MK CARRIER GUIDELINES FOR NEET/JEE/KCET

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(PUC II Annual exam 2025 important questions
TWO MARK QUESTIONS (five questions fix)
1.State and explain Coulomb’s law in electrostatics.
2.Draw Wheatstone bridge circuit and write its condition for its balance.
3.What is magnetic susceptibility ?for which material it is low and positive ?
4.Explain Malu’s law for Polaroid’s .
5.write any two types electron emission
6.Write Coulomb’s law in vector form. Explain the terms
7.Mention the limitations of ohms law
8.Write the properties of magnetic field lines
9.Mention the applications of infrared rays
10.Current in a coil falls from 2.5A to 0.0A in 0.1second inducing an emf of 200V calculate the value self
inductance
11.The current in a coil of self inductance 5mH changes from 2.5Ato2.0A in 0.01second calculate the value of
self induced emf
12.What are isotopes and isobars ?
13.mention the application of Polaroid’s
14.on what factor capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is depends ?
15.state and explain ohms law
16.state and explain Faradays laws on electromagnetic induction
17.State Kirchhoff’s laws of electric network
18.Write the expression for magnetic potential energy of magnetic dipole kept in a uniform magnetic filed and
explain the terms
19.Give any two applications of x-rays
20.Write any two characteristics(properties) of nuclear force
21.Write the expression for drift velocity in terms of current explain the terms
22.Write the expression for the speed of light in terms µ 0 and ε0 explain the terms used
23.Write the ray diagram for formation of image in the simple microscope
24.Write the expression for de Broglie wave length of electrons in terms of electro potential and explain the
terms used
25.Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor
26.State and explain Gauss’s law in electrostatic
27.What is displacement current ?write its expression
28.Write the properties of photos
29.Write observation of alpha ray scattering experiment
30.Mention the limitations of Thomson atomic model
NOTE:ANSWERS FOR 2M 3M 5M QUESTIONS REFER MY ANOTHER PDF ALONG WITH NUMERICAL FROM CURRENT
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 MK CARRIER GUIDELINES FOR NEET/JEE/KCET
THREE MARK QUESTIONS(five questions fix)
1. Obtain the expression for torque on a dipole placed in uniform external electric field.
2.Write properties of electric field lines
3.Write properties of charges
4. Derive the relation between the electric field and potential for a point charge.
5. Obtain the expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor without dielectric medium.
6. Derive the expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected in series.
7. Derive the expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected in parallel.
8. Derive an expression for magnetic field due to a straight conductor of infinite length carrying current using
Ampere’s circuital law
9. State and explain Biot-savart’s law
10. With circuit diagram explain how can a galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter?
11. Derive an expression for motional emf when a conductor is moving perpendicular to the magnetic field.
12. With circuit diagram explain how can a galvanometer be converted into a Ammeter?
13.derive an expression for energy stored in an inductor(self inductance of coil )
14.explaincoil magnet experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction
15 Write the differences between diffraction and interference of light
16. Prove law of refraction of plane waves using Huygens principle
17. Prove law of reflection plane waves using Huygens principle
18 Derive an expression for effective focal length of combination of two thin lens
19. State Bohr’s Postulates.
20. Explain classification of solids on the basis of band theory
21. write the difference between paramagnetic ferromagnetic and diamagnetic substances
22.mention the energy losses in transformer
23.difference between n type and p type semiconductor
24.derive an expression for drift velocity in terms of electric current
24.state and explain Lenz’s law
25.Derive the expression for resonant frequency of series LCR circuit.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS(three questions fix)
1. Derive the balancing condition for Wheatstone’s bridge
2. State Ohm’s Law. Deduce Ohm’s law in vector form J=σE
3. Derive an expression for intensity of magnetic field at any point on the axis of circular loop
4. Derive the expression for magnetic force between two parallel conductors carrying current ,hence define ampere
5. Derive Lens maker formula
6. Obtain expressions for effective emf and effective internal resistance when two different cells are connected in
parallel.
7. a) what is rectifier?
b) draw circuit and wave form of half wave rectifier
c) explain the construction and working of half wave rectifier
8. a) what is rectification?
b) draw circuit and wave form of full wave rectifier
c) explain the construction and working of full wave rectifier
9. Derive the relation between u,v,n and R for spherical refracting surface
10. Give the theory of interferences and arrive the condition for constructive and destructive interference of light
11.Give Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Mention the experimental observation of Einstein’s Photoelectric effect.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS PDF IS SEPARATE
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II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer
Important 2 and 3 mark Questions and Answers
Sub : Physics MURGEHENDRA KATTIMANI Class : II PUC

1. Write any three properties of electric charge.

Ans: (i) Additivity of charges : The total charge of a system is the algebraicalgebra sum of all
individual charges in the system.
(ii) Conservation of charge : The total charge of an isolated system remains unchanged
with time.
(iii) Quantisation of charge : The total charge on a body is always integral multiple of a basic
quantum of charge ‘e’ i.e. =
(iv) Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other.
2. State and explain Coulomb’s law in electrostatics.
Ans: “The electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the
product of magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them and acts along the line joining the two charges
charges”.
Consider two point charges q1 and q2 separated by distance ‘r’ in vacuum. According to the
law the magnitude of force F betw
between them is given by,
| | | |
 ⟹ =
1
Where, k is proportionality
ortionality constant. In SI system, for free space k = 4πε
0
1 | |
∴ =
4
3. Write Coulomb’s law in vector form and explain the terms.
Ans: The of electrostatic force on charge q1 due to charge q2 is given
iven by,

Where, r12 – distance between q1 & q2

− and ε0– permittivity of free space.
4. Mention
ention the expression for electric field at a point due to a point charge in free space.
Ans: Electric field due to a point charge ‘Q’ at a distance ‘r’ from charge is

= where, ε − permittivity of free space

5. Write the properties of electric field lines.

 Electric field lines start at positive charge and terminate at negative
ne charge. For an
isolated charge they may start or end at infinity.
 Electric field lines never intersect each other.
 Electric field lines do not form closed loops
loops.
 Tangent drawn to the field lines represents direction of electric field at that point.
6. Draw the electric field lines for
(i) q > 0 (ii) q < 0 (iii) system two positive charges and (iv) dipole.

7. Define electric dipole moment? And mention the expression for the dipole moment.
Ans: The product of the magnitude of either o off charge of the dipole and separation between
the two charges is called electric dipole moment.
Magnitude of electric moment, p = q2a ,
lectric dipole moment
Where, q –magnitude
magnitude of either charge and 2a –separation
separation between charges.

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II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer
8. State and explain Gauss theorem in electrostatics.
Ans: “The total electric flux through any closed surface is equal to times the total
charge enclosed by the surface”.
If q is the total charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface, then total electric flux ( ) through
the surface is, = ( )
9. Obtain the expression for torque on a dipole placed in uniform external electric field.
(3 M)
Ans: Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges −q and +q and of length 2a placed in a
uniform electric field E making an angle  with electric field.
Force on charge −q at A, =− ( opposite to E )
Force on charge +q at B, =+ ( along E )
Electric dipole is under the action of two equal and
unlike parallel forces, which give rise to a torque on the
dipole and is given by,
τ = Force × Perpendicular distance between the forces
τ = qE (BN) = qE (2a sin )
τ = q (2a) E sin  (because p = q . 2a)
τ = pE sin 
= ×
10. When does the torque on an electric dipole kept in uniform electric field is maximum &
minimum?
Ans: (a) The torque on dipole in external field is maximum, when dipole moment & electric
field are perpendicular to each other (axis of dipole is normal to electric field direction i.e.
= 90 )
(b) The torque on the dipole is minimum & equal to zero, when the dipole is parallel or anti-
parallel to the electric field direction (i.e. = 0 ).
11. Obtain the expression for electric field at a point due to an infinitely long straight
uniformly charged wire. (3 M)
Ans: Consider an infinitely long thin straight uniformly
charged wire as shown in figure.

Let – linear charge density

r – distance of point P from the wire/
radius of Gaussian cylinder.
l – length of Gaussian cylinder.
A – Area of cross section of Gaussian surface

By symmetry, the magnitude of the electric field will be the same at all points on the curved
surface of the cylinder and directed radially outward.
(i) Electric flux through the curved surface of the cylinder is, ϕ = = ×2
(ii) Electric flux through the circular ends of the cylinder is, ϕ = 0
(Because no field lines cross this region)

∴ Total flux through the Gaussian surface is

ϕ= ϕ +ϕ = ×2 … … … (1)
Total charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface, =
According to Gauss theorem, we have

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II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer
q
ϕ = = … … … (2)
ε
From equation (1) and (2),

×2 = ⇒ =

12. Derive an expression for electric field at any point near the surface of a uniformly
charged infinite plane sheet using Gauss’ law. (3 M)
Ans: Consider a uniformly charged thin infinite
plane sheet as shown in figure.
Let σ – surface charge density
r –perpendicular distance of point P from
the sheet.
A – area of cross section Gaussian cylinder

Due to symmetrical charge distribution, electric field at any point near the sheet in normal to
the plane of the sheet.
(i) Electric flux through curved surface of the cylinder is, ϕ = 0
(Because no field lines cross this region)
(ii) The circular regions of the cylinder are at equidistance from the sheet, hence electric field
is same at both surfaces & normal to the surface. Electric flux through the circular parts of
the cylinder are, ϕ = and ϕ =
∴ Total flux through the Gaussian surface is
ϕ=ϕ +ϕ +ϕ =0+ + =2
Total charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is, = ,
1
From Gauss’ law, ϕ= ( )
0
1
2 = ( )

=
2
13. What are equipotential surfaces? Write the properties of equipotential surfaces.
Ans: An equipotential surface is that surface at every point of which, the electric potential is
the same or constant.
The properties of equipotential surfaces are
 The work is done in moving a test charge from one point to another on an equipotential
surface is zero.
 For any charge configuration, equipotential surface through a point is normal to the
electric field at that point.
 Two equipotential surfaces will never intersect.
14. Derive the relation between the electric field and potential for a point charge. (3 M)
Ans: Consider a point charge +Q situated at origin O.
Let A and B - two closely spaced points with potential values V and V – dV respectively,
dV - is the change in potential in the direction of the electric field .
dr - distance of the point A from B.

