PHYSICS

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 1

SECTION – A

Q. 1. (i) (c) the frictional force between the tyres and road

(ii) (c) halved

(iii) (c) Widths of non-central bright fringes

(iv) (c) the band gap of the material of the semiconductor

(v) (c) Energy

(vi) (a) 0.149 × 107

(vii) (c) 0.2 A

 + 2 3 
ε0A k1 k k
(viii) (c)
d 2 k2 + k3
(ix) (d) n = 8 to n = 7

(x) (c) 5 cm

Solutions : (Rough work)

D 1
(vi) RP = = = 0.149 × 107
1.22λ 1.22 × 5.5 × 10−7

−dϕ −d 2
(vii) e = = (5t − 4t + 1) = −10t + 4
dt dt

e −10t + 4
Now, I = =
R 10
−10(0.2) + 4 2
At, t = 0.2 second, I = = = 0.2 A
10 10


mv sin θ 1.6 × 10−27 × 2 × 107 × sin 30°
(x)r = = m = 5 cm.
qB 1.6 × 10−19 × 2

Q. 2. (i) The motion of earth around the sun is periodic.

(Oscillatory motion is to and fro or up and down motion about mean position.)
(ii) V0 is independent of intensity.
(iii) Kirchhoff ‘s laws are applicable to both AC and DC circuits (networks). For AC
circuits, the instantaneous currents and voltages are considered in the summations.
(iv) Hydrogen has three isotopes, namely, hydrogen (11H), deuterium (12D) and tritium
(13T).
n2 L1 n2 1
(v) L2 = 1.1L1 and = ∴ =
n1 L2 256 1.1

256
∴ n2 = = 232.7 Hz
1.1

PHYSICS 1
 1
LC
(vi) Angular frequency = 2πf =

1
81 × 10−3 × 10 × 10−6
=

10
= × 103 rad/sec
9
The angular frequency of free oscillations is 1.1 × 103 rad per second.

(vii) (a) There is no transfer of heat as the system (gas) is isolated.

(b) The work is done on the gas.
(viii) Bismuth is diamagnetic because its permeability is less than 1.

SECTION – B

Q. 3. Stationary waves Beats

1. These are formed due to interference, 1. These are formed due to interference
under certain conditions, between two between two progressive waves which
identical progressive waves travelling need not be travelling in opposite
in opposite directions. directions.
2. Interfering waves must have the same 2. Interfering waves must have slightly
frequency. different frequencies.
3. At a given point, the amplitude is 3. At a given point, the amplitude changes
constant. with time.
4. Nodes and antinodes are produced. 4. There is waxing and waning of
resultant intensity.
5. The resultant wave does not travel in 5. The resultant wave travels in the
any direction. forward direction.
6. There is no energy transport through 6. There is energy transport through the
the medium. medium.

(Any two distinguishing points)

Q. 4. Step-down
transformer
Diode Voltage
Filter Vo
rectifier regulator
Vi

Vi : AC mains input (230 V/50 Hz), Vo : Constant DC output

Q. 5. Principle of superposition of waves : The displacement at a point due to the combined

effect of a number of waves arriving simultaneously at the point is the vector sum of the
displacements due to the individual waves arriving at the point.
Explanation : This is a general principle of linear systems applied to wave phenomena.
When two or more wave trains arrive at a point simultaneously, they interpenetrate
without disturbing each other. The resultant displacement at that point is the vector
sum of the displacements due to the individual waves arriving at the point. The amplitude

2 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 and phase angle of the resulting disturbance are functions of the individual amplitudes
and phases.

