑃𝑀 =
𝐵

Since β𝑃𝑀 have unit “Rad”, sometimes it’s called phase deviation in PM

∆𝜃 = 𝛽 … (5-19)

Ex 5-2:
A 10 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal such that the peak
frequency deviation is 50 kHz, determine the BW of FM signal if the frequency of
modulating sinusoid is (a) 500 kHz (b) 500Hz (c) 10 KHz.
Solution:
∆𝑓 ∆𝑓 50
a) 𝛽 = = = = 0.1 “NBFM”
𝐵 𝑓𝑚 500

BW=2B=2fm=1 MHz
b) 𝛽 = 100 “WBFM” , BW≅ 2∆𝑓 = 100 𝑘𝐻𝑧
c) 𝛽 = 5 “using Carlson’s rule” , BW≅ 2(∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 ) ≅120 kHz

Single Tone FM:

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝑡
𝐴𝑚
𝛼(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓(𝛼)𝑑 ∝ = sin𝜔𝑚 𝑡
−∞ 𝑓𝑚
NBFM:

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∅𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]

𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚
= 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]
𝜔𝑚
∆𝜔
= 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]
𝜔𝑚

∅𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡] …(5-20)

ST-Single Tone
𝛽 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑀
Φ (f)
∆𝜔 ∆𝑓
𝛽= = NBFM

𝜔𝑚 𝑓𝑚 Ac/2 Ac/2

BW=2𝑓𝑚 Hz β Ac/4 β Ac/4 β Ac/4 β Ac/4

fc+fm
fc-fm
fc
-fc+fm
-fc-fm
-fc

2*fm

WBFM: Standard FM
𝑡
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝]
−∞

𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚
= 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 ]
𝜔𝑚

∅𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡]

… (5-21)
∅𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒{𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗[𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡] }

= 𝑅𝑒{𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 }

F.S expansion
∞
𝑗𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝑒 =∑ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝑛=−∞

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Where 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)is the Bessel function of first kind and nth order.
∞
∅𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒 {𝐴𝑐 ∑ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑐𝑡+𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡) }
𝑛=−∞

∞
∅𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 ∑ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 + 𝑛𝜔𝑚 )𝑡
𝑛=−∞ … (5-21)
= 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑜 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 )𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝐽1 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝐽−1 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡
+ 𝐴𝑐 𝐽2 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 + 2𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝐽−2 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 + 2𝜔𝑚 )𝑡
(Coefficient of series for Bessel function)

Φ (f) FM/ST

fc+fm
fc
fc-3fm
fc-2fm
fc-fm

fc+2fm
fc+3fm
-fc

f f

𝐵𝑊 = 2∆𝑓 = 2𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚 …(5-23)

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑀, 𝐵𝑊 = 2∆𝑓 = 2𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚 𝜔𝑚
Or

𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑛𝑓𝑚 …(5-24)

Where n is the number of significant sidebands (depend on the value of β).

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Properties of Bessel function:

1-𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) Are real valued function.
2-𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)=𝐽−𝑛 (𝛽), for n even.
3-𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) = −𝐽−𝑛 (𝛽), for n odd.
4-∑∞ 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) = 1

Average Power in the Single Tone FM:

Total power

𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑡 = Watt, if R=1Ω from eqn. (5-21)
2

𝐴2𝑐 𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑡 = ∑∞ 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) = watt from equation (5-22)
2 2

sideband power carrier power

𝐴2𝑐 2 𝐴2𝑐 2
𝑃𝑛 = 2 [ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)] 𝑃𝑐 = 𝐽 (𝛽)
2 2 𝑜

…(5-25) …(5-26)

The value of β is chosen such that the power is minimized at any desired
component (carrier or sidebands), [carrier term 𝐽0 (𝛽) can be made zero for
β=2.405, 5.52, 8.65,….].

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Table of Bessel function

Bessel function first kind

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Ex. 5-3
A given FM transmitter is modulated with a single sinusoid. The output for no
modulation is 100 watt, into a 50 Ω resistive load. If the power provided for the
first sideband is made zero, find:

a) Carrier power.
b) All sidebands power.
c) Average power in second order sidebands.