Let a unit positive charge (+1C) is moved from B to A against the electric field . The work
done in this process is, dW = ∙ = cos 180 = − --------- (1)
This work is equal to the potential difference, dW = VA –VB --------- (2)
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 II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer
∴ − = −
− = −( − )=

=−
Hence electric field at a point is the negative gradient of potential at that point.
15. Obtain the expression for Potential Energy of a system of two charges in the absence of
external field. (3 M)
Ans: Consider two point charges q1 and q2 with position vectors and .
Work done in bringing a charge q1 from infinity to a point is,
W = 0 − − − − − (1)
This charge q1 produces a potential in the space given by
1 q
V= − − − − − − − (2)
4πε r
Work done in bringing a charge q2 from infinity to a point is
W = Vq
1 q q
W = − − − (3) where, r is the distance between q and q
4πε r
∴ Total work done in assembling the charges at their locations is
1 q q 1 q q
W=W +W =0+ =
4πε r 4πε r
The electric potential energy of system of two point charges is the total work done in bringing
each charge from infinite to their locations i.e. U = W

∴ =

16. Write the electrostatic properties of a conductor.

Ans: The electrostatic properties of a conductor are
 In static state, inside a conductor electric field is zero.
 At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at
every point.
 The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in the static situation.
 Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of the conductor and is equal to
the potential as on its surface.
| |
 Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is given by, =
0
 Electrostatic shielding – The cavity inside a conductor is shielded from outside electrical
influence, so that electric field inside the cavity is always zero. This is known as
electrostatic shielding.
17. Mention the factors on which capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor depends.
Ans: The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor depends on
 area of plates of the capacitor (A).
 the dielectric constant (K or εr) of the medium between plates.
 the separation between the plates (d).
18. Derive the expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected in series.
(3 M)
Ans:

Consider two capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in series across a potential difference V, as
shown in fig. In series combination of capacitors, the charge on each capacitor is same. Let Q
be the charge on each capacitor.

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II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer
The potential difference applied across their combination is the sum of the potential
differences across each capacitor.
∴ V = V1+ V2
= =
1 1
∴ = + = + − − − − − (1)
For equivalent capacitor of capacitance CS , under same applied potential difference V volts,
= − − − − − − − − (2)
Combining (1) and (2), we obtain
1 1
= +

= +

19. Derive the expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected in
parallel. (3 M)
Ans:

Consider two capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in parallel across a potential difference V, as
shown in fig.
In parallel combination of capacitors, the potential difference across each capacitor is same
and is same as that of applied potential V.
The total charge stored in the combination is the sum of the charges on each capacitor.
∴ = +
= =
∴ = + = ( + ) − − − − − (1)
For equivalent capacitor of capacitance Cp , under same applied potential difference V volts,
= − − − − − −(2)
From equation (1) and (2), we have
=( + )
= +
20. Define drift velocity of conduction electrons? Mention the expression for drift velocity.
Ans: The average velocity with which conduction electrons in a conductor gets drifted against
applied electric field is called drift velocity.
The expression for drift velocity is, =−
Where, E − uniform electric ield in the conductor, e − charge of electron,
m − mass of electron and − relaxation time
21. Deduce the expression for drift velocity of conduction electrons. (3 M)
Ans: In conductor the free electrons are in random thermal motion. The average thermal
velocity of all such electrons in a conductor is zero. ∴ ( ) = 0 -------- (1)
In presence of external field E, acceleration of free electrons is given by
−
= = − − − (2)
Where, − is charge of electron & m is mass of electron.
Let ui - velocity of ith electron immediately after the previous collision
ti - time lapsed after the previous collision
Then the velocty vi of ith electron at time ti is,
= + = −
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 II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer
Average velocity of all N free electrons in time interval ‘t’ is
( ) =( ) − ( )

By the de inition, ( ) = drift velocity and ( ) = relaxation time, we get

=0− ⟹ =−
22. State and explain Ohm’s law.
Ans: The current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
across the ends of the conductor, provided the temperature and other physical conditions
remains same.
∝ ⇒ ∝ ∝
= where, R − resistance of conductor.
23. Mention limitations of Ohm’s law.
Ans: (i) Ohm’s law is not applicable at very low and very high temperature.
(ii) Ohm’s law is not applicable for non-ohmic devices such as semiconductors, transistors,
discharge tubes, superconductors.
24. Explain the dependence of resistance on the dimensions of a conductor.
Ans: Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor
( ∝ ) and inversely proportional to the area of cross section ( ∝ 1⁄ ) of the conductor.

∝ ⇒ = where, − resistivity of the material of conductor.

25. Deduce an expression for effective resistance of two resistors in series combination.
(3 M)
Ans: Consider two resistors of resistance R1 and R2 connected in series across a battery of
potential V as shown in figure.

Let I be the steady current in the circuit, V1 and V2 be the potential drops across resistors R1
and R2 respectively. Then = + .
From Ohm’s law: V1 = I R1 and V2 = I R2.
∴ V = I R1+ I R2
V = I (R1 + R2) -------- (1)
For equivalent circuit, consisting of effective resistance RS across same potential difference V,
V = I RS ------- (2)
From Equation (1) and (2)
I RS = I (R1 + R2)
= +
26. Derive the expressions for equivalent emf and equivalent internal resistance of series
combination of two cells. (3 M)
Ans: Consider two cells connected in series as shown in figure.

Let, 1 and 2 − emf of two cells

r1, r2 − Internal resistance of two cells
I − Current in the circuit
Terminal potential difference across the first cell, V1 = 1 − Ir1
Terminal potential difference across the second cell, V2 = 2 − Ir2
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 II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer
Potential difference across the combination (between the points A and C),
V = V1 + V2 = (1 − Ir1) + (2 − Ir2)
V = (1 + 2) − I (r1 + r2) ---------- (1)
If the combination of cells is replaced by an equivalent cell of emf eq and internal resistance
req, then terminal potential difference of that cell is
V = eq – I req --------- (2)
From(1) and (2)
= + = +
27. State Kirchhoff’s laws of an electrical network?
Ans: (i) Kirchhoff’s First law: The sum of currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of
currents leaving the junction of an electrical network.
(ii) Kirchhoff’s Second law: In a closed loop/mesh the algebraic sum of the changes in
potential consisting cells and resistances is zero.
28. Write the applications of potentiometer.
Ans: (i) Potentiometer is used to compare emf of two cells
(ii) Potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of a cell.
29. Write the expression for magnitude of force on a charge moving in a uniform magnetic
field. Explain the terms.
Ans: Magnetic force, F = qvB sin θ
Where, B – magnetic field, q – magnitude of charge
v – velocity of charge, θ – angle between .
30. When does the force experienced by a charged particle moving in a magnetic field is (i)
minimum (ii) maximum?
Ans: Force is maximum, when the charge is moving perpendicular to the magnetic field
( = 90 )
Force is minimum, when the charge is moving parallel to the magnetic field ( = 0 ).
31. Deduce the expression for magnetic force on a current carrying conductor.
Ans: Consider a conducting rod of a uniform cross-sectional area A and length l carrying
steady current I and is placed in the external magnetic field .
Let n – number density of the mobile charge carriers in conductor
q – charge of each charge carrier
The total number of mobile charge carriers in the conductor = ( )= ( )
Total charge of these charge carriers in the conductor = ( )
If is average drift velocity of charge carriers, then the magnetic force on these carriers is,
= ×
= ×
But, = the current in the conductor which is scalar, hence vector sign shifts to length
element l.
∴ = ×
In terms of magnitude, = sin
Where, θ is angle between
32. Deduce the expressions for radius and angular frequency of circular motion of a
charged particle in uniform magnetic field. (3 M)
Ans: Consider a particle of mass m charge q entering uniform
magnetic field B in a direction perpendicular to the field. The
magnetic force makes the path of charged particle circular of
radius r in a plane perpendicular to the field. Hence the necessary
centripetal force FC is provided by the magnetic force FB.
=

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 II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer

∴ , =

If  is angular frequency of revolution, then = (∵ = )

∴ = ⇒ =
/
2
Also = =2 , where is frequency of revolution, ∴ =
2
33. Explain how the crossed fields act as velocity sele
selector
ctor for charged particles.
Ans: Consider a particle of charge q moving with velocity in presence of both electric field
and magnetic field such that all three vectors are
perpendicular to each other as shown in the figure.
The Lorentz force on the charge is
= + ×
= ȷ̂ + ı̂ × k
= ȷ̂ + ı̂ × k = ȷ̂ + (−ȷ̂)
= ( − )ȷ̂
The force on charged particle will be zero, when
− = 0.

=
Under this condition the charged particle continues to move along straigstraight line without any
deviation irrespective of their charge and mass
mass.. Hence crossed field can be used as a velocity
selector.
34. What is cyclotron? Mention the application of cyclotron.
Ans: Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate the charged particles to very high energies.
Cyclotron is used to accelerate the charged particles to very high energies.
Further these high energy particles are used to induce nuclear reactions, induce artificial
radioactivity and to synthesiz
synthesize new elements.
35. With labelled diagram explain the construction and working of a cyclotron.
Ans: Construction:: A cyclotron consists of two
hollow semicircular metal discs D1 and D2 called
Dees.. A source of charged particle is located at
the midpoint of the gap between the Dees. The
Dees are connected to a high frequency
oscillatorr and enclosed inside another vacuum
chamber. The whole apparatus is placed
between the pole pieces of strong
electromagnet.
Working:
 In cyclotron the charged particle moves in
presence of electric and magnetic fields acting
perpendicular to each other. The electric field
accelerates the charged particle and magnetic field makes its path circular.
 The charged particle or ion released from source P accelerates towards the Dee which is at
lower potential at that time
time. Inside the Dee it describe circular path due to the magnetic field
(inside the Dee electric field is absent)
absent).
 The frequency of revolution of charged particle inside the cyclotron is called cyclotron
frequency, given by, = 2
Where, q-charge
charge of charged particle or ion, m
m-mass
mass of charged particle & B-strength
B of
magnetic field

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 II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer
 In cyclotron the frequency of applied ac voltage is made equal to the cyclotron frequency.
Hence the charged particle accelerates every time while moving from one Dee to another.
 As the velocity of charged particle increases, the radius of its circular path also increases.
Hence the trajectory of the charged particle is spiral.
 When the radius of circular orbit of charged particle is nearly equal to the radius of Dee, it is
deflected from its path using deflection plate and taken out of the Dee.
2 2 2
 The kinetic energy of emerging particle is given by, = 2
36. Write the Biot-savart’s law and explain the symbols. (3 M)
Ans: “The magnitude of the magnetic field at a point due to a current element is
(i) directly proportional to the strength of the current ( ∝ ),
(ii) directly proportional to length of the current element ( ∝ ),
(iii) directly proportional to the Sine of the angle between the current element and the line
joining the point from the current element ( ∝ sin ) and
(iv) inversely proportional to square of the distance between the point and the current
element ( ∝ 1/ ).
XY→ Current carrying conductor
AB→ In initesimal element of the conductor of length ‘dl’
dB → Magnetic ield at point P due to current element ‘Idl’
r → Distance of point P from the current element