Q. 6. Angular acceleration : The time rate of change of angular velocity of a particle performing
circular motion is called the angular acceleration.
→ is the change in angular velocity in a short time interval δt, the angular
(i) If δω
acceleration
→ dω →
→ = lim δω
α =
δt→0 δt dt
→ →. We consider the case where a change
(ii) The direction of α is the same as that of dω
→ arises due to a change in its magnitude only. If the particle is speeding up,
in ω
→ is in the direction of ω
→. If the particle is
i.e. ω is increasing with time, then α
→.
slowing down, i.e. ω is decreasing with time, then →
α is directed opposite to ω
Increasing Decreasing

O O

(a) (b)

(iii) If the angular speed changes from ω1 to ω2 in time t, the magnitude of the average
ω − ω1
angular acceleration during this time interval is α = 2 .
t
Q. 7. Athermanous substances : An athermanous substance is one which is largely opaque
to thermal radiations, i.e. a substance which does not transmit heat radiations incident
on it. Its transmittance, t ≃ 0.

Diathermanous substances : A diathermanous substance is one which is largely

transparent to thermal radiations, i.e. through which heat radiations can pass. Its
transmittance, t ≃ 1.

Q. 8. (1) Advantage of radial magnetic field in a moving-coil galvanometer :

(i) As the coil rotates, its plane is always parallel to the field. That way, the deflecting
torque is always a maximum depending only on the current in the coil, but not
on the position of the coil.
(ii) The restoring torque is proportional to the deflection so that a radial field makes
the deflection proportional to the current. The instrument then has a linear
scale, i.e. the divisions of the scale are evenly spaced. This makes it particularly
straight forward to calibrate and to read.
(2) Producing radial magnetic field :
(i) The pole pieces of the permanent magnet are made cylindrically concave,
concentric with the rotation axis of the coil.
(ii) A soft iron cylinder is centred between the pole pieces so that it forms a narrow
cylindrical gap in which the sides of the coil can move.
Together, they produce a radial magnetic field; that is, the magnetic lines of force
in the gap are along radii to the central axis.

PHYSICS 3
Q. 9. Resistance Reactance

1. Resistance is opposition to flow of 1. The term reactance appears only in an

charges (current) and appears in a DC AC circuit. It occurs when an inductor
circuit as well as in an AC circuit. and/or a capacitor is used.
2. In a purely resistive circuit, current 2. When reactance is not zero, there is
and voltage are always in phase. nonzero phase difference between
current and voltage.
3. Resistance does not depend on the 3. Reactance depends on the frequency
frequency of AC of AC. In case of an inductor, reactance
increases linearly with frequency. In
case of a capacitor, reactance decreases
as frequency of AC increases; it is
inversely proportional to frequency.
4. Resistance gives rise to production of 4. In a circuit with pure reactance, there
Joule heat in a component. is no production of heat.

(Any two distinguishing points)

Q. 10. Data : E = 100 V/m, ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C2/N.m2, k = 1 (for air)

Let σ be the surface charge density on the cylinder.
σ
E= ∴ σ = Eε0k
ε0k
= 100 × 8.85 × 10−12 × 1
= 8.85 × 10−10 C/m2

Q. 11. Data : P = 10 Ώ, Q = 15 Ώ, S = 50 Ώ and R = 25 Ώ

Let x = resistance to be connected in parallel with S to balance the network.
Sx
The resistance of the parallel combination of S and x is .
S+x
∴ For the balanced network,
P R 10 25
= ∴ =
Q Sx 15 Sx
S+x S+x

Sx 25 × 15 75
∴ = =
S+x 10 2
S+x 2 1 1 1 1
∴ = = + = +
Sx 75 x S x 50
1 2 1 4−3 1
∴ = − = =
x 75 50 150 150
∴ x = 150 Ώ

Q. 12. (1) An AC generator or electric generator or dynamo converts mechanical energy into
electric energy, just the opposite of what an electric motor does.
(2) Principle : An ac generator works on electro-magnetic induction : When a coil of
wire rotates between two poles of a permanent magnet such that the magnetic flux
through the coil changes periodically with time due to a change in the angle between

4 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 the area vector and the magnetic field, an alternating emf is induced in the coil
causing a current to pass when the circuit is closed.