Solution:

𝑃1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐽1 (𝛽)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐽1 (𝛽) = 0, ∴ 𝛽 ≅ 3.8

a) 𝐽1 (𝛽) = 0 at 𝛽 ≅ 3.8
1
𝑃𝑐 = 𝐴2𝑐 𝐽02 (𝛽) = 𝑃𝑡 𝐽02 (3.8) = 16 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
2

b) 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑐 = 100 − 16 = 84 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
1
c) 𝑃2 = 2 [ 𝐴2𝑐 𝐽22 (𝛽)] = 2 × 100 × 𝐽22 (3.8) = 34 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
2

H.W
A carrier signal given by 10 cos 2𝜋 × 108 𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 is FM modulated by single tone
𝐻𝑧
message 4 cos 2𝜋 × 103 𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 if the modulation constant is 1000 ,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡

a) Compute max. frequency deviation and deviation ratio.

b) Write the equation of modulated wave.
c) Sketch the spectrum.
d) Calculate sidebands carrier and total power.

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Generation of Wideband FM signals

1- Indirect method (Armstrong Method)

In this method, a NBFM signal is first generated with small β (modulation

index) then increased using frequency multiplier (nonlinear device and BPF).

𝑒𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡)

𝑒0 (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒𝑖2 (𝑡)
= 𝑎𝐴2𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡)
1
= ( )𝑎𝐴2 [1 + cos (2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡] , where 𝜔𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are doubled.
2

Using a nonlinear device with I/O c/cs:

𝑒0 (𝑡) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑒𝑖 (𝑡) + 𝑎2 𝑒 2 (𝑡) + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑛 (𝑡)
Then we will have 𝑛𝛽, i.e. WBFM,
But we also have 𝑛𝜔𝑐 . Therefore we use frequency convertor to control the
value of 𝜔𝑐 .

Non Liner
Input BPF Output
Device

Frequency Multiplier

Input X BPF Output

Cos ω 1 t
Frequency Converter

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The frequency deviation is given by: ∆𝑓 = 𝑛1 𝑛2 ∆𝑓1 …(5-27)

And the carrier frequency is: 𝑓𝑐 = (𝑛1 𝑓1 ± 𝑓2 )𝑛2 …(5-28)

Practically the value of ∆𝑓1 is 25 Hz, in order to maintain 𝛽 ≪ 1 (as required

in NBFM), the balanced spectrum range from 50 Hz to 15 kHz (audio frequencies).

∆𝑓 25
𝛽= , 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑚 = 15 𝑘𝐻𝑧 ⇒ 𝛽 = = 0.00167
𝑓𝑚 15𝑘
25
𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑚 = 50 𝐻𝑧 ⇒ 𝛽 = = 0.5 , Worse possible case
50

The two values of carrier frequency due to positive and negative signs are
compared with the FM band [88 MHz to 108 MHz], so we choose the value which
lies in that range.

The values n1 & n2 are chosen such that they can be generated using doublers
and triplers I cascaded more easier practically

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

(ex. 64 =2*2*2*2*2*2, 48= 2*2*2*2*3, ……)

Ex 5-4
Consider the signal 2 cos(2𝜋 × 105 𝑡 + 0.1 sin 2𝜋 × 103 𝑡) is used to generate
WBFM with ∆𝑓 no more than 77 kHz, and 𝑓𝑐 of 100 MHz.

a) Design a circuit of Armstrong transmitter.

b) Determine an estimate of BW of both signals.

Solution

𝛽 = 0.1 2 770
385
fm= 103= 1kHz
2 384
∆f1=βfm =0.1*103 =100 Hz
2 192
77𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑛= = 770 2 96
100 𝐻𝑧
2 48
𝑛 ≅ 28 ∗ 3 = 768
2 24
Say n1=25=32
2 12
n2=23*3=24
2 6
∆𝑓 = 𝑛1 𝑛2 ∆𝑓1 =768 *100Hz
3 3
= 76.8 kHz 1

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

𝑓𝑐 = (𝑛1 𝑓1 ± 𝑓2 )𝑛2
Since 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑓1 =768 *100 k=76.8 MHz which is less than fc (100 MHz).
The sign in above equation is +, i.e:
𝑓𝑐 = (𝑛1 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 )𝑛2
100*106=(32*100*103+f2)*24
f2=33.2 MHz.
a) BWNBFM=2fm=2 kHz
BWWBFM=2∆f=153.6 kHz