According to Biot-Savart law,

sin
∝

Where, - proportionality constant in SI system and

- permeability of free space.
37. State and explain Ampere’s circuital law.
Ans: ‘The line integral of magnetic field around a closed path/boundary ∮ ∙ is equal to
the times the total current (I) through the surface that enclosed by the path/boundary’.
∙ =
38. What is solenoid? Write the expression for magnetic field inside the current carrying
solenoid.
Ans: Solenoid is a long insulated conducting wire wound closely in the form of helix.
Magnetic field inside the solenoid is, =
Where, n - number of turns per unit length of solenoid
I - current through the solenoid
- permeability of free space.
( Toroid is a ring shaped closed solenoid and the magnetic field inside toroid is = )
39. Derive an expression for magnetic field due to a straight conductor of infinite length
carrying current using Ampere’s circuital law. (3 M)
Ans: Consider an infinite long straight wire XY, carrying steady
current ‘I’ as shown in figure. Let P be a point at a perpendicular
distance ‘r’ from the wire. Consider a circle of radius ‘r’ around the
wire passing through the point P as amperian loop.
Since every point on the loop is at same distance from the wire,
the magnetic field B is same at all points and parallel to the line
element.
Apply Ampere’s circuital law to the amperian loop.
∙ =

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 II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer

= =0

2 = ∵ =2

=
40. With circuit diagram explain how can a galvanometer be converted into an ammeter?
(3 M)
Ans: ‘Galvanometer is converted in to Ammeter by connecting suitable low resistance (shunt
resistance) parallel to the galvanometer’.
Consider galvanometer of resistance G is connected with shunt resistance S as shown in fig.
Let, (0 – I ) – the range of converted Ammeter
Ig – Current required for full scale
deflection of galvanometer
G – resistance of Galvanometer
S – shunt resistance
Here, P.d. across S = P.d. across G
− =

=
−
41. With circuit diagram explain how can a galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter?
(3 M)
Ans: ‘A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a suitable high resistance
in series with the galvanometer’.
To convert galvanometer into a voltmeter of range 0 - V volt the circuit diagram is as shown
the figure.
Let, R - Series resistance,
G - Resistance of galvanometer,
Ig - Current for full scale deflection of
galvanometer.
The potential difference across the combination is,
= ( + )
+ =

= −

42. Write the properties of magnetic field lines.

Ans: The properties of magnetic field lines are
(i) The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or a solenoid) form continuous closed loops.
(ii) The magnetic field lines do not intersect.
(iii) The tangent to the field line at a given point represents the direction of the net magnetic
field at that point.
(iv) The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the magnitude
of the magnetic field .
43. State and explain Gauss’s law in magnetism. Mention its significance.
Ans: The total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.
Magnetic lux, = ∙ =0

The significance of Gauss’s law is that, ‘magnetic monopoles do not appear to exist in nature’

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OR ‘isolated magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature’.
44. What do you mean by magnetic elements of earth? Name the magnetic elements of
earth.
Ans: Magnetic elements of earth at a place are the physical quantities that determine the
magnitude and direction of earth
earth’s magnetic field at that place.
Magnetic elements of earth are (1) Declination, (2) 2) Inclination or Dip and (3) Horizontal
component of Earth's magnetic field (BH).
45. Define the terms ' Declination', ' Inclination' and ' horizontal component of earth's
magnetic field' at a place.
Ans: Declination:: The angle between geographic meridian and magnetic meridian of the earth
at that place.
Inclination (magnetic dip)
dip): The angle between the earth’s total magnetic field and the
horizontal in the magnetic meridian at that place.
Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field (BH):: The component of earth's total magnetic
field along the horizontal in the magnetic meridian at that place.
46. State and explain Curie’s law of paramagnetism.
Ans: The susceptibility of paramagnetic sample is inversely proportional to the absolute
temperature.
1 0
∝ = where, C - Curie’s constant.
47. Write any three magnetic p properties of diamagnetic materials. (3 M)
Ans: The properties of diamagnetic are
 These substances which have tendency to move from stronger to the weaker part of the
external magnetic field. Or these substances which are weakly repelled by the magnetmagnetic
field.
 Their magnetic susceptibility ( ) is small and negative value ((−1 0).
 Their relative permeability is less than one (0 1).
 Their permeability is less than absolute permeability ( ).
 Their susceptibility ( ) is independent of temperature.
 Behaviour of magnetic field lines near a diamagnetic material in the
magnetic field is as shown in the figure (expelled out of material).
48. Write the magnetic properties of paramagnetic materials. (3 M)
Ans: The properties of paramagnetic are
 The substances are weakly magnetis
magnetised
ed in an external magnetic field i.e they are weakly
attracted by the magnetic field.
 Their magnetic susceptibility ( ) is small and positive (0 )
).
 Their relative permeability is slightly more than one (1 1 + ).
 Their permeability is more than absolute permeability
( > ).
 Their susceptibility ( ) varies inversely with temperature
1
∝ Curie law .
 Behaviour of magnetic field lines near a diamagnetic material in the magnetic field is as
shown in the figure (concentrated in the material).
49. Write the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. (3 M)
Ans: The properties of ferromagnetic are
 The substances are strongly magnetised in an external magnetic field i.e they are strongly
attracted by the magnetic field.
 Their magnetic susceptibility ( ) is large and positive ( ≫ 1).
 Their relative permeability is much greater than one ( ≫ 1).
 Their permeability is many times more than absolute permeability ( ≫ ).

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 Their susceptibility ( ) decreases with increase in temperature. At higher temperature
te
they become paramagnetic. The temperature of transition from ferromagnetic to
paramagnetic is called Curie temperature.
 Magnetic field lines are highly concentrated inside the material.
 They exhibit hysteresis.
50. Differentiate between the properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic
paramagne and ferromagnetic
materials.
Diamagnetic Materials Paramagnetic Materials Ferromagnetic Materials
They are weakly repelled by They are weakly attracted by They are strongly attracted by
magnetic field. magnetic field. magnetic field.
In the external magnetic field, the In the external magnetic field, the In the external magnetic field, the
magnetic field lines are expelled magnetic field lines are magnetic
tic field lines are highly
out of these materials. concentrated in these materials. concentrated in these materials.
Hence resultant magnetic field Hence resultant magnetic field Hence resultant magnetic field
inside diamagnetic reduces. inside paramagnetic increases. inside ferromagnetic increases.
Their magnetic susceptibility is Their magnetic susceptibility is Their magnetic susceptibility is
low and negative ( 0). low and positive ( > 0). high and positive ( ≫ 0).
Their relative permeability is less The relative permeability is The relative permeability is much
than one ( 1) greater than one ( > 1) greater than one ( ≫ 1)
Their magnetic susceptibility ( ) is Their magnetic susceptibility ( ) Their magnetic susceptibility ( )
independent of temperature. decreases with increase in decreases with increase in
temperature. temperature and at certain high
temperature they become
paramagnetic.
51. Draw the hysteresis curve for a cycle of magnetization of ferromagnetic material.
material
Ans:

H – magnetic intensity
B – magnetic field inside the sample
Oc – coercive field
Ob – retentive field

52. Write the properties of magnetic materials

required to prepare electromagnets.
Ans: Low retentivity, low coercivity and high
permeability.
53. Write the properties of magnetic materials required to prepare permanent magnets.
Ans: High retentivity, high coercivity and high permeability.
54. Explain briefly the coil coil-magnet experiment to demonstrate ate the phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction. (3 M)
Ans: Consider a coil C1 connected to a galvanometer G
as shown in fig.
 When the North-pole pole of a bar magnet is pushed
towards the coil, the pointer of the galvanometer
deflects, indicating the presence of electric current
in the coil.
 The deflection lasts as long as the bar magnet is in
motion. The galvanometer does not show any
deflection when the magnet is held stationary.
 When the magnet is pulled away from the coil, the galvanometer again shows deflection
but in the opposite direction, which indicates reversal of the current’s direction.
 The deflection (and hence current) is found to be larger when the magnet is pushed
towards or pulled away from the coil faster.

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 When the bar magnet is he held fixed and the coil C1 is moved towards or away from the
magnet, the same effects are observed.
Conclusion: ‘The relative motion between the magnet and the coil that is responsible for
generation (induction) of electric current in the coil’.
55. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Ans: ‘The magnitude of induced emf is proportional to time rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with the circuit’.

Induced emf ∝ Rate of change of magnetic lux ⟹ ∝

56. State and explain Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction. (3 M)
Ans: Lenz’s law: “The
The polarity of induced emf is such that it
tends to produce a current which opposes the change in
magnetic flux that produced it.”
Lenz’s law is in accordance with conservation of energy.
 When the North-polepole of a bar magnet is pushed towards
the closed coil, current is induced in the coil in such a
direction that it opposes the in increase in flux. This is
possible only if the current in the coil is in a counter
counter-
clockwise direction (fig.a).
 Similarly, if the North pole of the magnet is being
withdrawn from the coil, the magnetic flux through the coil
will decrease, the induced curren
current in the coil flows in
clockwise direction (fig.b) so that iit opposes the decrease
in flux.
57. Derive the expression for motional emf induced in a conductor moving in a uniform
magnetic field. (3 M)
Ans: The emf induced in a conductor moving in the magnetic field is called motional emf.

Let, B – magnetic field perpendicular and

into the plane of paper.
PQRS – closed circuit
– velocity of conductor PQ
RQ = x
RS = l

Consider a straight conductor PQ is moved towards the left with a constant velocity v.
The magnetic flux ΦB enclosed by the loop PQRS at any instant will be
= cos θ = ( ) cos 0
=
The moving rod PQ changes the magnetic flux ΦB linked with circuit. This induces the emf
given by,
=− =− ( )=−

= ∵ =−
This induced emf Blv is called motional emf.
58. Derive the expression for energy (or magnetic potential energy) stored in the coil (or
solenoid) carrying current. (3 M)
Ans: To establish a current in a co
coil
il (solenoid) work has to be done against back emf. This
work done is stored as magnetic potential energy in the coil.
While establishing the current in a coil the induced back emf is given by,

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=− − − − (1)
Where, L – self inductance of the coil
For the current I at an instant in a circuit, the rate of work done is
=| | =

=
Total amount of work done in establishing the current from 0 to I is
1
= =
2
This work done is stored as magnetic potential energy in the coil. Therefore the magnetic
energy stored in the coil is

∴ =

59. What are eddy currents? How to minimize the eddy current. Mention the uses of it.
Ans: The circulating currents induced in a thick conductor due to changing magnetic flux
linked with it are called eddy currents.
Eddy currents can be minimized by using laminated metal core. The laminations of metal are
separated by an insulating material.
Eddy currents are used in induction furnace, magnetic braking of trains, speedometers
and electric power meters.
60. Show that the voltage leads current by , when A.C. voltage applied to pure
inductance.
Ans: Consider an ac source connected to an inductor. Assume that the inductor has negligible
resistance. Thus, the circuit is a purely inductive ac circuit.
Let the voltage across the source be = sin ------- (1).
Using the Kirchhoff’s loop rule, Σ ε(t ) = 0 , we have,
− =0

Where, is the self-induced emf in the inductor; and L is

the self-inductance of the inductor.
From eqn. (2) we have, =

⟹ = = sin
Integrating the above equation with respect to time:
= sin

⟹ =− cos +
Here, the integration constant is zero and − cos = sin − 2 , hence,
= sin − -------- (2)
Where, = is the amplitude of the current.
Comparing of Eqs. (1) and (2) for the source voltage and the current in an inductor shows that
the current lags the voltage by π/2.
61. Show that the current leads voltage by , when A.C. voltage applied to pure capacitor.
Ans: Consider an ac source connected to a capacitor of capacitance C.

