MICROCONTROLLER

INSTRUCTION SET
Introduction

● An instruction is an order or command given

to a processor by a computer program. All
commands are known as instruction set and
set of instructions is known as program.
Instruction Format

● Where first part describes WHAT should be

done, while other explains HOW to do it.

● The latter part can be a data (binary number)

or the address at which the data is stored.

● Depending upon the number of bytes

required to represent 1 instruction
completely.
Addressing Modes

● Addressing modes specifies where the data

(operand) is. They specify the source or
destination of data (operand) in several
different ways, depending upon the situation.

● Addressing modes are used to know where

the operand located is.
Addressing Modes

● There are 5 types of addressing modes:

1. Register addressing.
2. Direct addressing.
3. Register indirect addressing.
4. Immediate addressing.
5. Index addressing.
Register Addressing Mode

● In register addressing mode; the source

and/or destination is a register.

● In this case; data is placed in any of the 8

registers(R0-R7); in instructions it is specified
with letter Rn (where N indicates 0 to 7).
Register Addressing Mode

● For example;

1. ADD A, Rn (This is general instruction).

2. ADD A, R5 (This instruction will add the

contents of register R5 with the accumulator
contents).
Direct Addressing Mode

● In direct addressing mode; the address of

memory location containing data to be read is
specified in instruction.

● In this case; address of the data is given with

the instruction itself.
Direct Addressing Mode

● For example;

1. MOV A, 25H (This instruction will read/move

the data from internal RAM address 25H
and store it in the accumulator.
Register Indirect Addressing Mode

● In register indirect addressing mode; the

contents of the designated register are used
as a pointer to memory.

● In this case; data is placed in memory, but

address of memory location is not given
directly with instruction.
Register Indirect Addressing Mode

● For example;

1. MOV A,@R0 This instruction moves the

data from the register whose address is in
the R0 register into the accumulator.
Immediate Addressing Mode

● In immediate addressing mode, the data is

given with the instruction itself.

● In this case; the data to be stored in memory

immediately follows the opcode.
Immediate Addressing Mode

● For example;

1. MOV A, #25H (This instruction will move the

data 25H to accumulator.
Index Addressing Mode

● Offset (from accumulator) is added to the

base index register( DPTR OR Program
Counter) to form the effective address of the
memory location.

● In this case; this mode is made for reading

tables in the program memory.
Index Addressing Mode

● For example;

1. MOVC A, @ A + DPTR ( This instruction

moves the data from the memory to
accumulator; whose address is computed
by adding the contents of accumulator and
DPTR)
Types Of Instructions

1. Data transfer instructions.

2. Arithmetic instructions.
3. Logical instructions.
4. Logical instructions with bits.
5. Branch instructions.
Data Transfer Instructions

● These instructions move the content of one

register to another one.

● Data can be transferred to stack with the help

of PUSH and POP instructions.
Data Transfer Instructions

● MNEMONIC DESCRIPTION BYTES

● MOV A,Rn (A) (Rn) 1

● MOV A,Rx (A) (Rx) 2

● MOV A,@Ri (A) (Ri) 1

Data Transfer Instructions

● MOV A,#X (A) Data 2

● MOV Rn,A (Rn) (A) 1

● MOV Rn, Rx (Rn) (Rx) 2

Data Transfer Instructions

● MOV Rn, #X (Rn) Data 2

● MOV Rx, A (Rx) (A) 2

● MOV Rx, Rn (Rx) (Rn) 2

Data Transfer Instructions

● MOV Rx, Ry (RX) (Ry) 3

● MOV Rx, @ Ri (Rx) (Ri) 2

● MOV Rx, # X (Rx) Data 3

Data Transfer Instructions

● MOV @ Ri, A (Ri) (A) 1

● MOV @ Ri, Rx (Ri) (Rx) 2

● MOV @ Ri, #X (Ri) Data 2

Data Transfer Instructions

● MOV DPTR, #X (DPTR) Data 3

● MOVC A @ (A) (A+DPTR) 1

A+DPTR

● MOVC A@ (A) (A+PC) 1

A+PC
Data Transfer Instructions

● MOVX A,@ Ri A (Ri) 1

● MOVX A, @ (A) (DPTR) 1

DPTR

● MOVX @Ri, A (Ri) (A) 1

Data Transfer Instructions

● MOVX @ (DPTR) (A) 1

DPTR, A

● PUSH Rx Push directly 2

addressed Rx register on stack

● POP Rx (A) (Rx) 2

Data Transfer Instructions

● XCH A, Rn (A) (Rn) 1

● XCH A, Rx (A) (Rx) 2

● XCH A, @Ri (A) (Ri) 1

Data Transfer Instructions

● XCHD Exchange 4 lower 1

bits in accumulator with indirectly
addressed register
; 8051 Assembly Code to Move a block
; of data from Internal to External RAM Location

ORG 0000H
MOV R1,#05 ;Counter
MOV R0,#30H ;Source
MOV DPTR,#2000H ;Destination
back:MOV A,@R0
MOVX @DPTR,A ;A->ext destn
INC R0 ;Source increment
INC DPTR ;destination increment
DJNZ R1,back
END
Arithmetic Instructions

● These instructions perform several basic

operations. After execution, the result is
stored in the first operand.

