DATA

COLLECTION
AND
ORGANIZATION
Data
- are facts, set of information or
observation under a study.
 Sources of Data
vPRIMARY DATA are information gathered directly
from the source.
vSECONDARY DATA are gathered from the secondary
sources, such as books, encyclopedia, journals,
magazines and research or studies conducted by other
individual.
 Ways of
Collecting
Data
1. Direct or Interview Method
vIn this, method, the researcher has a direct contact with the
interviewee.
vThe researcher obtains information needed by asking
questions and inquiries from the interviewee.
vResearcher can get more accurate
answers or responses since clarification
can be made if the interviewee or
respondent does not understand the
question.
2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method
vThis method makes use of a written
questionnaire.
vThe researcher gives or distributes the
questionnaire to the respondents either by
personal delivery or by mail.
vUsing this method, the researcher can save a lot of time and
money in gathering the information needed because
questionnaires can be given to a large number of respondents at
the same time.
vThe researcher cannot expect that all distributed
questionnaires will be retrieved.
 Characteristics of a good
questionnaire:
1. It should contain short letter to the respondents
which includes:
v The purpose of the study,
v An assurance of confidentiality, and
v The name of the researcher
 Characteristics of a good
questionnaire:
2. There is a title name for the questionnaire.
3. It is designed to achieve the objectives.
4. The directions are clear.
5. It is designed for easy tabulation.
6. It avoids the use of double negatives.
7. It avoids double- barreled questions.
Types of Questionnaire:
v Closed
Types of Questions:
v Open
v Multiple Choice
v Combination
v Scales
v Ranking
v Open-Ended
 3. Registration Method
v This method of collecting data is
governed by laws.
v Examples:
v Birth and death rates are registered by
the PSA for records and future use.
v Number of registered cars are registered
at the LTO
v List of registered voters in the
Philippines can be found at the
COMELEC.
4. Experimental Method
vThis method is usually used to find out cause
and effect relationships.
vScientific researchers, often use this method.
vExample: Agriculturists, would like to know
the effect of a new brand of fertilizer on the
growth of plants. The new kind of fertilizer
will be applied to ten sets of plants, while
another set of ten plants will be given
ordinary/other brand of fertilizer. The growth
of plants will then be compared to determine
which fertilizer is better.
5. Observation
vThis method makes use of the different human
senses in gathering information.
vThis is used to monitor participants in a specific
situations and environment at a given time and
day.
vBasically, you observe the behavior of
the surrounding environments or
people that are being studied.
 Identify the most appropriate method(s) of collecting data to
be used in each of the following scenario.

v The changes in the behavior of drug dependents.

v The number of private and public utility vehicles in the
Santiago City.
v The recreational activities of 2nd year students and its relative
effects to their study habits.
v The reaction of some students on the passed result of their bar
exam.
v Evaluating the impact of lack of sleep on driving ability.
v A fast food chain wants to know the customer satisfaction
about their place and product.
ORGANIZATION
AND
PRESENTATION
OF DATA
The study of statistics begins with the collection of data or
measurements. Data collected should be organized
systematically for easier and faster interpretation.
They maybe presented in any of the following forms:
1. textual form
2. graphical forms
3. tabular form
1. Textual Form
1. The data are presented in words to form a
paragraph.
2. The textual form can be used if the data to be
presented if few.
3. The tabular and graphical forms are used when
more detailed information about the data is to be
presented.
2. Graphical Form
vIt presents the nature or characteristics of
numerical data.

vStatistics provide single values to

represent data sets, but graphs are another
tool for analyzing data. Graphs represent
data visually, and serve to make trends in
data more clear. There are three main types
of graphs: line graphs, bar graphs, and pie
charts.
 Bar Graphs
vThis is used to show relative sizes of data.
Bars drawn proportional to the data may be
horizontal or vertical. This is used to show the
comparison of nominal data, such as
nationality, sex, religion etc. and numerical
data such as population.
Example:
Example:
 Line Graph
vA graph that shows a line joining several points, or a line that shows
the relationship between the points.

vIt used to show change over time.

Pie Charts
vIt is a circular graph
that is useful in
showing how a total
quantity is
distributed among a
group of categories.
TYPES OF GRAPHS
Bar Graphs: Used to compare
groups
Line Graphs: Used to show
changes over time
Pie Graphs: Used to depict
parts of a whole.
3. Tabular Form
A table is used when you want to present a data in a systematic
and organized manner so that reading and interpretation will
be simpler and easier.
When a table is used, you must consider the following parts:
1. Table number
2.Table Title
3.Column header
4.Row classifier
5.Body of the table
6.Source note
Parts of a Table
Table 3
Distribution of students Hogwarts School
1.Table number According to Year Level
2.Table Title Number of
Year Level
3.Column header Students
4.Row classifier Freshman 350
Sophomore 300
5.Body of the
table Junior 250
Senior 200
6.Source note
Total 1,100
Source: Uls Registrar
 Example:
Table 1
University of La Salette High School Enrollment,
SY: 2022-2023
Year Level Male Female
First 430 520
Second 197 216
Third 187 227
Fourth 176 215
Total 990 1178
• You will observe that the table above shows clearly the enrolment data in ULS High
School for the school year 2023-2024.
 Another type of tabular presentation is the frequency table
also known as a frequency distribution. It is an arrangement
of the data that shows the frequency of occurrence of
different values of the variables.