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Let ac voltage = sin -------- (1)
Let q be the charge on the capacitor at any time t. The
instantaneous voltage v across the capacitor is given by,
=
From the Kirchhoff’s loop rule, the voltage across the source and
the capacitor are equal,
sin =

We have, = = ( sin )= cos

Using the relation, cos = sin + 2 , we get
= sin +2 -------- (2)
Where, the amplitude of the oscillating current is = .
Comparing of Eq. (1) and (2) for the source voltage and the current in a capacitor shows that
the current leads the voltage by π/2.
62. Derive the expression for resonant frequency of series LCR circuit.
Ans: Series LCR circuit is said to be in resonance when current through the circuit is
maximum.
In an series LCR circuit current is given by
V V
= =
Z R +(X −X )
Series LCR circuit is said to be in resonance when current I is maximum, hence impedance Z
must be minimum. This implies that condition for resonance is, XL = XC
1
∴ ω L=
ω C

⇒ resonant frequency, =
√
1
OR 2πν =
√LC

⇒ resonant frequency, =
√
where, L − inductance, C − capacitance
63. Write the expression for power consumed in an AC circuit.
Ans: Average power consumed in an AC circuit is
Pav = Vrms Irms cos φ
Where, Vrms and Irms - rms values of voltage and current respectively
φ - phase difference between voltage and current
64. What is a transformer? Give the working principle of transformer.
Ans: Transformer is a device used to step up or step down ac voltages.
The working principle of transformer is ‘Mutual induction’.
65. Mention any the causes of power loss in transformer.
 Loss due to magnetic flux leakage.
 Loss due to eddy currents.
 Loss due to heating because of resistance of winding wires.
 Loss due to magnetic hysteresis.
66. What is displacement current? Mention the expression for displacement current.
Ans: The electric current due to changing electric field/flux is called displacement current.

= where, − permittivity of free space and − electric lux.

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67. Write the expression for speed of electromagnetic wave in vacuum in terms of
permeability of free space and permittivity of free space.

: Speed of electromagnetic wave, =

Where, − permittivity of free space and − permittivity of free space

68. State laws of refraction.
Ans: I law of Refraction : The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.
II law of Refraction : The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is a constant for a given pair of media and for given wavelength of light.
sin
. . sin = .
69. State and explain Snell’s law of refraction.
Ans: “The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a
constant and is equal to the refractive index of the second medium with respect to first
medium” (for given wavelength and pair of media).
sin
Refractive index of second medium relative to first medium is, = sin
70. What are the conditions for Total Internal Reflection?
 Light ray must travel form denser medium to Rarer medium
 The angle of incidence in denser medium must be greater than the critical angle for the
pair of media.
71. What is total internal reflection of light? Explain. (3 M)
Ans: When a ray of light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium such that the angle
of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the ray is totally reflected back into the denser
medium. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.

Explanation: Let A is the object in the denser medium (water).The light from the object
incident on the interface separating two media, it is partly reflected back into the same
medium and partly refracted to the second medium. The refracted ray bends away from the
normal. For the certain angle of incidence called critical angle (iC), the angle of refraction is
90. For the angle of incidence greater than the critical angle (i >iC), incident ray gets
completely reflected back to the denser medium. This is called total internal reflection.
Conditions for Total Internal Reflection:
 The ray must travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium.
 Angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle, for the
pair of media and for the given colour (wavelength) of light.
72. Mention the applications of total internal reflection of light.
Ans: The applications of total internal reflection are
 In the brilliance of diamond
 In optical fibres (for sending light signals)
 In prisms to bend a light ray by 900 or 1800 or to invert the images.
73. Give the applications of optical fibres.
Ans: The applications of optical fibres are
 used in communication system for transmitting and receiving optical signals.

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 used as a ‘light pipe’ to facilitate visual examination of internal organs like oesophagus,
stomach and intestines.
74. Draw the ray diagram of a Compound
Microscope when the image is formed
att near point or least distance of
distinct vision.
Ans:

75. Draw a ray diagram of compound

microscope for the image
formation at near point.
Ans:

76. State and explain Huygens

gens principle. ((3 M)
Ans : Huygens principle is stated as follows:
 Each point on a wave front is a source of secondary disturbance and the secondary
wavelets originating
riginating from these points spread out in all direction with the speed of the
wave.
 The new wave front at any later time is obtained by taking the tangential surface in the
forward direction to all the spheres of secondary wavelets.

Explanation:
In Fig [1(a)], AB is the initial spherical wave
front. Secondary wavelets originating from
every point on this wave front travel in all
direction with the same speed v and in a time t,
they develop into a sphere of radius = vt.
The tangential surface CD drawn to all these
spheres in the forward direction gives the
shape and position of the new wave front after
a time t.
Fig [1 (b)]] represents the same process in the
case of a plane wave front.
77. Using Huygens principle show that angle of incidence is equal tto
o the angle of reflection
for a reflection of plane wave front at a plane surface.
Ans:
MN – reflecting surface
AB – Incident plane wave front
i – angle of incidence
r – angle of reflection
v – speed of light in the medium

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If τ represents the time taken by the wave front to advance from the point B to C then the
distance BC is, BC= vτ ----------- (1)
In order the construct the reflected wave front, a sphere of radius = vτ, is drawn from the
point A as shown in the adjacent figure. The tangent plane CE drawn from the point C to this
sphere represents reflected wave front.
 AE = BC = vτ , ABC= CEA = 90o , AC is common.
Triangles EAC and BAC are congruent.
 i = r ----------- (2)
This is the law of reflection.
78. Write the condition for constructive interference in terms of phase difference and path
difference.
Ans: Phase difference, = 2nπ
Path difference, δ = nλ
79. Give the condition for destructive interference in terms of phase difference and path
difference.
Ans: Phase difference = (2n+1)π
Path difference =( + )
80. Write the differences between diffraction and interference of light.
Interference Diffraction
Interference is the phenomenon of Diffraction is phenomenon of bending of
modification in the distribution of light light wave around an obstacle and entering
energy due to superposition of two or more into its geometrical shadow.
waves.
Interference fringes are due to superposition Diffraction fringes are due to super position
of waves emerging from different coherent of secondary waves emerging from single
sources. wave front.
Interference fringes are of equal width. Diffraction bands are of unequal width.
Intensity of all bright fringes is same. Intensity of bright bands decreases on either
side of central fringe.
Good contrast between the maxima and Comparatively poor contrast between the
minima maxima and minima
81. Mention the expression for resolving power of microscope.
Ans: RP of microscope is,
=
.
where, n − R. I of medium between object and microscope, λ − wavelength of light
θ − semiverticle θ subtented by object to the objective of microscope.
82. Mention the methods of increasing resolving power of microscope.
Ans: RP of microscope can be increased by
 By using light of short wavelength.
 By using medium of higher refractive index between the object and microscope.
83. Mention the expression for resolving power of telescope.
Ans: RP of telescope is, =
.
where, 2a − Diameter of objective of telescope, λ − wavelength of light
[RP of telescope can be increased by ‘using objective of larger diameter’]
84. Mention any two uses of polaroids.
Ans: Polaroids are used to produce plane polarised light and to analyse the polarised light.
They are used in sun glasses.
They are used to see/veiw three dimensional (3D) pictures.
They are used in window panes of trains and aeoroplanes.
They are used in photographic cameras as filters.
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85. State and explain Malus’ law.
Ans: ‘The intensity of polarised light passing through the analyser is proportional to the
square of the cosine of angle between pass axes of polariser and the analyser’.
The intensity of light through analyser is, =
Where, I0 is the intensity of the polarized light after passing through polariser.
86. Write the expression of Malus’ law.
Ans: The intensity of light through analyser is, =
Where, I0 - the intensity of the incident polarised light (light passing through polarizer).
- angle between the pass axes of polariser and analyser.
87. Name any two types of electron emission.
Ans: The types of electron emission are
 Thermionic emission
 Photoelectric emission
 Field emission
88. Write the experimental observations (or laws) of photoelectric effect.
Ans: The experimental observations of photoelectric effect are
 The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.
(Time lag between incidence of photon & electron emission is nearly 10– 9 s)
 For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation (and > ), the
photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light.
 For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation, saturation
current is proportional to the intensity of incident radiation
 For a given photosensitive material, there exists a certain minimum cut-off frequency of
the incident radiation, called the threshold frequency, below which no emission of
photoelectrons takes place.
 Above the threshold frequency, the stopping potential or the maximum kinetic energy of
the emitted photoelectrons increases linearly with the frequency of the incident
radiation.
89. Write Einstein’s photo electric equation. Explain symbols.
Ans: Kmax = hυ – ϕo
Where, h – Planks constant,
ϕo = h υ0 work function and υ0 – threshold frequency,
Kmax = ½ mv2max maximum kinetic energy of electron, vmax – velocity of electron
90. Mention the properties of photons.
Ans: The properties of photons are
 In interaction of radiation with matter, radiation behaves as particles called photons.
 Energy of each photon is E =h
 Momentum of each photon is p = h/c.
 Photons travel with a speed c in vacuum.
 Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
 In a photon-particle collision, the total energy and total momentum are conserved.
91. What are matter waves (de Broglie waves)? Write the expression for ‘de Broglie’
wavelength.
Ans: The waves associated with a material particle in motion are called matter waves or de-
Broglie waves.
The wavelength of de Broglie waves/ matter waves is given by, = =
Where, h – Plank’s constant, p = mv - momentum of moving particle.
92. State Bohr’s postulates of a hydrogen atom. (3 M)
Ans: Bohr’s postulates of a hydrogen atom are
(1) An electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without the emission of
radiant energy, these are called the stationary states (non-radiating orbits) of the atom.
(2) Stationary orbits are those orbits for which the angular momentum is some integral
multiple of h/2π, where h is the Planck’s constant (i.e. L=nh/2π).