2- Direct Method
Using simple LC oscillator by varying either C or L, depending on the
message signal, the frequency generated is ωc. e.g. Hartly oscillator.
1
𝜔𝑜 = ’ L=L1+ L2
√𝐿𝐶

𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜 + 𝑘𝑓(𝑡) L1
1
𝜔𝑜 = 𝑘𝑓(𝑡) C
√𝐿𝐶𝑜 [1+ 𝐶 ]
𝑜

L2 Varicap

1 1 𝑘𝑓(𝑡) 𝑘𝑓(𝑡)
𝜔𝑜 = 1 ≅ [1 + ], when ≪1
𝑘𝑓(𝑡) ⁄2 √𝐿𝐶𝑜 2𝐶0 𝐶0
√𝐿𝐶[1+ 𝑐 ]
𝑜

Using binomial (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 ≅ 1 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≪ 1

𝑘𝑓(𝑡) 1
𝜔𝑜 = 𝜔𝑐 [1 + ] ; 𝜔𝑐 =
2𝐶0 √𝐿𝐶𝑜
𝜔𝑜 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡) …. (5-29)

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

𝜔𝑐 𝑘
; 𝑘𝑓 = …. (5-30)
2𝑐𝑜

Demodulation of FM Signals

1- Direct method (Discrimination)

Using differentiator and envelope detector

𝑡
𝜑𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(𝛼 )𝑑𝛼 ]
−∞
𝑑𝜑𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) 𝑡
= 𝐴𝑐 [𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡)]𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝛼 )𝑑𝛼 ] …(5-31)
𝑑𝑡

Const. Const Const

If 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡) ≪ 𝜔𝑐 , then envelope of 𝜑𝐹𝑀 ′ (𝑡) is 𝐴𝑐 [𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡)]

ΦFM (t)
Envelope
ΦFM (t) d/dt f(t)
detector

Discriminator
f(t)

In fact, the discriminator changes

ΦFM (t)
the FM signal into AM with only
the slight difference that the new
carrier frequency has some frequency
ΦFM (t)
variation.

Envelope of
ΦFM (t)

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2- Indirect Method (Phase- Locked Loop (PLL))

Loop
vc(t)
Ac cos[ωct+θ c(t)] X Filter eo(t) θi(t)
H(w)

VCO
sin[ωct+θ f (t)]

𝑒𝑜 (𝑡) = 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)⨂ℎ(𝑡) PLL is more effective than

𝑡 direct method in the presence
𝜃𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝ of strong noise Low SNR
−∞
𝑡
𝜃𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝ −𝜃𝑒
−∞

𝜃𝑒 (𝑡) = 𝜃𝑖′ (𝑡) = 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡) … (5-32)

Commercial FM Broadcast Tx:

- Carrier frequency range: 88-108 MHz

- Spacing: 200 kHz
- Peak frequency deviation: 75 kHz (WBFM)
- Armstrong Modulator

Commercial FM Broadcast Tx:

FIF=10.7 MHz

Discrimination Demodulators.

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88-108
MHz
RF IF Audio
X Limiter Discriminator
Amp. Amp. Amp.
fc =10.7 MHz
B=200 kHz Volume
Local
Osc.

Tunning

Noise in Angle Modulated signals

PM
𝐴2𝑐
𝑆𝑖 = … (5-33)
2

𝑆𝑜 = 𝑘𝑝2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓 2 (𝑡) …(5-34)

If the channel noise is white and double-sided PSD is η/2 watt/Hz. Then PSD at
the demodulator output is:
𝜂 2𝜂𝐵
𝑆𝑛𝑜 (𝜔) = ⟹ 𝑁𝑜 = …(5-35)
𝐴2𝑐 𝐴2𝑐

where B is the baseband filter BW (see ref.4)

𝐴2𝑐⁄
𝑆𝑜 𝑆𝑖
= 𝑘𝑝2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓 2 (𝑡) ( 2) = 𝑘𝑝2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓 2 (𝑡) , since ∆𝜔 = 𝑘𝑝 𝑓𝑝′ then,
𝑁𝑜 𝜂𝐵 𝑁𝑖