Q. 13. Data : P = 20 W, T = (273 + 727) K = 1000 K, σ = 5.7 × 10−8 W/m2.K4

P = σAT4
∴ The area of the hole,
P 20 log 20 = 1.3010
A= =
σT (5.7 × 10−8)(103)4
4
− log 5.7 = 0.7559
20 × 10−4 0.5451
=
5.7
Antilog 0.5451 = 0.3509
= 3.509 × 10−4m2

Q. 14. Data : V = 15 V, VZ = 10 V, PZM = 500 mW, RL = 1000 Ώ

The rated maximum Zener current,
PZM 500 mW
IZM = = = 50 mA
VZ 10 V
The minimum current limiting resistance,
V − VZ 15 − 10
RS = = = 100 Ώ
IZM 0.05

SECTION – C

Q. 15. (1) Boyle’s law : At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a fixed mass of gas
is inversely proportional to its volume. If P and V denote the pressure and volume
of a fixed mass of gas, then, PV = constant at a constant temperature, for a fixed
mass of gas.
According to the kinetic theory of gases, the pressure exerted by the gas is
2
1 Nmvrms
P=
3 V
where N is the number of molecules of the gas, m is the mass of a single molecule,
vrms is the rms speed of the molecules and V is the volume occupied by the gas.

∴ PV =  mvrms× N
1 2 2
2 3
2
= (KE of a gas molecule) × N ... (1)
3
(2) For a fixed mass of gas, N is constant. Further, intermolecular forces are ignored so
that the corresponding potential energy of the gas molecules may be taken as zero.

Therefore, mv2rms is the total energy of a gas molecule and N  mv2rms is the
1 1
2 2
total energy of the gas molecules, which is proportional to the absolute temperature
of the gas. Then, the right-hand side of Eq. (1) will be constant if its temperature is
constant. Hence, it follows that PV = constant for a fixed mass of gas at constant
temperature, which is Boyle’s law.
→
Q. 16. Consider a test charge q0 in the electric field E of a source charge + Q. The electric
→
force acting on the test charge, q0E , is a conservative force. When the test charge is
moved in the field at constant velocity by some external agent, the work done by the

PHYSICS 5
 field on the charge is equal to the negative of the work done by the external agent
causing the displacement. Suppose an external agent moves the test charge without
acceleration from a point B, at a distance r1 from + Q, up to a point A, at a distance r.
+Q A B
q0
r
x
r1

A test charge moved from a point B to a point A in the field of a charge + Q

Since the electric field surrounding a point charge is not uniform, the electrostatic force
on q0 increases as it approaches Q. Consequently, the external agent has to exert on q0
a force of increasing magnitude and, for equal displacements, do increasing amount of
work. Because the force exerted varies along the path, we imagine the total displacement
→. The distance dx is
to be made up of a large number of infinitesimal displacements dx
→
so small that, at an average distance x from Q, the electrostatic force F on q0 has a
constant magnitude
1 Qq0
F=
4πε0 x2
→ →
over the distance dx. At every instant, the force by the external agent is F ext = − F .
Therefore, the infinitesimal work dW done by the external agent for the displacement
→ is
dx
→ → = F dx = − Fdx
dW = F ext . dx ext

1 Qq0
∴ dW = − dx
4πε0 x2
The total wok done by the external agent in moving the test charge from A up to B is
the line integral of dW between the limits x = r1 and x = r.
x=r r
−  dx
1 Qq0
W= dW =
x=∞ r1 4πε0 x2
r
1 dx
=− Qq0 2
4πε0 r1 x
r

Qq0 − 
1 1
=−
4πε0 x r
1

Qq0 − − − 
1 1 1
=−
4πε0 r r1

Qq0  − 
1 1 1
=
4πε0 r r1

 = ΔU

where ΔU = UA − UB is the change in the potential energy of the test charge in moving it
from the point B to the point A. Choosing the potential energy of q0 to be zero when it
is infinitely far away from Q, i.e. r1 = ∞, its electric potential energy at a distance r from
Q is
1 Qq0
U(r) =
4πε0 r

6 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 Thus, the electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges q1 and q2, a
distance r apart is
1 q1q2
U(r) =
4πε0 r