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(3) An electron might make a transition from one of its specified non-radiating orbits to
another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is emitted having energy equal to the
energy difference between the initial and final states.
The frequency of the emitted photon is then given by, hν = Ei – Ef
where Ei and Ef are the energies of the initial and final states and Ei > Ef.
93. Mention limitations of Bohr’s atom model.
Ans: The limitations of Bohr’s atom model are
 This theory is only applicable to hydrogen and hydrogen like atoms. It fails account for
spectra of other atoms.
 This theory fails to explain hyperfine structure of hydrogen spectra.
 The theory fails to account for relative intensities of spectral lines.
 It fails to explain wave nature of electrons.
94. Give the de Broglie explanation of Bohr quantization of angular momentum of an
electron in the atom.
Ans: According to Broglie electron in its circular orbit must be seen as a particle wave.
The stationary orbits are those in which circular standing waves of electron exist. For this
the circumference of orbits are equal to the whole number of wavelength of electron in the
orbit, ∴ 2 =
ℎ
From de Broglie dual nature of matter, wavelength of matter waves is, =
ℎ ℎ
∴ 2 = ⇒ =
2
ℎ
Angular momentum, L = =
2
95. What is ‘mass defect’? Write the expression for it.
Ans: The difference between the sum of the masses of the nucleons forming the nucleus with
the rest mass of nucleus is called mass defect.
Mass defect ΔM = [ Z mp + (A-Z) mn ] – M
Where, Z - atomic number A - mass number and
(A–Z) - number of neutrons mp -mass of proton,
mn -mass of neutron M – rest mass of nucleus.
96. Draw binding energy curve and write main features of binding energy curve.
Ans: The variation of Binding energy per nucleon (Ebn) with mass number (A) is as follows.

The main features of the binding energy per nucleon curve are
 The binding energy per nucleon, Ebn is lower for both light nuclei (A<30) and heavy nuclei
(A>170).
 The binding energy per nucleon, Ebn, is practically constant, i.e. practically independent of
the atomic number for nuclei of middle mass number ( 30< A < 170).
 The curve has a maximum of about 8.75 MeV for A = 56.
 The binding energy per nucleon Ebn for A = 238 is 7.6 MeV .

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97. Write the properties of nuclear forces?
Ans: The properties of nuclear forces are
 Nuclear forces are strongest forces in nature.
 They are short range forces.
 They are saturated forces.
 They are spin dependent forces.
 They are charge independent forces.
98. State and explain radioactive decay law.
Ans: “The time rate of disintegration of radioactive sample is directly proportional to the
number of radioactive nuclei present in the sample at that instant”.
Rate of disintegration ∝ number of atoms present
∝ ⇒ = −λ
Where, λ −decay constant. [–ve sign shows that number of radioactive nuclei in the
radioactive sample decrease with time]
99. Define half life of radioactive sample and hence obtain the expression for the half life.
Ans: Half-life of a radioactive sample is defined as the time during which number of nuclei in a
radioactive sample reduce to half the original value.
From law of radioactive decay we have, N = N e λ -------- (1)
Where, N – number of radioactive nuclei in the sample at time t
N0 – number of nuclei at time t = 0
λ – decay constant
N
When, during time t = T (half life), number of radioactive nuclei in the sample, = 20
N λ
∴ = N e
2
1 1 λ
= λ ⇒ e =2
2 e
taking loge on both sides
0.693
λT = log 2 ⇒ T =
λ
100. Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion
 It is the process of splitting of heavy nucleus  It is the process of combining of two
into two lighter nuclei of comparable masses lighter nuclei to form a heavy nucleus
with release of energy. with release of energy.
 Energy released per reaction is more (about  Energy released per reaction is less
200 MeV). (about 25 Mev)
 Energy released per nucleon is less.  Energy released per nucleon is more.
 It takes place at low temperature. (about  It takes place at very high temperature
room temperature) (108 K)
 Nuclear wastages are harmful and their  No nuclear wastages left and products
disposal is much difficult. are non-radioactive.
 It forms the principle of atomic bomb, nuclear  It forms the principle of Hydrogen bomb.
reactor.
 Controlled fission is possible.  Controlled fusion is still not possible.
101. Give any two differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor
 It is the purest form of semiconductor.  It is doped (impurity added)
semiconductor.
 Number of free electrons and holes are  Number of free electrons and holes are
equal. unequal.

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Electrical conductivity depends on  Electrical conductivity depends on both
temperature. temperature and doping concentration.
 Electrical conductivity is relatively less.  Electrical conductivity is relatively more.
102. Give any two differences between P-type and N-type semiconductors.
P-type semiconductor N-type semiconductor
The semiconductor is doped with trivalent  The semiconductor is doped with
impurities. pentavalent impurities.
 Holes are majority charge carriers.  Electrons are majority charge carriers.
 Electrons are minority charge carriers.  Holes are minority charge carriers.
 The impurity atom is called acceptor  The impurity atom is called donor impurity.
impurity. Ex. Indium, Aluminum, Boron, Ex. Phosphorus, Bismuth, Antimony,
Gallium. Arsenic.
 Electrical conductivity is relatively less.  Electrical conductivity is relatively more.
103. What is forward biasing of pn junction diode. Explain.
Ans: When p-region of a p-n junction is connected to the positive terminal and n-region is
connected to the negative terminal of the battery, then the p-n junction is said to be forward
biased. Variation of forward bias current with potential difference is as shown in fig.

104. When p-n junction is said to be reverse biased? Explain.

Ans: When p-region of a p-n junction is connected to the negative terminal and n-region is
connected to the positive terminal of the battery, then the p-n junction is said to be reverse
biased. The variation of reverse bias current with potential difference is as shown in fig.

105. Explain the working of Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Ans:
RS – series resistance
V – unregulated voltage
IL – load current
VZ – Break down Voltage of
Zener/Regulated voltage
The circuit diagram of voltage regulator is as shown in figure.
Zener diode as a voltage regulator operates in reverse bias breakdown region. This is
because in the breakdown region, the zener voltage VZ remains constant even though the
zener current varies (between IZ min to IZ max).
 When the input voltage increases, the current through RS and that through the zener diode
will increase. This increases the voltage drop across RS but the voltage VZ across the zener
diode (thus across load resistance) remains same.

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 II PU PHYSICS Important 2/3 mark Questions and Answer
 If the input voltage decreases, the currents through RS and zener diode will decrease, but
zener voltage VZ will remain constant.
Thus the zener diode acts as a voltage regulator.
106. What is Zener diode? Draw the I – V characteristics of
the Zener diode.
Ans: A Zener diode is a heavily doped semiconducting
diode designed to operate in reverse bias breakdown
region without being destroyed/get damaged.
The V-I characteristic curve for the Zener diode is
shown in Fig. Its Forward bias characteristics is same as
ordinary pn junction diode.
In Reverse bias, as the reverse voltage applied is
increased, at a particular voltage, the current increases
enormously from its normal cut off value. This voltage is
called zener voltage or breakdown voltage (Vz).
107. Write the truth table and logic symbol of NOT gate.
Ans:
A Y=A
0 1
1 0
108. Write the truth table and circuit/logic symbol of OR gate.
A B Y=A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
109. Give the truth table and circuit symbol of AND gate.
A B Y=AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
110. Write the truth table and circuit symbol NAND gate.
A B Y=A.B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
111. What is NAND gate? Write the circuit symbol of NAND gate.
Ans: NAND gate is logic circuit in which AND gate followed by NOT gate.
A
Y
B
112. What is NOR gate? Write the circuit symbol of NOR gate.
Ans: NOR gate is a logic circuit in which OR gate followed by NOT gate.
A
B Y

113. Why NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates?
Ans: NAND gate and NOR gate are called Universal gates because any logic gates can be
prepared by suitable combination of these logic gates.

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 Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
IMPORTANT 5 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Sub : Physics Class : II PUC

1. Derive the expression for Electric Field at a point on the axial line of an electric dipole.
Ans: Consider an electric dipole consisting charges +q and –q separated by a distance 2a as shown in
fig.

Let,
r - distance of point P on the axis
from the centre of the dipole on the
side of charge +q.
= × 2 , dipole moment

The magnitude of electric field at P, due to charges +q and –q of dipole is given by

1 1
= =
4 ( − ) 4 ( + )
Since E and E are in opposite direction, therefore net electric field at P is
E=E − E
1 1
E= −
4 ( − ) 4 ( + )
1 1
E= −
4 ( − ) ( + )
( + ) −( − ) 4
E= =
4 ( + ) ( − ) 4 ( − )

= and net electric ield is along the direction of p.

( − )
1 2
OR E= ̂ where, = (2 )
4 ( − )
1 2p
E =
4 ( − )

1 2p
∗ For ≫ , E=
4

2. Derive the expression for Electric Field at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole.
Ans: Consider an electric dipole consisting charges
+q and –q separated by a distance 2a as shown in fig. +

Let,
P 
= × 2 , - dipole moment

r - distance of point P on equatorial line from the
center of dipole.
−
The magnitudes of the electric field at P, due to the two r
charges +q and –q are given by,
1 1
E = E = … . . (1)
4 + 4 + 
A B
∴ E = E … … … (2) +q O
-q
a a

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 Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
(i) The components of fields E and E , normal to the dipole axis E sin E sin
equal and opposite and hence they get cancel.
(ii) The field components along the dipole axis E cos E cos are get add up.
∴ Net electric field at P is, E = E cos + E cos
E= E +E cos = 2E cos

, cos = (1)
( + )
1 2
∴ E=
4 ( + ) ( + )

= and is along (−p )

( + )

OR =−
( + )
1 p
∗ For ≫ , E=
4
3. Obtain the expression for electric field at an outside point due to a uniformly charged spherical
shell.
Ans : Consider a uniformly charged spherical shell as shown
in figure.
Let,
R – radius of uniformly charged spherical shell
q – total charge on the shell
r – radius of the Gaussian sphere

By the spherical symmetry electric intensity ‘E’ is along the radius and is same at all points on the
surface. Further, at every point on the Gaussian surface, angle between and area element is zero.
Therefore, electric flux passing through the Gaussian surface is,
 =  E ds cos  =  E ds cos 00 =  E ds
 = E  ds
But  ds = 4r², the surface area of the spherical shell.
  = E [4r²] …...... (1)
From Gauss’s law, the total electric flux passing through the Gaussian surface is
q
 = … … … … . (2)
ε
From Equation (1) and (2)
q
E 4r ] =
ε

From the above equation.It is clear that electric intensity at a point outside the sphere is the same as if
the entire charge were concentrated at the center of the shell.

{For the point P inside the shell at a distance r (< R) from the center O, the Gaussian surface do
not enclose any charge.   q = 0
q
 = =0 ⟹  = E(4πR ) = 0 ⟹ E=0
ε
i.e. Electric field inside a charged conductor is “zero”}

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estions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS
4. Obtain the expression for electrical potential at a point due to a point charge.
Ans: Consider a charge at + q located at origin O in free space as shown in figure.

