COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTALS
AND PROGRAMMING
By Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer
LECTURE NO.1
INTRO TO COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS
 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;

printf(“Sum is %d", z); // Compare it with printf(“%d", z);

getchar();
return 0;
}
Sum is 12
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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z, m;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
m = x - y;

printf("Sum is %d", z);

printf("Difference is %d", m);

getchar();
return 0;
}
Sum is 12 Difference is -2
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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z, m;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
m = x - y;

printf("Sum is %d\n", z);

printf("Difference is %d", m);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Sum is 12
Difference is -2
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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z, m;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
m = x - y;

printf("Sum is %d\nDifference is %d", z, m); // two outputs in

//one printf
getchar();
return 0;
}
What’s output?

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 C IS HIGHLY CASE SENSITIVE

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z, Z;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
Z = x - y;
printf(“%d\n", z); // 12
printf(“%d", Z); // -2
getchar();
return 0;
}
//Note: Z is different from z.
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 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

Sequence Meaning
\a Bell (alert)
\b Backspace
\n Newline
\t Horizontal tab
\\ Backslash
\' Single quote
\" Double quotation

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 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

• The name reflects the fact that the backslash

causes an “escape” from the normal way
characters are interpreted.

• In this case, the n is interpreted not as the

character ‘n’ but as the new line character.

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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
Exercise
Try out various escape
int x, y, z, m;
sequences in this program.
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
m = x - y;

printf("Sum is %d\nDifference is %d", z, m);

getchar();
return 0;
}
Sum is 12
Difference is -2
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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x = 5, y = 7, z; // initialization with declaration

z = x + y;

printf(“%d", z);

getchar();
return 0;
}

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 “HELLO WORLD”
//Most of the people write this program first
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
printf ("Hello World");
getchar();
return 0;
}

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 MORE ABOUT PRINTF()
• The printf function is used to output information
(both data from variables and text) to standard
output.
• It takes a format string and parameters for output.
a = 10;
b = 20;
• printf("The number is %d", a);

• printf("The numbers are %d and %d",a,b);

• printf("The numbers are %d and %d",a,b*3);

• printf("The numbers are %d and %d",a,b);

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 MORE ABOUT PRINTF()
• The printf function is used to output information
(both data from variables and text) to standard
output.
• It takes a format string and parameters for output.
a = 10;
b = 20;
• printf("The number is %d", a);
The number is 10
• printf("The numbers are %d and %d",a,b);
The numbers are 10 and 20
• printf("The numbers are %d and %d",a,b*3);
The numbers are 10 and 60
• printf("The numbers are %d and %d",a,b);
The numbers are 10 and 20
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 MORE ABOUT PRINTF()
The format string contains:
– Literal text: is printed as is without variation
– Escaped sequences: special characters
preceeded by \
– Conversion specifiers: % followed by a single
character
• Indicates (usually) that a variable is to be
printed at this location in the output stream.
• The variables to be printed must appear in the
parameters to printf following the format
string, in the order that they appear in the
format string.

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 C DOESN’T CARE ABOUT SPACES
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
Both of these
int main ( ) int programs are
{ main
printf ("Hello World”); (
the same as far as
) your compiler is
return 0; { concerned.
} printf
(
"Hello World" We SHOULD lay
) out our C program
;
return to make them look
0 nice.
;
}

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 C DOESN’T CARE ABOUT SPACES
In the most general sense, a statement is a part of
your program that can be executed.
a = 10;
An expression is a statement.
a = a+1;
A function call is also a statement.
printf("%d”, a);
Other statements ……
C is a free form language, so you may type the
statements in any style you feel comfortable:
a=
a+
1;
a = a + 1; a = 6;
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 C STATEMENTS
Some Suggestions
• DO: Use block braces on their own line. It is
easy to find the beginning and end of a block.
– This makes the code easier to read.
{
printf ("Hello, ");
printf ("world");
}
• AVOID: spreading a single statement across
multiple lines if there is no need.
– Try to keep it on one line.
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 NAMES OF C VARIABLES

• A good name for your variables is important

• Variables in C can be given any name made from numbers,
letters and underscores which is not a keyword and does
not begin with a number.
• Names may contain letters, digits and underscores
• The first character must be a letter or an underscore.
• First 31 characters are significant
(too long name is as bad as too short).
• Are case sensitive:
– abc is different from ABC
• Must begin with a letter or underscore and the rest can be
letters, digits, and underscores.