Q. 17. (1) When an electric current is passed through a resistor, electric energy is converted
into thermal energy. The reverse process, viz., conversion of thermal energy directly
into electric energy was discovered in 1822 by Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770-
1831) Estonian – German physicist and the effect is called the thermoelectric effect
or the Seebeck effect.
(2) If two different metals are joined to form a closed circuit (loop) and these junctions
are kept at different temperatures, a small emf that appears across the junctions is
called thermoemf and the pair of dissimilar metals forming the junctions is called
a thermocouple.
G

Bi
Sb Sb

Hot Cold
junction junction

Ice

Heat
Anitmony – bismuth thermocouple

For an antimony – bismuth thermocouple, the direction of the thermoelectric current is

from antimony to bismuth through the cold junction (ABC rule). For a copper-iron
couple, the direction of thermoelectric current is from copper to iron through the hot
junction. Seebeck effect is reversible, i.e., the direction of thermoelectric current reverses
if the hot and cold junctions are interchanged.
G

Fe
Cu Cu

Hot Cold
junction junction

Ice
Heat
Cu – Fe thermocouple

The thermoemf developed in a thermocouple when the cold junction is at 0 °C and the
1
hot junction is at T °C is given by E = αT + βT2 so that a graph of E versus T is a
2
parabola. Here α and β are called the thermoelectric constants (Seebeck coefficients).

Q. 18. Data : e = 40 sin (120πt) V, R = 100 Ώ

The equation of a sinusoidally alternating emf is e = e0 sin ωt
where e0 is the peak value of the emf.

PHYSICS 7
 Comparing the given expression with this, we get log 40 = 1.6021
e0 = 40 V − log 1.414 = 0.1504
e e
∴ The rms current, irms = rms = 0
2R
1.4517
R
Antilog 1.4517 = 28.29
40
2 × 100
= = 0.2828 A
28.29 × 10 − 2 = 0.2829

Comparing e = 40 sin (120 πt) with

e = e0 sin ωt, we get
ω = 2πf = 120 π
∴ f = 60 Hz
This is the frequency of the applied emf.

Q. 19. (1) An open tube manometer is a device to measure the pressure of a gas in a vessel.
It consists of a U-shaped tube containing a liquid (say, mercury) of density ρ, as
shown in fig.
(2) One end of the tube is connected to the vessel while the other end is open to the
atmosphere. The pressure p at point A is the (unknown) pressure of the gas in the
vessel. The pressure on the mercury column in the open tube is the atmospheric
pressure p0.
P0

Pressure, p

A B

Point B, at the same horizontal level as A, is at a depth h from the surface of mercury in
the open tube. Therefore, the pressure at B is p0 + ρgh.
The pressures at points A and B at the same liquid level being the same, equating the
unknown pressure p (at A) to the pressure at B.
p = p0 + ρgh

The pressure p is called the absolute pressure, and the difference in pressure p − p0 is
called the gauge pressure.

Q. 20. The following are the parts of a typical heat engine :

(1) Working substance : It can be (i) a mixture of fuel vapour and air in a gasoline
(petrol) engine or diesel engine (ii) steam in a steam engine. The working substance
is called a system.

8 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 (2) Hot and cold reservoirs : The hot reservoir is a source of heat that supplies heat
to the working substance at constant temperature TH. The cold reservoir, also
called the sink, takes up the heat released by the working substance at constant
temperature TC < TH.
(3) Cylinder and piston : The working substance is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with
(ideally) a movable, massless, and frictionless piston. The walls of the cylinder are
nonconducting, but the base is conducting. The piston is nonconducting. The piston
is connected to a crank shaft so that the work done by the working substance
(mechanical energy) can be transferred to the environment.