The electric potential at point P is the amount of work done in carrying a unit positive charge from ∞
to the point P.
Let ‘A’ be an intermediate
termediate point on this path, ssmall amount of work done in moving +1 C through a
distance ‘dx’ from A to B
dW = F ∙ dx = F dx cos 180 = − F dx
1 q
But the force on + 1 C at A is
is, F=
4πε x
1 q
∴ dW = − dx
4πε x
∴ Total work done in moving unit positive (+1 C) charge from ∞ to point P is
−1 q
dW = dx
∞ 4πε x
q −1 1 1
W= dx =
4πε ∞ x 4πε x ∞

q 1 1 1 q
W= − =
4πε r ∞ 4πε r
By the definition, this work done is the potential at P due to the charge at O.

5. Derive the expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.

Ans: A parallel plate capacitor consists of two large plane parallel conducting plates separated by a
small distance.

Let,
A – area of each plate
d –distance of separation
ration b/w plates
Q – charge on each plate of capacitor
σ = Q/A – surface charge density

Electric field in the outer region I and II is zero.

In the inner region between the plates 1 and 2, the electric field is,
= + = − − − − − (1)
2 2
The potential difference between the plates of capacitor is given by,

= = = − − − − − (2)

The Capacitance C of the parallel plate capacitor is given by,

= = = ⇒ =

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6. Obtain the expression for energy stored in the charged capacitor. (3/5 M)
Ans: The energy stored in the charged capacitor is the total work done in charging the capacitor to a
given potential, by transferring charges from one plate to another plate of the capacitor.
Consider an intermediate situation of charging the capacitor,
Let q → total charge on capacitor at the intermediate situation and
V → potential difference between the two plates of
capacitor so that
′
= − − − − − (1)

Now, the small amount of work done in transferring an additional

charge dq from the negative plate to the positive plate is given by,
′
= =
Therefore the total work done in transferring charge from 0 to Q is given by,
1 1 1
= = = = −0
2 2

=
2
This work is stored as electrostatic potential energy U in the capacitor.

∴ =
2
7. Derive the expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected in series. (3/5 M)
Ans: Consider two capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in series across a potential difference V, as
shown in fig.

In series combination of capacitors, the charge on each capacitor is same. Let Q be the charge on each
capacitor.
The potential difference applied across their combination is the sum of the potential differences across
each capacitor.
∴ V = V1+ V2
= =

1 1
∴ = + = + − − − − − (1)

For equivalent capacitor of capacitance CS , under same applied potential difference V volts,
= − − − − − − − − (2)
Combining (1) and (2), we obtain
1 1
= +

= +

8. Derive the expression for equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected in parallel.
(3/5 M)
Ans: Consider two capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in parallel across a potential difference V, as
shown in fig.

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In parallel combination of capacitors, the potential difference across each capacitor is same and is same
as that of applied potential V.
The total charge stored in the combination is the sum of the charges on each capacitor.
∴ = +
= =
∴ = + =( + ) − − − − − (1)
For equivalent capacitor of capacitance Cp , under same applied potential difference V volt,
= − − − − − −(2)
From equation (1) and (2), we have
=( + )
= +

9. Derive the expression for current in a conductor in terms of drift velocity. And hence arrive at
the expression for electrical conductivity of material of a conductor. (Assume the expression for
drift velocity)
Ans: Consider a conductor carrying steady current.
Let, x – length of a element of a conductor
A - uniform cross sectional area of conductor
n - number density of free electrons in the conductor
(free electron density)

Total number of free electrons in the element is, N =(Charge density) (volume )= n(A x)
Magnitude of charge due to these electrons is q = (nAx) e -------- (1)
Where, e - charge of electron.
If t is the time taken by this charge to pass through the element of conductor, then current through the
conductor is
∆
=
∆
nA e ∆
= =
∆ ∆
∆
But = the drift velocity (magnitude) of conduction electrons
∆
∴ = -------- (2)

Magnitude of drift velocity is =

Where, E- electric field in the conductor, m is mass of electron & τ is relaxation time.
=

= but current density =

∴ = − − − − − (3)
From Ohm’s law (vector form) = − − − − (4)
Where,  is electrical conductivity.
From equation (3) and (4) we get

=
1
 Electrical resistivity, = = 2

10. What is equivalent resistance? And obtain the expression for effective resistance of two
resistors connected in parallel. (3/5 M)
Ans: A single resistance which produces same effect (allows same current) as the combination of
resistances under the similar conditions (same potential difference) is called equivalent resistance.

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Consider two resistors of resistance R1 and R2 connected in parallel across a potential difference of V
volts. In parallel combination, the potential difference (V) across each resistor is same. Let the steady
current I in the circuit divide into I1 ad I2 through the resistors R1 and R2 respectively.
Hence, = +
From Ohm’s law: = =
1 2

∴ = +
1 1
= + −−−−− (1)

For the equivalent circuit of resistance RP , under same potential difference V volt,
= −−−−− (2)
From equations (1) and (2)
1 1
= +

= +

11. Derive the expressions for equivalent emf and equivalent internal resistance of parallel
combination of two cells.
Ans: Consider two sources of emf (cells) connected in parallel as shown in figure.

Let, 1 and 2 − emf of two cells

r1, r2 − Internal resistance of two cells
I1 and I2 – Currents through the branches of cells 1 and 2 respectively
I – Net current in the branch AB,
The total current due to this combination of cells is
I=I +I − − − − − (1)
Terminal potential difference across the first cell, V = 1 – I1r1
ε −V
⇒ I =
r
Terminal potential difference across the second cell, V = 2 – I2r2
ε −V
⇒ I =
r
ε −V ε −V
∴ I= +
r r
ε ε 1 1
I= + −V + − − − − − (2)
r r r r
If the combination of cells is replaced by an equivalent cell of emf eq and internal resistance req, then
terminal potential difference of that cell is

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V = eq − Ireq
ε 1
I= −V − − − − − (3)
r r
From equation (2) and (3)

= + and = +

12. Deduce the balancing condition for Wheat stone’s network using Kirchhoff’s rules.
Ans: If the current through the galvanometer is zero (Ig = 0), the network is said to be balanced. In
this case, the galvanometer shows no deflection.
Consider the Wheatstone’s network as shown in figure.
Condition for balance:
At balanced state of network i.e. Ig = 0,
Applying Kirchhoff’s node rule for nodes B and D, we get
I1 = I3 and I2 = I4 …………. (1)
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to the mesh ABDA,
I1 P + 0 – I2 R = 0
 I1P = I2R ……….… (2)
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to the mesh BCDB,
I3Q – I4S – 0 = 0
I3Q = I4S …………. (3)
Dividing equation (2) by (3)
=

Using equation (1), the above equation changes to

This is the condition for balance of Wheatstone network.

13. Derive the expression for magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.
Ans: Consider a circular coil carrying
current as shown in figure.
Let,
R – radius of current loop
I – current in the loop
dl – length of current element AB
x – distance of point P on the axis
from the center of current loop O

Magnetic field at P due to current element ‘AB’ of length ‘dl’ is

sin
=
4
Here, = 90 , sin 90 = 1 = +

∴ = − − − − − (1)
4 ( + )
This magnetic field can be resolved into two components, = cos and = sin .
If the magnetic field at P is summed over the entire loop,
(a) all the perpendicular components are cancelled out and
(b) the components is adds up.
Hence the magnetic field at P due to entire current loop is
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=Ʃ =Ʃ sin =Ʃ sin
4 ( + )

=Ʃ /
∵ from ig. sin = /
4 ( + ) ( + ) ( + )

= /
(Ʃ )= (2 ) (∵ Ʃ =2 )
4 ( + ) 4
( + )

= /
( + )

14. Derive the expression for the force between two infinitely long straight parallel conductors
carrying currents and hence define ampere.
Ans: Consider two infinitely long straight parallel conductors a and b
carrying currents I1 and I2 respectively and separated by a
perpendicular distance ‘d’ as shown in the figure.
The magnetic field at each point on conductor ‘b’ due to current I1 in
conductor ‘a’ is
2
=
4
Now the current carrying conductor ‘b’ is in uniform magnetic field B1.
Hence magnetic force on the segment L of conductor ‘b’ is
= sin
is directed towards the conductor ‘a’ and here = 90 , sin 90 = 1
2
=
4
Similarly conductor ‘a’ also experience same magnitude of force but in opposite direction. Magnetic
force on segment L of conductor ‘a’ is
2
=
4
The mutual force per unit length on conductors ‘a’ and ‘b’ is, =

∴ =
Definition of ampere: Thus “If two very long, straight, parallel conductors of negligible cross section
carrying same steady current are placed 1 m apart in free space (vacuum) experience a mutual force of
2 × 10 newton per meter length of these conductors, then the current in each conductor is said to be
1 A”.
15. Derive the Mirror formula.
OR Obtain the relation between object distance (u), image distance (v) and the focal length (f)
of a spherical mirror.
Ans: The geometry of formation of image B’A’ of object BA by a concave mirror is as shown in figure.

MPN = spherical mirror,

AB = linear size of the object,
A’B’ = linear size of the image,
BP = u = object distance
B’P = v = image distance
FP = f =focal length
CP= R = radius of curvature

In triangles A′ B′ F and MPF,

∠A′ B ′ F = ∠MPF = 90 and ∠A′ FB ′ = ∠MFP

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Hence the triangles A′ B′ F and MPF are similar
B ′ A′ B ′ F
∴ =
PM FP
B ′ A′ B ′ F B ′ P − FP
Using PM = BA, we get, = = − − − − − (1)
BA FP FP
In triangles A′B′P and ABP, ∠A′ B ′ P = ∠ABP = 90 and ∠A′ PB′ = ∠APB ,
Hence the triangles A′B′P and ABP are also similar.
B ′ A′ B ′ P
∴ = − − − − − −(2)
BA BP
Comparing Equations (1) and (2),
B ′ P − FP B ′ P
we get, = − − − − − − − (3)
FP BP
Applying the sign conventions, B′P = –v, FP = –f, BP = –u, to equation (3) we get,
−v + f −v
=
−f −u
v−f v
⇒ =
f u
⇒ uv − fu = fv,
Dividing through out by uvf and rearranging, we get
1 1 1
+ =
u v f
This relation is known as the mirror equation.
16. Derive the relation between n1, n2, u, v and R for refraction through the spherical surface.
Where the symbols have usual meanings.
Ans: Consider a an object O placed on the principal axis of a spherical surface with centre of curvature
C and radius of curvature R, which forms an image I. The geometry of formation of image of an object O
placed on the principal axis of a spherical surface is as shown in figure.