● 8 bit addition, subtraction, multiplication,

increment-decrement instructions can be
performed.
Arithmetic Instructions

● MNEMONICS DESCRIPTION BYTE

● ADD A, Rn A = A + Rn 1

● ADD A, Rx A = A + Rx 2

● AAD A, @ Ri A = A+ Ri 1
Arithmetic Instructions

● ADD A, # X A = A + Byte 2

● ADDC A, Rn A = A + Rn + C 1

● ADDC A , Rx A = A + Rx + C 2
Arithmetic Instructions

● ADDC A, @ Ri A = A + Ri + C 1

● ADDC A, # X A = A + Byte + C 2

● SUBB A, Rn A = A – Rn – 1 1
Arithmetic Instructions

● SUBB A, Rx A = A – Rx – 1 2

● SUBB A, @ Ri A = A – Ri – 1 1

● SUBB A, # X A = A – Byte – 1 2
Arithmetic Instructions

● INC A A=A+1 1

● INC Rn Rn = Rn + 1 1

● INC Rx Rx = Rx + 1 2
Arithmetic Instructions

● INC @ Ri Ri = Ri + 1 1

● DEC A A=A–1 1

● DEC Rn Rn = Rn – 1 1
Arithmetic Instructions

● DEC Rx Rx = Rx – 1 2

● DEC @ Ri Ri = Ri – 1 1

● INC DPTR DPTR = DPTR + 1 1

Arithmetic Instructions

● MUL AB B:A = A * B 1

● DIV AB A = [A/B] 1

● DA A Decimal adjustment of 1
accumulator according to BCD code
8051 Program to Multiply two 8 Bit
numbers
MOV R0, #20H;set source address 20H to R0
MOV R1, #30H;set destination address 30H to R1
MOV A, @R0;take the first operand from source to register A
INC R0; Point to the next location
MOV B,@R0;take the second operand from source to register B
MUL AB ;Multiply A and B
MOV @R1, B; Store higher order byte to 30H
INC R1; Increase R1 to point to the next location
MOV @R1, A;Store lower order byte to 31H
HALT: SJMP HALT ; Stop the program

A*B=16 bit value (B A)

WAP to compute x to the power n where both x and n are 8 bit
numbers given by user and the result should not be more than
16 bits.

ORG 0000H
MOV A, #02H (comment x=2)
MOV B,#03H (n=3)
MOV R0,B (move 03 to R0)
MOV R1,A (move 02 to R1)
MOV R2,#01 (for multiplying put R2=01)
L1: MOV A,R2 (move R2=1 to A)
MOV B,R1 (B=02)
MUL AB (Result =2)
DEC R0 (R0=3-1)
MOV R2,A (Result in A=2 moved to R2)
CJNE R0,#00H, L1 (Repeat till n=0)
MOV A,R2 (Result in R2 moved to A)
END
Logical Instructions

● These instructions perform logical operations

between two register contents on bit by bit
basis.

● After execution, the result is stored in the first

operand.
Logical Instructions

● MNEMONIC DESCRIPTION BYTE

● ANL A, Rn (A) (A) ^ (Rn) 1

● ANL A, Rx (A) (A) ^ (Rx) 2

● ANL A,@ Ri (A) (A) ^ (Ri) 1

Logical Instructions

● ANL A, # X (A) (8 bit data) ^ (A) 2

● ANL Rx, A (Rx) (A) ^ (Rx) 2

● ANL Rx,# X (Rx) (8 bit data) ^ (Rx) 3

Logical Instructions

● ORL A, Rn (A) (A) + (Rn) 1

● ORL A, Rx (A) (A) + (Rx) 2

● ORL A, @ Ri (A) (A) + (Ri) 2

Logical Instructions

● ORL Rx, A (Rx) (A) + (Rx) 2

● ORL Rx,# X (Rx) (8 bit data) + (Rx) 2

● XORL A, Rn Logical exclusive 1

OR operation between the contents of
accumulator and R register.
Logical Instructions

● XORL A, Rx Logical exclusive OR 2

operation between the contents of the
accumulator and directly addressed register
Rx.
● XORL A,@ Ri Logical exclusive OR 1
operation between the contents of the
accumulator and directly addressed register.
Logical Instructions

● XORL A, # X Logical exclusive OR 2

operation between the contents of
accumulator and the given 8 bit data.
● XORL Rx, A Logical exclusive OR 2
operation between the contents of the
accumulator and directly addressed register
Rx.
Logical Instructions

● XORL Rx, # X Logical exclusive OR 3

operation between the contents of the directly
addressed register Rx and the given 8 bit
data.
● CLR A (A) 0 1

● CPL A (A) (/A) 1

Logical Instructions

● SWAP A (A3-0) (A7-4) 1

● RL A (An + 1) (An) 1
(A0) (A7)
● RLC (An + 1) (An) 1
(A0) (C)
(C) (A7)
Logical Instructions

● RR A (An) (An + 1) 1
(A7) (A0)

● RRC A (An) (An + 1) 1

(A7) (C)
(C) (A0)
Logical Instructions On Bits

● Similar to logical instructions, these

instructions also perform logical operations.