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 NAMES OF C VARIABLES

present, hello, y2x3, r2d3, ... /* OK */

_1993_tar_return /* OK but not good */
Hello#there /* illegal */
int /* shouldn’t work */
2fartogo /* illegal */

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 NAMES OF C VARIABLES

int a; int chairs;

int d; int no_students;
/* It is like
cryptic */ /* It is better */

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 NAMES OF C VARIABLES

Suggestions regarding variable names

• DO: use variable names that are descriptive
• DO: adopt and stick to a standard naming convention
– sometimes it is useful to do this consistently for the
entire software development site

• AVOID: variable names starting with an underscore

– often used by the operating system and easy to miss
• AVOID: using uppercase only variable names
– generally these are pre-processor macros (later)

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 NAMES OF C VARIABLES

• C keywords cannot be used as variable

names.
• Sometimes called reserved words.
• Are defined as a part of the C language.
• Can not be used for anything else!
• Examples:
– int
– while
– for
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 KEYWORDS OF C
• Flow control (6) – if, else, return, switch,
case, default

• Loops (5) – for, do, while, break, continue

• Common types (5) – int, float, double, char,
void

• Structures (3) – struct, typedef, union

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 COMMENTS

• Can be used to write title of the program, author

details etc.

• To guide a programmer. To write a note for function,

operation, logic etc. in between a program.

• Non-executable statement.

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 COMMENTS
Comments: /* This is a comment */
Use them!
Comments should explain:
• special cases
• the use of functions (parameters, return values, purpose)
• explain WHY your code does things the what it does.
• Can’t be nested.
e.g:- /* Hello /* abc */ Hi */ ERROR.

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 COMMENTS

• Ideally, a comment with each variable name

helps people know what they do.

• In Lab work, I like to see well chosen variable

names and comments on variables.

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 MORE ON COMMENTS

For a single line comments, you may use //

For a single line or multiple lines comments, /* comments */ is
used.
A few examples of comments
/* This program calculates area of a rectangle
This program is developed by Mr. XYZ */
length = 5; // in km
width = 3; // in km

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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( ) //OUR FIRST C
{ PROGRAM
int x, y, z;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;

printf(“%d", z);

getchar();
return 0;
}

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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z;

scanf ( "%d", &x);

scanf ( "%d", &y);

z = x + y;
printf("Sum is %d", z);
getchar();
getchar(); return 0;
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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z;
printf("This program adds two integer values\n");

printf ("Enter 1st Integer Value: ");

scanf ( "%d", &x);

printf ("Enter 2nd Integer Value:");

scanf ( "%d", &y);

z = x + y;
printf("Sum is %d", z);
getchar();
getchar(); return 0;
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 #include <stdio.h>
EXAMPLE
int main ()
{
int num, square;
printf ("Enter an integer value please: ");
scanf ( "%d", &num);
square = num*num;
printf ("Square of your entered number %d is %d\n", num,
square);

getchar();
return 0;
}

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 READING NUMERIC DATA WITH SCANF

• Reading input from keyboard

• scanf can be used like printf but to read instead of write.
• The scanf function is the input equivalent of printf
– A C library function in the <stdio.h> library
– Takes a format string and parameters, much like printf
– The format string specifiers are nearly the same as those used
in printf
• Examples:
scanf ("%d", &x); /* reads a decimal integer */
• The ampersand (&) is used to get the “address” of the
variable (Later)
– If we use scanf("%d",x) instead, the value of x is passed. As a
result, scanf will not know where to put the number it reads.