𝑆𝑜 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓 2 (𝑡) 𝑆𝑖
= (∆𝜔)2 ′2 = …(5-36)
𝑁𝑜 𝑓𝑝 𝑁𝑖

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For tone modulation:

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = −𝐴𝑚 𝜔𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝑚
𝑓 2 (𝑡) = ⟹ 𝑓𝑝′2 = 𝐴2𝑚 𝜔𝑚
2
2

𝑆𝑜 1 ∆𝜔 2 𝑆 1 𝑆 …(5-37)
= ( ) ( 𝑖) = 𝛽2 ( 𝑖 )
𝑁𝑜 2 𝜔 𝑁 𝑚 𝑖 2 𝑁 𝑖

FM
𝐴2𝑐
𝑆𝑖 = , 𝑆𝑜 = 𝑘𝑓2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓 2 (𝑡) …(5-38)
2

‘
′ (𝜔) 𝜇𝜔2 8𝜋2 𝜇𝐵3
𝑆𝑛𝑜 = ⟹ 𝑁𝑜 = …(5-39) (see ref. 4)
𝐴2𝑐 3𝐴2𝑐

𝑆𝑜 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓 2 (𝑡) 𝑆𝑖
2
= 3𝛽 ( )
𝑁𝑜 𝑓𝑝2 𝑁𝑖 𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝
…(5-40) where 𝛽 =
2𝜋𝐵

For tone modulation:

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑓𝑝 = 𝐴𝑚

𝑆𝑜 3 2 𝑆𝑖
= 𝛽 ( ) …(5-41)
𝑁𝑜 2 𝑁𝑖

Sno(ω)
FM
PM
FM with PDE

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Ex 5-5:
An FM signal with 75 kHz deviation, has an input signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB,
with a modulating frequency of 10 kHz.

a) Find SNRo at demodulator o/p.

b) Find SNRo at demodulator o/p if AM is used with m=0.5
c) Compare the performance in case a) and b).

Solution:
a) FM
SNRi=15 dB=31.6
∆f=75 kHz, fm=10 kHz
∆𝑓 75
𝛽= = = 7.5
𝑓𝑚 10

𝑆𝑜 3 2 𝑆𝑖 3
= 𝛽 ( ) = ∗ 7.52 ∗ 31.6 = 2000 = 33.01 𝑑𝐵
𝑁𝑜 2 𝑁𝑖 2
b) AM
2𝑚2 𝑆𝑖 2 ∗ 0.52
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑜 = ( )( ) = ( ) (31.6) = 3.51 = 5.45 𝑑𝐵
2 + 𝑚2 𝑁𝑖 2 + 0.52
(𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑜 )𝐹𝑀 1.5𝛽2 (2 + 𝑚2 ) 2000
= = = 569.8
(𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑜 )𝐴𝑀 2𝑚2 3.51

H.W
When𝑓(𝑡) = 8𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜔𝑜 𝑡, show that for a given transmission bandwidth,
the output SNR in PM is four times that of FM.

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Comparing the expressions of output SNR for both FM and PM demodulators, we

conclude the following.

- In wideband PM and FM, the output SNR increases as the square of

transmission bandwidth, quadruples the output SNR (increases by 6 dB).
- For the modulation FM, yields three times as much SNR as does PM, but does
not means that FM is superior to PM always (see previous homework). If 𝑓(𝑡)
has a large peak amplitude and its derivative𝑓(𝑡)′ has a relatively small peak
amplitude, PM tends to be superior to FM, for opposite conditions, FM tend to
be superior to PM. If the PSD of 𝑓(𝑡) is predominantly concentrated at higher
frequencies, the signal is a low frequency signal 𝑓𝑝′ will tend to be larger, and
FM will perform better than PM.

Sf (ω)
Most signals in real life, PM superior FM superior
including voice and music
have PSDs are at low
frequencies; in such case PM ω
2πB
is superior than FM.

It may seems logical for radio broadcast station to use PM rather than FM,
but in fact the broadcast stations do not really FM, but are FM modified by
preemphasis.