● The difference is that these operations are

performed on single bits.
Logical Instructions On Bits

● MNEMONIC DESCRIPTION BYTE

● CLR C (C=0) 1

● CLR bit clear directly addressed bit 2

● SETB C (C=1) 1
Logical Instructions On Bits

● SETB bit Set directly 2

addressed bit

● CPL C (1 = 0, 0 = 1) 1

● CPL bit Complement directly 2

addressed bit
Logical Instructions On Bits

● ANL C, bit Logical AND operation 2

between Carry bit and directly addressed
bit.

● ANL C,/bit Logical AND operation 2

between Carry bit and inverted directly
addressed bit.
Logical Instructions On Bits

● ORL C, bit Logical OR operation 2

between Carry bit and directly addressed
bit.

● ORL C,/bit Logical OR operation 2

between Carry bit and inverted directly
addressed bit.
Logical Instructions On Bits

● MOV C, bit Move directly addressed 2

bit to carry bit.

● MOV bit, C Move Carry bit to directly 2

addressed bit.
Program Flow Control Instructions

● In this group, instructions are related to the

flow of the program, these are used to control
the operation like, JUMP and CALL
instructions.

● Some instructions are used to introduce

delay in the program, to the halt program.
Program Flow Control Instructions

● MNEMONIC DESCRIPTION BYTE

● ACALL adr11 (PC) (PC) + 2 2

(SP) (SP) + 1
((SP)) (PC7 – 0)
(SP) (SP) + 1
((SP)) (PC15-8)
Program Flow Control Instructions

● LCALL adr16 (PC) (PC) + 3 3

(SP) (SP) + 1
((SP)) (PC7-0)
(SP) (SP) + 1
((SP)) (PC15-8)
(PC) addr15-0
Program Flow Control Instructions

● RET (PC15-8) ((SP)) 1

(SP) (SP) – 1
(PC7-0) ((SP))
(SP) (SP) - 1
Program Flow Control Instructions

● RET1 (PC15-8) ((SP)) 1

(SP) (SP) – 1
(PC7-0) ((SP))
(SP) (SP) – 1

● AJMP addr11 (PC) (PC) + 2 1

(PC10-0) page address
Program Flow Control Instructions

● LJMP addr16 (PC) addr15-0 3

● SJMP rel short jump from 2

(from -128 to +127 locations in
relation to first next instruction)
Program Flow Control Instructions

● JC rel (PC) (PC) + 2 2

IF ( C ) = 1
THEN (PC) (PC) + rel

● JNC rel (PC) (PC) + 2 2

IF ( C) = 0
THEN (PC) (PC) + rel
Program Flow Control Instructions

● JB bit, rel Jump if addressed 3

bit is set. Short jump.

● JBC bit, rel Jump if addressed 3

bit is set and clear it.
Short jump.
Program Flow Control Instructions

● JMP @A + DPTR (PC) (A) + (DPTR) 1

● JZ rel (PC) (PC) + 2 2

IF (A) = 0
THEN (PC) (PC) + rel
Program Flow Control Instructions

● JNZ rel (PC) (PC) + 2 2

IF (A) = 0
THEN (PC) (PC) + rel

● CJNE A, Rx, rel Compare the contents 3

of acc. And directly addressed register Rx.
Jump if they are different. Short jump.
Program Flow Control Instructions

● CJNE A, #X, rel (PC) (PC) + 3 3

IF ( A) < > data
THEN (PC) (PC) + relative
offset
IF (A) < data
THEN ( C ) 1
ELSE ( C ) 0
Program Flow Control Instructions

● CJNE @ RI, # x, rel (PC) (PC) + 3 3

IF (Rn) <> data
THEN (PC) (PC) + relative
offset
IF (Rn) < data
THEN ( C ) 1
ELSE ( C ) 0
Program Flow Control Instructions

● CJNE @ Ri, # X, rel (PC) (PC) + 3 3

IF ((Ri)) <> data
THEN (PC) (PC) + relative
offset
IF ((Ri)) < data
THEN ( C ) 1
ELSE ( C ) 0
Program Flow Control Instructions

● DJNZ Rn , rel (PC) (PC) + 2 2

(Rn) (Rn) - 1
IF (Rn) > 0 or (Rn) < 0
THEN (PC) (PC) + rel
Program Flow Control Instructions

● DJNZ Rx, rel (PC) (PC) + 2 3

(Rx) (Rn) – 1
IF (Rx) > 0 or (Rx) < 0
THEN (PC) (PC) + rel

● NOP No operation 1
Summary

● Instruction set.
● Addressing modes.
● Data transfer instruction.
● Arithmetic instruction.
● Logical instruction.
● Logical operation on bits.