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 READING NUMERIC DATA WITH SCANF
• Reading more than one variable at a time:
– For example:
int n1, n2, n3;
scanf("%d%d%d",&n1,&n2,&n3);
– Use white spaces to separate numbers when input (or
enter each value one by one; both are OK)
5 10 22
• In the format string:
– You can use other characters to separate the
numbers int no_students, no_chairs;
scanf(“%d%d", &no_students, &no_chairs);
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 #include <stdio.h> EXAMPLE
int main( )
{
int value1, value2, sum, product ;
printf("Enter two integer values: ") ;
scanf("%d %d", &value1, &value2) ;
sum = value1 + value2 ;
product = value1 * value2 ;
printf("Sum is = %d \n\nProduct = %d\n", sum, product) ;
getchar();
getchar();
return 0 ;
}

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 EXAMPLE
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
float radius = 3.1, area;

area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;

printf ("Area = %f", area);

getchar();
return 0;
}

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 EXAMPLE

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
float radius, area;
printf ("Enter the value of radius: ");
scanf ( "%f", &radius);

area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;

printf ("Area = %f", area);
getchar();
return 0;

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} Computer Fundamentals and Programming 42
 EXAMPLE
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
double radius, area; // double is used for more precision
printf ("Enter the value of radius ");
scanf ( "%lf", &radius);

area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;

printf ("Area = %lf", area);
getchar();
return 0;

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} Computer Fundamentals and Programming 43
 CHARACTERS
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
char x = ‘h’; // Compare it with int x = 10

printf(“Character x is %c\n", x); // note the use of %c

getchar();
return 0;

}
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 // How to read a character and store in a variable
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char x ;

printf(“Enter a character”);

scanf(“%c",&x); // note the use of %c and &

printf(“ You entered %c\n", x); // note the use of %c

getchar();
return 0;
}
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 DATA TYPES IN C

• We must declare the type of every variable we

use in C.
• Every variable has a type (e.g. int) and a name
(e.g. no_students), i.e. int no_students
• Basic data types in C
– char: a single byte, capable of holding one
character
– int: an integer of fixed length, typically reflecting
the natural size of integers on the host
machine (i.e., 32 or 64 bits)
– float: single-precision floating point
– double: double precision floating point
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 DATA TYPES IN C

• Floating-point variables represent numbers

with a decimal place—like 9.3, 3.1415927,
0.0000625, and –10.2.
• They have both an integer part to the left of
the decimal point, and a fractional part to the
right.
• Floating-point variables represent what
mathematicians call real numbers.

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 CONVERSION SPECIFIERS
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x = 5;
printf(“\n x is %d", x); // %d is format specifier
getchar();
return 0;
}
Format specifiers are used in printf function for printing
numbers and characters. A format specifier acts like a place
holder, it reserves a place in a string for numbers and
characters.
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 CONVERSION SPECIFIERS
Specifier Meaning
%c Single character
%d Decimal integer
%f Decimal floating point number
%lf Decimal floating point number (double)
There must be one conversion specifier for each argument
being printed out.
• Ensure you use the correct specifier for the type of data you
are printing.
• Format specifiers are used in printf function for printing
numbers and characters. A format specifier acts like a place
holder, it reserves a place in a string for numbers and
characters.
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 VARIABLE DECLARATION

• Generic Form
typename varname1, varname2, ...;

• Examples:
int count, x, y, z;
float a, b;
double percent, total, average;

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 VARIABLE DECLARATION

Initialization
ALWAYS initialize a variable before using it
Failure to do so in C is asking for trouble
The value of an uninitialized variables is undefined in the C standards
Examples:

int count; /* Set aside storage space for count */

count = 0; /* Store 0 in count */
• This can be done at definition:
int count = 0;
double percent = 10.0, rate = 0.56;

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 EXAMPLE
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
float radius, area;
printf ("Enter the value of radius ");
scanf ( "%f", &radius);

area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;

printf ("Area = %f", area);

getchar();
return 0;
}
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 READING NUMERIC DATA WITH SCANF
– For example:
int n1, n2,x;
float f, rate;
scanf ("%d",&x); /*reads a decimal integer */
scanf ("%f",&rate); /*reads a floating point value*/
scanf("%d%d%f",&n1,&n2,&f);
Use white spaces to separate numbers when
input.
5 10 20.3 then press Enter Key

OR, you can also enter these values one by one

by pressing enter Key. Both are OK.

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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x;
x = 5;
printf(“%d\n", x);

x = x + 3; // updation of x value
printf(“%d\n", x);

printf(“%d\n", x*6);

printf(“%d\n", x);
getchar();
return 0;
}
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 #include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x;
x = 5;
printf(“%d\n", x); // 5

x = x + 3;
printf(“%d\n", x); // 8

printf(“%d\n", x*6);// 48

printf(“%d\n", x); // 8
getchar();
return 0;
}
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