FM with Preemphasis and Deemphasis:

Hp (ω) is the preemphasis filter, which redistribute the PSD of the baseband
signal. At Rx, the incoming signal is demodulated and deemphasized throw a
complementary filter Hd (ω).

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Preemphasis Deemphasis

Frequency Frequency
f(t) Hp (ω) Hd (ω) k f(t)
Modulator Demodulator

For radio broadcast, the baseband signal f(t) has a bandwidth of 15 kHz,
even though the PSD of f(t) is concentrated within 2 kHz and is small beyond 2
kHz, the output noise on the other hand is parabolic. Hence, the noise is strongest
in the frequency range where the signal is the weakest. If we boost the high
frequency components of the signal at the transmitter (Preemphasis), we get back
f(t) undistorted. However, the noise will be considerable weakened. This is because
unlike f(t) the noise enters after the transmitter and is not boosted. It undergoes
only deemphasis or attenuation of high frequency components, at the Rx. Because
the noise PSD is parabolic, attenuation of high frequency component cuts down the
noise significantly.

The Filters Hp (ω) and Hd (ω)are shown below:

20 log Hp(ω)

f(t) f /(t)

ω
ω1 ω2

20 log Hd(ω)

ω
/ ω1
f (t) kf (t)

The frequency f1 is 2.1 kHz and f2 is typically 30 kHz or more, the preemphasis
transfer function is:

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𝑗𝜔+𝜔1
𝐻𝑝 (𝜔) = 𝑘 …. (5-42)
𝑗𝜔+𝜔2

𝜔2
Where k, is set at a value of ⁄𝜔1 , thus,
𝜔 𝑗𝜔+𝜔
𝐻𝑝 (𝜔) = ( 2 ) 1
…(5-43)
𝜔 𝑗𝜔+𝜔
1 2

For 𝜔 ≪ 𝜔1 ; 𝐻𝑝 (𝜔) = 1
𝑗𝜔
For frequencies 𝜔1 ≪ 𝜔 ≪ 𝜔2 ; 𝐻𝑝 (𝜔) =
𝜔1

Thus, the preemphasizer acts as a differentiator at intermediate frequencies (2.1 to

15 kHz). This means that FM with PDE is FM over the modulating signal
frequency range 0 to 2.1 kHz and is nearly PM over the range 2.1 to 15 kHz. The
deemphasis filter Hd (ω) is given by:
𝜔1
𝐻𝑑 (𝜔) = … (5-44)
𝑗𝜔+𝜔1

𝑗𝜔+𝜔1
Note that for 𝜔 ≪ 𝜔2 , 𝐻𝑝 (𝜔) ≅ . Hence,
𝜔1

𝐻𝑝 (𝜔)𝐻𝑑 (𝜔) ≈ 1 over the baseband 0 to 15 kHz.

Ex 5-6:
Compute the improvement in SNR resulting from using FM with PDE rather than
traditional FM.
Solution:
𝜂𝜔2
We observe that parabolic PSD of the output noise 𝑆𝑛𝑜 (𝜔) = passes through a
𝐴2𝑐
deemphasis filter
𝜔1
𝐻𝑑 (𝜔) =
𝑗𝜔+𝜔1

Thus 𝑁𝑜′ , the noise power at deemphasis filter output is

𝐵
𝑁𝑜′ = 2 ∫0 𝑆𝑛𝑜 (𝜔)|𝐻𝑑 (𝜔)|2 𝑑𝑓
𝐵 𝜂𝜔2 𝜔12
= 2 ∫0 × 𝑑𝑓
𝐴2𝑐 𝜔2 +𝜔12

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2𝜂𝜔12 𝐵 4𝜋2 𝑓2
= ∫0 𝑑𝑓
𝐴2𝑐 4𝜋2 𝑓2 +𝜔12

𝜂𝜔12 𝐵 𝜔1
𝑁𝑜′ = [2𝐵 − 2𝑓1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ], 𝑓1 = … (5-45)
𝐴2𝑐 𝑓1 2𝜋