OM = u = object distance
MI = v = image distance
MC = R = radius of curvature
Angle i = angle of incidence
Angle r = angle of refraction
ON = incident ray
NI = refracted ray
NC = normal to surface at N &
n1, n2 are the refractive indices
For small angles,
MN
tan ∠NOM = ≈ ∠NOM
OM
MN
tan ∠NCM = ≈ ∠NCM
MC
MN
tan ∠NIM = ≈ ∠NIM
MI
In ΔNOC, i is the exterior angle and  NOM &  NCM are interior opposite angles,
Therefore, i =  NOM +  NCM
MN MN
= + … … … … … (3)
OM MC
Similarly, In ΔNIC,  NCM = r +  NIM

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r =  NCM −  NIM
MN MN
r= − … … … … … (4)
MC MI
Now, by Snell’s law, n1 sin i = n2 sin r
for small angles, n1 i = n2 r (since sin i  i and sin r  r)
Substituting i and r from Equations (3) and (4),
 MN MN   MN MN 
n1    = n2   
 OM MC   MC MI 
n n n n
⇒ + = −
OM MC MC MI
n n n −n
⇒ + = − − − −(5)
OM MI MC
Applying the Cartesian sign convention, OM = – u, MI = + v, MC = + R
Substituting these in Equation (5) and rearranging, we get
−
− = − − − −( )

Equation (6) gives us a relation between object and image distance in terms of refractive index of the
medium and the radius of curvature of the curved spherical surface.
RI of image space RI of object space RI of image space − RI of object space
− =
image distance object distance Radius of curvature

17. Derive of Lens Maker’s Formula.

Ans: Consider a thin convex lens of RI
n2 is placed in medium of RI n1.
Let,
R1 – radius of curvature of surface ABC
R2 – radius of curvature of surface ADC
O – point object on principal axis
I – final image of the object

The geometry of image formation by a double convex lens is as shown in figure.

The image formation can be seen in terms of two steps:-
(i) Refraction at surface ABC: The refraction at the surface ABC, forms the real image I1 in medium of
RI n2 of the point object placed in medium n1.
n n n −n
∴ − = − − − − − (1)
v′ u R
(ii) Refraction at surface ADC: The image I1 (in medium of RI n2) acts as a virtual object for the
second surface ADC that forms the final real image at I in medium of RI n1.
n n n −n
− ′ =
v v R
n n n −n
− ′ =− − − − − − (2)
v v R
Adding Equations (1) and (2), we get
n n 1 1
− = (n − n ) −
v u R R
1 1 n 1 1
− = −1 −
v u n R R

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1 1 1 1
⇒ − =( − 1) − ∵ =
v u R R
Suppose the object is at infinity, i.e., u → ∞ then, v → f

∴ =( − ) − − − − − − (3)

This is lens maker’s formula

18. Derive expression for equivalent focal length of the two thin convex lenses in contact with each
other.
Ans:
Let,
A and B – two thin convex lenses
f1 – focal length of lens A
f2 – focal length of lens B
O – point object placed beyond focus of lens A

The geometry of image formation by combination of lenses is as shown in figure.

The image formation takes place in two stages.
(i) The first lens forms the real image at I1 of the object O. For the image formed by the first lens A,
1 1 1
− = − − − − − (1)
v u f
(ii) The image I1 acts as virtual object for the second lens B and the lens B forms final image I. For the
image formed by the second lens B,
1 1 1
− = − − − − − (2)
v v f
Adding Equations (1) and (2), we get
1 1 1 1
− = + − − − − − (3)
v u f f
If the two lens-systems is regarded as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, then,
1 1 1
− = − − − − − (4)
v u f
From equations (3) and (4)

= + − − − − − (5)

19. Derive the refractive index of material of prism in terms of its refracting angle A and angle of
minimum deviation Dm.
Ans: The refraction of a ray of light through
prism is as shown in figure.
Let, ABC = principal section of the prism
A = Refracting angle of the prism
PQ = incident ray
QR = refracted ray
RS = emergent ray
i = angle of incidence
e = angle of emergence
r1 & r2 angles of refraction
In the quadrilateral AQNR,
 A +  QNR = 1800

From the triangle QNR,

r1 + r2 +  QNR = 1800
Comparing these two equations,
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r1+ r2 = A ....…..... (1)
The angle between the emergent ray RS and the direction of the incident ray PQ is called the angle of
deviation . The total deviation  is equal to the sum of deviations at the two faces,
δ = 1 + 2
δ = (i – r1) + (e – r2) = i + e – (r1+ r2)
i.e.,  = i + e – A ............. (2)

A plot between the angle of deviation and angle of incidence is

shown in Figure.
At the minimum deviation Dm,
We have,  = Dm, i = e which implies r1= r2
Equation (1) gives, 2r = A or r = A/2
( + )
Equation (2) gives, Dm = 2i – A or = 2
The refractive index of the prism from Snell’s law is
( + )
= = =

20. Derive the expression for fringe width of interference fringes using Young’s double slit
experiment.
Ans: Consider Young’s double slit arrangement for
obtaining interference fringes as shown in figure.
Let,
S1 and S2 - two coherent sources (Young’s double slits)
d – distance between slits
D – distance of screen from coherent sources/slits
O – center point on the screen and is equidistant from
S1 and S2

The path difference between the two light waves from S1 and S2 reaching the point O is zero. Thus the
point O has maximum intensity.
Consider a point P at a distance x from O.
The path difference between the light waves fromS1 and S2 reaching the point P is,  = S2P – S1P
2
 d
From the figure,  S2 P    S2 F    FP 
2 2 2 2
 D x  
 2
2
S1P 2   S1E 2   EP 2  D 2   x 
d
Similarly 
 2
  d  
2
 d 
2
  S2 P    S1P    D 2   x      D 2   x   
2 2

  2     2  

 d2  d   d2  d 
  D2 + x 2   2  x       D2  x 2   2  x     = 2 xd
 4  2    4  2  
S2 P  S1P S2 P + S1P  = 2 x d
2xd
S2 P  S1P  
 2  S1P 
S P
Since P is very close to O and d<< D, therefore  S2 P + S1P   2D
2xd xd
Path difference,  S2 P  S1P  = = ……………… (1)
2D D
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Equation (1) represents the path difference between light waves from S1 and S2 superposing at the
point P.
For constructive interference, S2P – S1P = n λ ; where, n = 0, 1, 2 ...
xd  λD
=nλ or x  n  
D  d 
 D 
i.e., The distance of the nth bright fringe from the centre O of the screen is xn  n  
 d 
 D 
The distance of (n + 1)th bright fringe from the centre of the screen is xn 1  ( n  1 )  
 d 
The distance between the centers of any two consecutive bright fringes is called the fringe width of
bright fringes. The fringe width is given by,
 λ D  λ D  λD
β = x n+1  x n = (n+1)    n =
 d   d  d

∴ =
Similarly for dark fringes also we obtain the same expression for fringe width.

21. Write the experimental observations of photoelectric effect. ( 3/5 M )

Ans: The experimental observations of photoelectric effect are,
1) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.
2) For every photosensitive material, there exists a certain minimum cut-off frequency of the
incident radiation below which there is no photoelectric emission. This minimum frequency is
called the threshold frequency.
3) Above threshold frequency, the photo current is directly proportional to the intensity of
incident light.
4) Above the threshold frequency, the stopping potential or the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons is directly proportional to the frequency of the incident radiation, but is
independent of its intensity.
5) Above the threshold frequency, saturation current is proportional to the intensity of incident
radiation.
6) The photo current decreases with increase in negative potential of collector and reaches zero at a
negative potential known as stopping potential.
22. Write the Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Using the equation, explain any two experimental
observations of photoelectric effect. (3/5 M)
Ans: Albert radiation energy is built up of discrete units called quanta of energy of radiation. Each
quantum of radiation has energy E= hν,
Where, h is Planck’s constant and ν- the frequency of light.
In photoelectric effect, an electron absorbs a quantum of energy (hν) of radiation and the electron is
emitted with maximum kinetic energy:
Kmax = hν – ϕo where, ϕo – work function
This is known as Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
(i) According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, Kmax depends linearly on frequency ν and Kmax is
independent of intensity of radiation.
(ii) Since Kmax must be non-negative, photoelectric emission is possible only if hν > or ν > ν0. Thus,
there exists a threshold frequency νo for every metal surface, below which no photoelectric
emission is possible.
(iii) Intensity of radiation is proportional to the number of photons per unit area per unit time. The
greater the number of photons available, the greater is the number of electrons coming out of the
metal.
Therefore, (for frequencies ν>νo) photoelectric current is directly proportional to intensity of
incident radiation.

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(iv) According to Einstein, the photoelectric effect is instantaneous process. This is because
photoelectric effect process involves absorption of light quantum by single electron, which takes
place instantaneously.
In this way Einstein’s theory successfully explains the experimental observations of photo electric
effect.

23. Obtain the expression for radius of nth orbit of H-atom, by using the postulates of Bohr atomic
model.
Ans: Consider a atom with effective nuclear charge +Ze. Let an electron revolves around the nucleus
with speed v in the orbit of radius r as shown in figure.
The necessary centripetal force on electron is provided by the electrostatic force between the electron
and the nucleus. Therefore we have,
centripetal force = electrostatic force
1 .
=
4

= − − − (1)
4
From Bohr’s angular momentum quantization rule,
ℎ
=
2
ℎ
= − − − (2)
4
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) we have,
ℎ 4
= ×
4
ℎ ℎ
= ⟹ =

ℎ
For n orbit, =

ℎ
For H atom Z = 1 and for n orbit, =

24. Obtain the expression for energy of the electron in the nth orbit of H-atom, by using the
postulates of Bohr atomic model.
Ans: Consider a atom with effective nuclear charge +Ze. Let the electron revolves around the nucleus
with speed v in the orbit of radius r as shown in figure.

The necessary centripetal force on electron is provided by the electrostatic force between the electron
and the nucleus. Therefore we have,
centripetal force = electrostatic force.
1 .
=
4
1 1 1
=
2 2 4
1 1
= − − − (1)
2 4
PE of the electron = ( potential at a distance r from the nucleus) (-e)
1
= (− )
4

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1
=− − − − (2)
4
Total energy of the electron in the orbit of radius r is, E = KE + PE
1 1 1 1 1
∴ E= − = −1
2 4 4 4 2
1
E=−
8
n h ε
The radius of the orbit is given by, r=
π m Ze
1 1 π m Ze
E=− =−
8 n h ε 8 n h ε
π m Ze
πmZ e
E=−
8ε n h
πmZ e
For n orbit, E =−
8ε n h
For hydrogen atom Z = 1 & for nth orbit
me
E =−
8ε n h
25. Write a note on spectral series of hydrogen atom.
Ans: On the basis transition of electrons between orbits, the radiations emitted are classified into five
spectral series as follows.
1. Lyman series: Spectral lines of Lyman series are obtained when the electrons make transitions from
higher orbits to the 1st orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by the relation,
1 1 1
= − = 2, 3, 4 ….
1
This series lies in UV region.
2. Balmer series: Spectral lines of Balmer series are obtained when the electrons make transitions from
higher orbits to the 2nd orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by the relation,
1 1 1
= − = 3, 4, 5 ….
2
This series lies in Visible region.

