BRAHMDEVDADA MANE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SOLAPUR

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

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Class TY Btech Subject:CS324 - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

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Unit 1 – Overview
Artificial Intelligence

What is Artificial Intelligence?

In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch with
different new technologies day by day.

Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial

Intelligence which is ready to create a new revolution in the world by making
intelligent machines.The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently
working with a variety of subfields, ranging from general to specific, such as self-
driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.

AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a
great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where

Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI
means "a man-made thinking power."

So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines

which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as
learning, reasoning, and solving problems

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

 o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as
Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new
things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and
requires lots of other factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we
should know that how intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible
part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving
perception, language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence
requires the following discipline:

o Mathematics
o Biology
o Psychology
o Sociology
o Computer Science
o Neurons Study
o Statistics

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less
errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or
information.
 o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision
making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess
game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can
be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the
users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a
self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to
communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

. Following are the disadvantages of AI:

o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it

requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI,
but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work
for which they are trained, or programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer,
but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional
attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the
proper care is not taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology,
people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their
mental capabilities.
 o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some
new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence
and cannot be creative and imaginative.

Application of AI

Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming

essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient
way in multiple industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education,
etc. AI is making our daily life more comfortable and fast.

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe
problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such
as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the
healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis
than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when
patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before
hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of
possible places.

4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance
industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence,
algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data
more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are
used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions
of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient
way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze
lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different
users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of
doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement
to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel
industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like
interaction with customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their
user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an
intelligent virtual assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars
which can make your journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general
robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but
with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks
with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
 o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the
intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed
which can talk and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with
some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of
ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs
or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and
time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is
emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics,
solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very
helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is
becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping
shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or
even brand.

13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI
chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which
will be accessible easily at any time and any place.

Agents in Artificial Intelligence

An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and its environment.
The agents sense the environment through sensors and act on their environment
through actuators. An AI agent can have mental properties such as knowledge,
belief, intention, etc.
What is an Agent?

An agent can be anything that perceiveits environment through sensors and act
upon that environment through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle
of perceiving, thinking, and acting. An agent can be:

o Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work
for sensors and hand, legs, vocal tract work for actuators.
o Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder,
NLP for sensors and various motors for actuators.
o Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as
sensory input and act on those inputs and display output on the screen.

Hence the world around us is full of agents such as thermostat, cellphone, camera,
and even we are also agents.

Before moving forward, we should first know about sensors, effectors, and
actuators.

Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends
the information to other electronic devices. An agent observes its environment
through sensors.

Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into
motion. The actuators are only responsible for moving and controlling a system.
An actuator can be an electric motor, gears, rails, etc.

Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can be
legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.
Intelligent Agents:

An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which act upon an environment using

sensors and actuators for achieving goals. An intelligent agent may learn from the
environment to achieve their goals. A thermostat is an example of an intelligent
agent.

Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:

o Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.

o Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.
o Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.
o Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.

Rational Agent:

A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference, models uncertainty, and
acts in a way to maximize its performance measure with all possible actions.

A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is about creating rational
agents to use for game theory and decision theory for various real-world scenarios.

For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI reinforcement

learning algorithm, for each best possible action, agent gets the positive reward and
for each wrong action, an agent gets a negative reward.

Types of AI Agents

Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of perceived
intelligence and capability. All these agents can improve their performance and
generate better action over the time. These are given below:
 o Simple Reflex Agent
o Model-based reflex agent
o Goal-based agents
o Utility-based agent
o Learning agent

1. Simple Reflex agent:

o The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents take
decisions on the basis of the current percepts and ignore the rest of the
percept history.
o Simple reflex agents ignore the rest of the percept history and act only on
the basis of the current percept. Percept history is the history of all that
an agent has perceived to date. The agent function is based on
the condition-action rule. A condition-action rule is a rule that maps a
state i.e, condition to an action. If the condition is true, then the action is
taken, else not.
o These agents only succeed in the fully observable environment.
o The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part of percepts history
during their decision and action process.
o The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it
maps the current state to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works
only if there is dirt in the room.
o Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
o They have very limited intelligence
o They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the current
state
o Mostly too big to generate and to store.
o Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
2. Model-based reflex agent

o The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable environment, and

track the situation.
o A model-based agent has two important factors:
o Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it
is called a Model-based agent.
o Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on
percept history.
o These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and based
on the model they perform actions.

It works by finding a rule whose condition matches the current situation. A model-
based agent can handle partially observable environments by the use of a model
about the world. The agent has to keep track of the internal state which is adjusted
by each percept and that depends on the percept history. The current state is stored
inside the agent which maintains some kind of structure describing the part of the
world which cannot be seen.
o Updating the agent state requires information about:
a. How the world evolves
b. How the agent's action affects the world.
3. Goal-based agents

o The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to

decide for an agent to what to do.
o The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
o Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by
having the "goal" information.
o They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
o These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions
before deciding whether the goal is achieved or not. Such considerations of
different scenario are called searching and planning, which makes an agent
proactive.
4. Utility-based agents

o These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an extra
component of utility measurement which makes them different by providing
a measure of success at a given state.
o Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve
the goal.
o The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible
alternatives, and an agent has to choose in order to perform the best action.
o The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how
efficiently each action achieves the goals.
5. Learning Agents

o A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its past
experiences, or it has learning capabilities.
o It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt
automatically through learning.
o A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
a. Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by learning
from environment
b. Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes
that how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance
standard.
c. Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
d. Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting
actions that will lead to new and informative experiences.
Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and look for
new ways to improve the performance.