The noise power No without PDE is found from

8𝜋2 𝜂𝐵3
𝑁0 = … (5-46)
3𝐴2𝑐
𝑁𝑜
Hence the improvement factor is
𝑁𝑜′

𝑁𝑜 1 𝐵 2
= ( )
𝑁𝑜′ 3 [1 − 𝑓1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝐵 )] 𝑓1
𝐵 𝑓 1
… (5-47)

𝑁𝑜
Subsituting B=15 kHz and f1=2.1 kHz, we get = 21.25 = 13.27 𝑑𝐵
𝑁𝑜′

We could also use preemphasis- deemphasis in AM broadcasting to

improve the output SNR. In practice, however, this is not done for several reasons:

1- The o/p noise PSD in AM is flat, and is not parabolic as in FM, hence the
deemphasis does not yield a dramatic improvement.
2- Introduction of PDE would necessitate modifications in receivers already in
use.
3- Increasing high frequency component amplitudes (deemphasis) would
increase interference with adjacent stations (no such problem arises in FM).

Stereo FM Transmission:

Earlier FM were monophonic. Stereophonic FM broadcasting, in which two

audio signals L (left microphone) and R (right microphone) are used for more
natural effect was proposed later. The FCC (Federal Communication Commission)
ruled that the stereophonic system had to be compatible with original monophonic

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

system (L+R signal with total transmission BW of 200 kHz and ∆f=75 kHz) to
ensure that the old receivers could continue to receive monophonic as well as
stereophonic broadcast.

+ L+R (L+R)\
L Preemphasizer
+
+
Frequency + FM
doubler Pilot + Mod.

+ DSB-SC
R Preemphasizer
- L-R Modulator
(L-R)\

Composite (L+R)\
Baseband Pilot
(L-R)\ Cos[ωct]
Spectrum

F (kHz)
15 19 23 38 53
Reception:

LPF L+R +
Deemphasizer L
0-15 kHz +

FM NBF Frequency
Demod. 19 kHz doubler

BPF Synchronyzation +
Deemphasizer R
23-53 kHz Detector L-R -

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H.W
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓2 (𝑡)
For a certain FM system with β=5, = 0.05, the output SNR is found to be 20
𝑓𝑝2
dB, if β is increased to 6 (keeping all other parameters unchanged), would the
output SNR increase or decrease?

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

Problem Sheet for Angle Modulation

Q1: Sketch roughly the AM, FM and PM waveforms for the modulating singals
shown in fig. below:
f(t) f(t)

t t
T 2T 3T T 2T
-A

(a) (b)

Q2: Determine the instantaneous frequency of the signal:

∅(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(10𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋𝑡 2 ) 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0
Ans: 5Hz.
Q3: The equation of an angle modulated voltage
∅(𝑡) = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠(108 𝑡 + 3 sin 104 𝑡)
(a)What form of angle modulation is this?
(b) Calculate the carrier and modulating frequencies.
(c)Calculate the modulation index, deviation and the power dissipated in a
100  resistor.
Ans: (a) FM or PM (b) 15.9MHz, 1.59 kHz.
(c) 3, 4.77 kHz, 0.5 watt.
Q4: When the modulating frequency in an FM system is 400Hz and the
modulating voltage is 2.4 v, the modulation index is 60. Calculate the
maximum deviation. What is the modulation index when the modulating
frequency is reduced to 250 Hz and modulating voltage simultaneously raised
to 3.2 v?
Ans: 24 kHz, 128.

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

Q5: A 1 MHz carrier of 10 v amplitude, when frequency modulated by a 400 Hz 1-

volt modulating signal, undergoes 1 kHz deviation. If the modulating signal
frequency is changed to kHz, with 2 v amplitude, determine the bandwidth of
this signal.
Ans: 6 KHz.
Q6: A 50 MHz carrier delivers 100 watt power to a load. The carrier is now
frequency modulated by a 1KHz modulating signal causing a maximum
deviation of 6 KHz. This frequency-modulated signal is now coupled to a load
through an ideal BPF filter with a 50 MHz center frequency and a variable
bandwidth. Determine the power delivered to the load when the filter bandwidth
is:
(i) 1 kHz Ans: 2.268 w
(ii)2.1 kHz 17.6 w
(iii) 12.5 kHz 95 w
(iv) 14.5 kHz 98.4 w
(v) 20.2 kHz 99.2 w