Q. 21. Data : N = 200, A = 2.5 × 10−4 m2, B = 0.8 T, I = 200 μA = 2 × 10−4 A, θ = 90°
W = ΔU = Uθ2 − Uθ1
(i) The work done to rotate through 90°,
W = U90° − U0° = −μB cos 90° −(−μB cos 0°)
= 0 + μB = (NIA)B (∵ μ = NIA)
2
= (200)(2 × 10 −4
A) (2.5 × 10−4
m ) (0.8 T)
= 8 × 10 −6
J = 8μJ

(ii) The work done to rotate further through 90°, so that the dipole moment is antiparallel
to the field,
W = U180° − U90° = −μB cos 180°−(−μB cos 90°)
= μB + 0 = (NIA)B = 8 μJ

Q. 22. Data : CV = 12.47 J/mol.K, n = 2, Tf − Ti = 20 K, R = 8.314 J/mol.K

(i) W = nR (Tf − Ti) = (2) (8.314) (20) J = 332.6 J
This is the work done by the gas on its surroundings.

(ii) Q = n CV (Tf − Ti) + W = [2 × 12.47 × 20] + 332.6

= 498.8 + 332.6 = 831.4 J
This is the heat supplied to the gas.

Q. 23. Malus’s law states that the intensity of plane-polarized light that passes through an
analyser varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the transmission axes
of the polarizer and analyser.
Consider an unpolarized light beam of frequency ν and wavelength λ, travelling along
→
the x-direction. The magnitude of its electric field (E ) is
E = E0 sin (kx − ωt)
2π →
where E0 = amplitude of the wave, ω = 2πν and k =. While E of this beam lies in the
λ
y − z plane, its direction is random. The intensity of the wave is proportional
to |E0|2.
This wave is passed through two polarises. The transmission axis of the first polarizer
→
is vertical (say), i.e. along the y-axis. If E0 makes an angle ϕ with the axis of the
polarizer, its component E0 cos ϕ passes through while the component E0 sin ϕ is
blocked.

PHYSICS 9
 Polarizer

Incident
unpolarized
light E1
Analyser

Polarized E2
Polarizing or light
transmission
axis

The intensity of the plane-polarized wave emerging from the polarizer is proportional
to |E0 cos ϕ|2 averaged over all values of ϕ between 0 and 180°. As the average value
1
of cos2 ϕ over this range is , i.e. the transmitted intensity reduces by half.
2
→
The electric field (E1) of the plane-polarized wave emerging from the polarizer is
→
E1 = ĵ E10 sin (kx − ωt) ... (1)

where E10 is the amplitude of this polarized wave. The intensity of the polarized wave,
I1 ∝ |E10|2 ... (2)

This wave passes through the second polarizer (analyser) whose polarization axis
(transmission axis) makes an angle θ with the y-direction. So, with only the component
E10 cos θ passed by the analyser, the amplitude of the transmitted wave is E20 = E10
cos θ and its intensity,
I2 ∝ |E20|2

∴ I2 ∝ |E10|2 cos2θ

∴ I2 = I1 cos2θ ... (3)

which is Malus’s law.

Q. 24. Data : R = 2 mm = 2 × 10−3 m, n = 106, T = 0.48 N/m

R R
Here, r = R = 3
n 10
= 2
3 6 10
∴ Increase in surface area = 4π (nr2 − R2)
log (0.48) = 1.6812
= 4π 106 × − R2
R2
104 + log (99) = 1.9956
  = 4π (100 − 1)R 2
+ log 3.142 = 0.4972
= 99 × 4πR 2
+ log 4 = 0.6021
∴ The work done + log 4 = 0.6021
−3 2
= 0.48 × 99 × 4 × 3.142 (2 × 10 ) 3.3782
−3
= 2.389 × 10 J = 2.389 m J Antilog 3.3782 = 2.389 × 103

Q. 25. Data : x1 = 20 sin (8πt) cm = A1 sin (ωt + α),

x2 = 10 sin (8πt + π/2) cm = A2 sin (ωt + β)
∴ A1 = 20 cm, A2 = 10 cm, α = 0, β = π/2
(i) Resultant amplitude,
R= A21 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cos (α − β)

10 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 = (20)2 + (10)2 + 2 × 20 × 10 × cos(0 − π/2)
= 500 = 105
= 22.37 cm
(ii) Initial phase of resultant SHM,