A frequency table is constructed by listing the

measurements from highest to lowest, then making
tally marks to record how often each number occurs.
After tallying, count the marks and record them in the
proper column.
Frequency
qrefers to the number of times each score or event
occurs
qUngrouped frequency distributions can be useful
when you want to see how often each individual value
occurs in a dataset.
Example 1:
The following are the scores of 10 students in their quiz released by
Mr. Simon 15, 17, 20, 15, 20, 17, 17, 14, 14, 20.

Score Tally Marks Frequency

14
15
17
20
Example 1:
The following are the scores of 10 students in their quiz released by
Mr. Simon 15, 17, 20, 15, 20, 17, 17, 14, 14, 20.

Score Tally Marks Frequency

14 II
15 II
17 III
20 III
Example 1:
The following are the scores of 10 students in their quiz released by
Mr. Simon 15, 17, 20, 15, 20, 17, 17, 14, 14, 20.

Score Tally Marks Frequency

14 II 2
15 II 2
17 III 3
20 III 3
N = 10
 Example 2:
• The scores obtained in 20 throws of a dice are:
5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 2, 4

Score Tally Marks Frequency

1 III 3
2 IIII 5
3 III 3
4 IIII 4
5 II 2
6 III 3
N = 20
 What is Percentage?
qcalculated by taking the frequency in the category
divided by the total number of participants and
multiplying by 100%.
Example 3:
The following are the scores of 10 students in their quiz released by Mr.
•

Chris 15, 17, 20, 15, 20, 17, 17, 14, 14, 20.

Score Tally Marks Frequency Percentage

14 II 2 20%
15 II 2 20%
17 III 3 30%
20 III 3 30%
10 100%
N = 10
Example 4:
• The scores obtained in 20 throws of a dice are:5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 3, 2, 1, 4,
3, 2, 2, 4
Score Tally Marks Frequency Percentage
1 III 3 15%
2 IIII 5 25%
3 III 3 15%
4 IIII 4 20%
5 II 2 10%
6 III 3 15%
20 100%
Try!
The scores of 45 students on a 20-point Science quiz are as follows:
17 20 15 18 19 16 11 10 15 16
12 12 13 14 11 10 14 13 12 11
13 15 14 10 15 16 17 17 18 20
20 18 19 19 18 17 16 15 12 12
13 14 15 19 20

Prepare a frequency table for the set of data.

 Frequency Distribution Tables – Grouped Data

A frequency distribution table is a distribution of the

total number of measures or frequencies over
arbitrarily defined categories or classes. The number
of measures falling under a class is called class
frequency.
Example:
The frequency distribution below shows the scores obtained by 300 students in an
English test of 50 items.

Lower Limit Upper Limit

30 - 34
Lower Boundary Upper Boundary
29.5 34.5
Class size (i) = Ub – Lb Class Class
Class size = 34.5 – 29.5 = 5 Intervals Frequency

Class mark = (Lower limit + upper limit)/2

Class mark = (30 + 34)/2 = 32
 Using the scores of 40 students in a 100-item
mathematics test. Construct a grouped frequency
distribution.
98 89 86 82 79
94 89 86 82 78
93 88 86 81 78
92 88 84 81 76
92 88 84 80 74
92 87 84 80 74
91 87 83 80 72
90 86 82 79 70
 Class Size
Range: Highest Score – Lowest
Score
: 98 – 70
R: 28
!"
Class Size: = 2.8 𝑜𝑟 3
#$
The Grouped Data is Shown Below
Class Interval Tally Frequency
97-99 I 1
94-96 I 1
91-93 IIII 5
88-90 IIII-I 6
85-87 IIII-I 6
82-84 IIII-II 7
79-81 IIII-II 7
76-78 III 3
73-75 II 2
70-72 II 2
Using the test scores of 50 students in statistics.
Construct a grouped frequency distribution.

43 13 36 26 18 50 32
35 29 31 30 40 20 35
42 40 48 37 14 28
26 10 20 19 17 32
34 28 25 48 21 38
35 4 33 15 13 12
46 30 28 18 39 31
27 9 40 41 10 16
 Class Size
Range: Highest Score – Lowest
Score
: 50-4
R: 46
%&
Class Size: = 5.75 𝑜𝑟 6
"
The Grouped Data is Shown Below
Class Interval Tally Frequency
46-51 IIII 4
40-45 IIII-I 6
34-39 IIII-III 8
28-33 IIII-IIII-I 11
22-27 IIII 4
16-21 IIII-III 8
10-15 IIII-II 7
4-9 II 2
 Activity
The following are the marks gained by students in their math exam are
given below. Construct a grouped frequency distribution table with 6
class intervals.