Q7: A given FM transmitter is modulated with a single sinusoid. The output for no
modulation is 200 watt into a 50  resistive load. The peak frequency
deviation of the transmitter is carefully increased from zero until the second
sideband amplitude in the output is zero. Under these conditions determine:
(a) The average power at carrier frequency.
(b) The average power in all the remaining sidebands.
(c) The average power in the third – order sidebands.
Ans: (a) 6.48 w (b) 193.52 w (c) 51.84 w.
Q8: For the previous question (Q7), determine the peak amplitude of:
(a) The total waveform.
(b) The upper first – order sideband.
Ans: (a) 141.42 v (b) -43.37 v.
Q9: 1 GHz carrier is frequency modulated by a 10 kHz sinusoid, so that the peak
frequency deviation is 1 kHz determine:
(a)The approximate bandwidth of the FM signal.
(b) The bandwidth if the modulating signal amplitude were doubled.

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(c) The bandwidth if the modulating signal frequency were doubled.

(d) The bandwidth if the amplitude and the frequency of the modulating
signal were doubled.
Ans: (a) 20 kHz, (b) 20 kHz, (c) 40 kHz, (d) 40 kHz.
Q10: The FM signal (in volts): ∅(𝑡) = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋107 𝑡 + 10 sin 2𝜋103 𝑡) is
present across a 50  resistive load.
(a)What is the total average power?
(b) What percentage of this power is at 10 𝑀𝐻𝑧 ?
(c) Find the peak frequency deviation.
(d) Determine the approximate bandwidth of  (t ) using Carson’s rule.
(e) Can you determine from  (t ) wether this is FM or PM? Explain.
Ans: (a) 4 watt (b) 6.25% (c) 10 kHz (d) 22 kHz.
Q11: A given FM transmitter is modulated with sinusoid input (in volts),𝑓(𝑡) =
10𝑐𝑜𝑠200𝜋𝑡 , and the modulation index is 5. the modulated carrier power is 10
watt across 50  resistive load, Determine:
(a)The modulation constant𝑘𝑓 .
(b) The peak amplitude of the first-order lower sideband and its phase relative
to the unmodulated carrier.
(c) The ratio of the average power in the sum of the third and fourth order
sidebands to the power in all remaining sidebands excluding carrier.
(d) The bandwidth reduction factor if the input sinusoid peak amplitude is
reduced to 2 v (use Carson’s rule).
Ans: (a) 50 Hz/ v, (b) 10.4 0 0 , (c) 0.582, (d)
3.
Q12: A certain sinusoid at a frequency of fm Hz is used at the modulating signal in
both an AM (DSB – LC) and an FM system. The unmodulated carrier powers
are equal in both systems. When modulated, the peak frequency deviation of
FM system is set to four times the bandwidth of the AM system. The
magnitude of those sidebands spaced  fm Hz from carrier in both systems
are equal, determine:
(a)The modulation index of FM system.
(b) The modulation index of AM system.
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Ans: (a) 8 (b) 0.46.

Q13: A 200 KHz carrier signal is frequency – modulated by a 1inusoid such that
the peak frequency deviation is 150 Hz.
(a)What is the bandwidth?
(b) The above FM signal is applied to a * 16 freq. multiplier. By what factor is
the bandwidth increased? (Use Carson’s rule).
(c) The FM signal of (b) is applied to a second * 16 frequency multiplier. By
what factor is the bandwidth increased over parts (a) and (b).
(d) Estimate the number of significant sidebands possible in the FM signal of
part (c) above.
Ans: (a) 2.3 KHz, (b) 2.96, (c) 34.4, 11.6, (d) 39.
Q14: A carrier is phase modulated by a sinusoidal signal. The peak phase
deviation is 1 radian when the peak input amplitude is 1 volt. Find the ratio of
the average power in the carrier to that in all sidebands excluding carrier for
each of the following cases, and the bandwidth in each case using Carson's
rule [f (t) is given in volts].
(a)𝑓(𝑡) = 2 cos 2500 𝑡
(b) 𝑓(𝑡) = 3.8 cos 200𝜋 𝑡
(c) 𝑓(𝑡) = 5.5 cos 300𝜋 𝑡
(d) 𝑓(𝑡) = 7 cos 8000𝜋 𝑡
Ans: (a) 2387 Hz, (b) 960 Hz, (c) 1950 Hz, (d) 64 kHz.
Q15: A carrier is phase modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 5 kHz and unit
amplitude and the peak phase deviation is one radian. Calculate the bandwidth
of the PM signal.
(a)Using Carson's rule.
(b) Using the definition of significant sidebands.
Ans: (a) 20 kHz (b) 30 kHz.
Q16: The bandwidth of the two angle modulated transmitting systems are
compared, using the sinusoidal test signal 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡. The resulting
approximate bandwidth are tabulated below:
Test System A System B
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𝛼 = 1 v, 𝑓𝑚 = 1 kHz 2 kHz 40 kHz