δ= tan−1  
A1 sin α + A2 sin β
A1 cos α + A2 cos β

= tan−1  
20 sin (0) + 10 sin (π/2)
20 cos (0) + 10 sin (π/2)

= tan−1   = 18°26'
1
3

Q. 26. (1) Definition : The intensity of sound at a point is the time rate of flow of sound energy
passing normally through a unit area at that point.
(2) SI unit : joule per second square metre(J/s.m2) or watt per square metre (W/m2).
(3) Difference between a musical sound and a noise :
A musical sound is pleasing to the listener while a noise is not. The pleasure derived
from a musical note is because it strikes the ear as a perfectly undisturbed, uniform
sound which remains unaltered as long as it exists. On the other hand, noise is
accompanied by a rapid, irregular but distinct, alternations of various kinds of
sounds.
A musical sound thus has a regularity or smoothness because the vibrations that
cause the sound are periodic. But the converse, that if the vibrations are regular the
sound is musical, is not always true. For example, a ticking clock does not produce
a musical note, or the definite note produced by a card held against the teeth of a
rotating toothed wheel is far from being pleasant to hear. Bearing such reservations in
mind, the essential difference between music and noise is that the former is produced
by periodic and continuous vibrations, while noise results from discontinuous sudden
and sharp sounds with no marked periodicity.

SECTION – D

Q. 27. Consider an electron accelerated from rest through a potential difference V. Let v be the
final speed of the electron. We consider the nonrelativistic case, v « c, where c is the
speed of light in free space. The kinetic energy acquired by the electron is
1 1
mv2 = (mv)2 = eV ... (1)
2 2m
where e and m are the electronic charge and mass (nonrelativistic).
Therefore, the electron momentum,
p = mv = 2meV ... (2)

The de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron is

h
λ= ... (3)
p

PHYSICS 11
 where h is Planck's constant,
log 6.63 = 0.8215
From Eqs. (2) and (3),
− log 8 = 0.9031
h
2m e V
λ= ... (4)
1.9184

Equation (4) gives the required expression. − log 1.672 = 0.2232

Data : λ = 0.08 Å = 8 × 10−12m, h = 6.63 × 10−34 J.s, 1.6952

m = 1.672 × 10−27kg, Antilog 1.6952 = 0.4957

h h 6.63 × 10−34 0.4957 × 10−34 + 12 + 27

λ= ∴ v= =
mv λm (8 × 10−12)(1.672 × 10−27) = 0.4957 × 105
∴ v = 4.957 × 104 m/s = 4.957 × 104m/s
This is the speed of the proton.

Q. 28. A large scale consequence of the magnetic behaviour of a ferromagnetic material under
different applied magnetic fields can be observed by placing an unmagnetized rod of the
material inside a solenoid. A current through the coil establishes the magnetizing field
H, which we take as the independent variable. By measuring the voltage induced in a
test coil wound alongside, we can determine changes in flux ϕ, and hence changes in B
inside the rod. B is measured in tesla while H is measured in ampere per metre.
Knowing B and H, we can always compute magnetization M. Customarily, B (rather than
M), is plotted as a function of H.

Magnetic
flux density,
B
a

c O f Magnetizing
field, H

e
d

a, d : Saturation magnetization; b, e : Magnetic remanence at H = 0; c, f : coercivity

Hysteresis cycle (loop)

Typical B − H plot during the following operations :

(1) Starting with an unmagnetized rod, B = 0 and H = 0 (Point O), H is increased until
it has the value corresponding to point a : Here the rod has reached its saturation
magnetization and B remains constant even with further increase in H. The lower
part of the curve Oa is governed by domain growth while the upper flattening part
is governed by domain rotation.
(2) Reduce H to zero (point b) : the curve does not retrace itself, as shown by the curve
ab. This irreversibility is called hysteresis. It is largely due to the domain boundary
movements being partially irreversible. If the current is simply switched off at this

12 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 point, the rod will have a residual magnetization as indicated by the non-zero value
of B, called retentivity or remanence, for H = 0. Essentially now B = μ0M, i.e. the rod
has acquired a permanent magnetization.
(3) Reverse H and increase it in magnitude until it has the value corresponding to point
c : Here B is zero. The corresponding reverse magnetizing field H is called coercivity.
(4) Increase H in reverse direction until saturation magnetization is reached (point d).
(5) Reduce H to zero again (point e).
(6) Reverse the current once more until point a is reached again.
The process of taking the magnetic material once through the hysteresis loop
abcdefa is called hysteresis cycle.