𝛼 = 2v, 𝑓𝑚 = 1 kHz 2 kHz 80 kHz
𝛼 = 1 v, 𝑓𝑚 = 2 kHz 4 kHz 80 kHz

Identify the type of angle modulation used (FM or PM Narrowband or

wideband) for systems A and B.
Ans: system A: NBFM or NBPM
System B: WBPM.
Q17: Design commercial FM transmitter using Armstrongs' method. The final
output is required to have carrier frequency of 91.2 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and ∆𝑓 in the range
of 75 𝑘𝐻𝑧. Assume 𝑓1 = 200 𝑘𝐻𝑧 and ∆𝑓1 = 25 𝐻𝑧.
Q18: Compute the carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 and the peak frequency deviation ∆𝑓 of the
output of the FM transmitter shown in fig. below [indirect (Armstrong) FM
transmitter]. If: 𝑓1 = 200 𝐾𝐻𝑧, 𝑛1 = 64, 𝑓2 = 10.8 𝑀𝐻𝑧𝑛2 = 48, ∆𝑓1 =
25 𝐻𝑧
f1
fc
f1
f
Frequency Frequency
Frequency To amplifier
f(t) ʃ dt X Multiplier
Converter
Multiplier
& Antenna
*n1 *n1

π/2 Cos 2πf2 t

Cos 2πf1 t

NBFM
Ans: f=76.8 kHz
fc=96 MHz
WBFM

Q19: An angle modulated signal given by:

𝜔
∅(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 𝜋𝑡 + 5 cos 40 𝜋𝑡] with 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑐 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋
(a)Find the maximum phase deviation in radian.
1
(b) at 𝑡 = sec., find the instantenous frequency deviation.
30
Ans: (a) 7 rad. (b) 86.6 Hz.

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Q20: A communication system operates in the presence of white noise with two -
sided power spectral density 𝑆𝑛 (𝜔) = 0.25 × 10−14 watt/Hz and with total
path losses (including Antennas) of 100 dB. The input bandwidth is 10 𝐾𝐻𝑧.
Calculate the minimum required carrier power of the transmitter for a 10 𝐾𝐻𝑧
sinusoidal input and a 40 dB output S/N ratio if the modulation is:
(a)AM (DSB – LC), with 𝑚 = 0.707 and𝑚 = 1.
(b) FM, with ∆𝑓 = 10 𝑘𝐻𝑧 and ∆𝑓 = 50 𝑘𝐻𝑧
(c) PM, with ∆𝜃 = 1 radian and ∆𝜃 = 𝜋 radian.
Q21: A FDM system uses SSB – SC modulation and FM main carrier modulation.
There are forty (40) equal bandwidth voice input channels, each bandlimitted to
3.3 𝑘𝐻𝑧. A 0.7 𝑘𝐻𝑧 guard band is allowed between channels and below the
first channel:
(a) Determine the final transmission bandwidth if the peak frequency
deviation is 800KHz.
(b) Compute the degradation in signal to noise of nput No.40 when
compared to the input No.1 (Assume a white main spectral density to the
discriminator and no deemphasis).
Ans: (a) 1.92 MHz (b) 36 dB.
Q22: Prove that NBFM requires the same transmission bandwidth as the AM.

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