Q. 29. (1) Consider an inductor of self inductance L connected in a circuit. When the circuit
is closed, the current in the circuit increases and so does the magnetic flux linked
with the coil. At any instant, the magnitude of the induced emf is
di
e=L
dt
The power consumed in the inductor is
di .
p = ei = L i
dt
[Alternatively, the work done in moving a charge dq against this emf e is

∵
di dq
dw = edq = L . dq = Li.di = i
dt dt
This work done is stored in the magnetic field of the inductor, dw = du.]
The total energy stored in the magnetic field when the current increases from 0 to
I in a time interval from 0 to t can be determined by integrating this expression :
l l l
1
Um = ∫ Pdt = ∫ Li di = L ∫ i di = LI 2
0 0 0 2
which is the required expression for the stored magnetic energy.

(2) Data : LP = LS = 2 × 10−4H, M = 4 × 10−6H

M = K LP LS

The coupling coefficient is

M 4 × 10−6 4 × 10−6
LP LS (2 × 10 )
K= = = = 2 × 10−2
−4 2 2 × 10 −4

Therefore, the percentage of flux of the primary reaching the secondary is

0.02 × 100% = 2%

Q. 30. (1) Those nuclei which for certain combinations of neutrons and protons do not
spontaneously disintegrate are called stable nuclei.
(2) There are two aspects that decide the stability of a nucleus. Firstly, the existence
of nuclear energy levels implies certain configurations to achieve potential energy
minimum, and secondly, the balance of forces.
Just like energy levels in atoms, nuclear energy levels are filled in sequence
obeying the exclusion principle. Thus, there is a tendency for N to equal Z, or to
have both even Z and even N.

PHYSICS 13
 (3) Properties of the nuclear force :
(i) The nucleons in a nucleus are held together by the attractive strong nuclear
force. This force is much stronger than gravitational force and electromagnetic
force.
(ii) Nucleons interact strongly only with their nearest neighbours because the nuclear
force has an extremely short range. Gravitational force and electromagnetic force
are long range forces. They tend to zero only when the separation between two
particles tends to infinity.
(iii) Inside a nucleus, this force appears to be the same between two protons, a
proton and a neutron, and two neutrons. However, between two protons there
is also Coulomb repulsion which has a much longer range and, therefore, has
appreciable magnitude throughout the entire nucleus. In nuclei having
2 ≤ Z ≤ 83, with neutrons present, the nuclear force is strong enough to
overcome the Coulomb repulsion. For light nuclei (A<20), N ≥ Z, but is never
smaller (except in 11H and 32H). However, with more than about 10 protons, an
excess of neutrons is required to form a stable nucleus; for high atomic numbers,
N/Z ≅ 1.6. For Z > 83, even an excess of neutrons cannot prevent spontaneous
disintegration and there are no stable nuclei.

Q. 31. (1) If T is the time period of a conical pendulum of string length L which makes a
constant angle θ with the vertical,

T = 2π 
L cosθ
g
where g is acceleration due to gravity at the place.

From the above expression, we can see that

(i) T ∝ L
(ii) T ∝ cos θ
(if θ increases, cos θ and T decrease)
1
g
(iii) T ∝

(iv) The period is independent of the mass of the bob.

(2) Data : I2 = 10 kg.m2

If the disc lies in the xy plane with its centre of mass at the origin then, according
to the theorem of perpendicular axes,
Ix + Iy = Iz
Since, Ix = Iy, 2Ix = I2,
∴ Its MI about a diameter
I 10
Ix = z = = 5 kg.m2
2 2
__________

14 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)