3. Paschen series: Spectral lines of Paschen series are obtained when the electrons make transitions
from higher orbits to the 3rd orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by the relation,
1 1 1
= − = 4, 5, 6 ….
3
This series lies in near Infrared region.
4. Bracket series: Spectral lines of Bracket series are obtained when the electrons make transitions from
higher orbits to the 4th orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by relation,
1 1 1
= − = 5, 6, 7 ….
4
This series lies in middle Infrared region.
5. Pfund series: Spectral lines of Pfund series are obtained when the electrons make transitions from
higher orbits to the 5th orbit. The wavelength of emitted photon is given by relation,
1 1 1
= − = 6, 7, 8 ….
5
This series lies in far Infrared region.

26. State radioactive decay law and hence deduce the expression, = .
Ans: “The rate of radioactive disintegration is directly proportional to the number of radioactive
nuclei present in the sample at that instant of time”.
Let N be the number of atoms present in a radioactive sample at any instant of time t. If dN is the
number of atom disintegrating in a short interval of time dt, then according to decay law
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Rate of disintegration ∝ number of atoms present
∝

= −λ

= −λ − − − − − (1)

Where, λ −decay constant and –ve sign shows that number of radioactive nuclei in the radioactive
sample decrease with time.
On integrating the equation (1)
= −λ
ln N = −λ + ---------- (3) Where ‘c’ is constant of integration
Let initialy at time t = 0, the nuclei in the sample N = N0
Then ln N0 = −λ(0) + ⇒ c = ln N0
∴ eqn. (3) changes as
ln N = −λt + ln N or ln N − ln N = − λt
N
ln = −λt
N
taking exponential on both sides
N λ
=
N
=
27. Define half life of radioactive sample and obtain the expression for half life. (3/5 M)
Ans: Half-life of a radioactive sample is defined as ‘the time during which number of nuclei in a
radioactive sample reduce to half the original value’.
From law of radioactive decay we have, N = N e λ -------- (1)
Where, N – number of radioactive nuclei in the sample at time t
N0 – number of nuclei at time t = 0
λ – decay constant
N
When, during time t = T (half life), number of radioactive nuclei in the sample, = 20
N λ
∴ = N e
2
1 1
⟹ = λ
2 e
λ
⟹ e = 2,
taking log on both sides
λT = log 2
.
=

28. Explain the formation of energy bands in solids. Using band theory differentiate between
conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
Ans: In an isolated atom the electron exist in discrete energy levels. But when the atoms come together
to form a solid, the outer orbits of electrons from neighbouring atoms would come very close or could
even overlap. Because of this, energy levels of each electron will be very close to each other. The group
of such energy levels forming continuous energy variation are called energy bands.
 The energy band which includes the energy levels of the valence electrons is called the valence band.

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 The energy band above the valence band is called the conduction band. The conduction band will be
filled by conduction electrons.
 The gap between the top of the valence band and bottom of the conduction band is called the energy
band gap (Energy gap Eg). It may be large, small, or zero, depending upon the material.
Conductors Semiconductor Insulator
Conduction and Valance band Conduction and Valance band are Conduction and Valance band
are overlapped separated by small energy gap (Eg< are separated by large energy
3 eV) gap (Eg> 3 eV)
Conduction band is largely Conduction band is partially filled Conduction band is
filled by conduction electrons by conduction electrons completely empty
Their electrical conductivity is Their electrical conductivity lies The electrical conductivity is
very high between conductors and insulators not possible.
Their Conductivity decreases Their Conductivity increases with Their Conductivity is
with increase in temperature increase in temperature independent of temperature
Ex: Metals and their alloys Ex: Si, Ge Ex: Plastic, rubber, glass

Conduction Band

Conduction Band Eg > 3 eV

Conduction Band
Energy

Energy

Energy
Eg < 3 eV

Valence Band Valence Band Valence Band

Conductor Semiconductor Insulator

29. What is half wave rectifier? Describe with a circuit diagram, the working of a diode as half wave
rectifier.
Ans: The device that converts half cycle of ac input into dc is called half wave rectifier.

Half wave rectifier circuit is as shown in figure.

The ac to be rectified is applied to the primary (P) of the transformer and induced ac appears across
the secondary. A diode D and the load resistor RL are connected in series to the free ends of the
secondary of the transformer. The output is taken across RL.
 During positive half cycle of the induced ac, the end A of secondary is positive thus the diode D is
forward biased. Hence the diode conducts and the output appears across RL.
 During negative half cycle of the induced ac, the end A of secondary is negative, thus the diode D is
reverse biased. Hence the diode do not conducts and no output appears across RL.
 The cycle of rectifications repeats and the graphical representation of input and out wave forms as
in fig.
Thus the diode conducts only positive half cycles of input ac cycle and hence it acts as half wave
rectifier.

30. What is full wave rectifier? Explain how diodes can be used as a full-wave rectifier.
Ans: A device that converts both the half cycles of ac into dc is called full wave rectifier.

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Full wave rectifier circuit is as shown in figure.

The ac to be rectified is applied to the primary (P) of the transformer and the induced ac appears
across the secondary. The diodes D1 and D2 are connected to the free ends of the secondary of the
transformer. The n-regions of the diodes are connected to the center tap of the transformer through a
load resistance RL.
 During positive half cycle of the ac input, the end A of secondary is positive relative to center tap
and the end B is negative. Thus the diode D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased. Hence the
diode D1 conducts and the output appears across RL.
 During negative half cycle of the ac input, the end A of secondary is negative relative to center tap
and the end B is positive. Thus the diode D1 is reverse biased and D2 is forward biased. Hence the
diode D2 conducts and the output appears across RL.
 The cycle of rectifications repeats and the graphical representation of input and out wave forms as
in fig.
Thus both the halves of input AC is converted into DC and hence the device works as full wave rectifier.

IMPT. ADDITIONAL 3/5 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

Sub : Physics Class : II PUC

1. Show that the magnetic field at an outside axial point of the current carrying solenoid is
equivalent to a bar magnet.
Ans: Consider a solenoid consisting of n turns per
unit length carrying a current I. Let its length be 2l
and radius a.
Consider a circular element of thickness dx of the
solenoid at a distance x from the center of solenoid.
It consists of ndx turns.
We know that, the magnitude of the magnetic field
on the axis of a circular coil is given by,

= /
2( + )
Where N is the number of turns in the coil, R is the radius of the coil and x is the distance of the point on
the axis of the coil. Here, N  n dx, R  a and x  (r-x)].
The magnitude of the field at point P due to the circular element is

= /
2( − ) + ]
The magnitude of the total field is obtained by summing over all the elements — in other words by
integrating from x = – l to x = + l. Thus,

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= /
2 ( − ) + ]

Let us consider the point P very far from the solenoid, i.e., ≫ and ≫ . Then the denominator is
] /
approximated by, ( − ) + ≈ and

2
= = ] = − (− )] =
2 2 2 2

2( 2 )
=
4
The magnetic moment of the solenoid is,
= total no. of turns × current × area of cross section = ( 2 ) ( )

∴ =

This is same as the far axial magnetic field of a bar magnet. Thus, a bar magnet and a solenoid produce
similar magnetic fields. Therefore a bar magnet is equivalent to current carrying solenoid.

2. What is an ac generator? Give the principle of generator. Derive the expression for generation
of sinusoidal emf by an ac generator. Draw the graph showing the variation of the induced emf
with time.
Ans: An ac generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Principle: One method to induce an emf or current in a loop is
through a change in the loop’s orientation or a change in its
effective area. As the coil rotates in a magnetic field , the effective
area of the loop (the face perpendicular to the field) is cos ,
where is the angle between and . This method of producing a
flux change is the principle of operation of a simple ac generator.
Construction: It consists of a coil mounted on a rotor shaft. The
axis of rotation of the coil is perpendicular to the direction of the
magnetic field. The coil (called armature) is mechanically rotated
in the uniform magnetic field by some external means. The
rotation of the coil causes the magnetic flux through it to change,
so an emf is induced in the coil. The ends of the coil are connected
to an external circuit by means of slip rings and brushes.

Working/Theory: When the coil is rotated with a constant

angular speed ω, the angle θ between the magnetic field vector and the area vector of the coil at
any instant t is θ = ωt (assuming θ= 00 at t = 0). As a result, the effective area of the coil exposed to the
magnetic field lines changes with time, and the flux at any time t is
Φ = ∙ = cos = cos
From Faraday’s law, the induced emf for the rotating coil of N turns is then,
Φ
=− = (cos )

Thus, the instantaneous value of the emf is

= sin
Where, NBAω is the maximum value of the emf, which occurs when sin = ±1 and is denoted as ,
then =
The direction of the emf and hence current changes periodically and therefore the current is called
alternating current (ac).
Since ω = 2πν, then we can write, =
where ν is the frequency of revolution of the generator’s coil.
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3. Explain the construction, working and theory of a transformer.

Ans: A transformer is a device used to vary (step up or step down) AC voltages.
It works on the principle of mutual induction.
Construction
A transformer consists of two sets of coils, insulated from each
other. They are wound on a soft-iron core, either one on top of the
other or on separate limbs of the core as in Fig. One of the coils
called the primary coil has Np turns. The other coil is called the
secondary coil; it has Ns turns. The primary coil is the input coil and
the secondary coil is the output coil of the transformer.
Working
When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the resulting
current produces an alternating magnetic flux which links the
secondary and induces an emf in it. The value of this emf depends
on the number of turns in the secondary.
Theory of transformer/Expression for turns ratio
Consider an ideal transformer in which the primary has negligible resistance and all the flux in the core
links both primary and secondary windings.
Let φ be the flux in each turn in the core at time t due to current in the primary when a voltage vp is
applied to it. Then the induced emf or voltage εs, in the secondary with Ns turns is
=− − − − −(1)
The alternating flux φ also induces an emf, called back emf in the primary. This is
=− − − − −(2)
But = . If this were not so, the primary current would be infinite since the primary has zero
resistance (as assumed). If the secondary is an open circuit or the current taken from it is small, then to
a good approximation =
where vs is the voltage across the secondary. Therefore, Eqs. (1) and (2) can be written as
=− − − − −(3)

=− − − − −(4)
Dividing eq. (3) by (4), we have
= = called turns ratio.

 If the transformer is assumed to be 100% efficient (no energy losses), the power input is equal to the
power output, and since = , ∴ = ⟹ =
Step-up transformer: For step up transformer, turns ratio T > 1, that is, the secondary coil has a
greater number of turns than the primary (Ns > Np), the voltage is stepped up (as = and
hence Vs > Vp). This type of arrangement is called a step-up transformer. However, in this arrangement,
there is less current in the secondary than in the primary (Np/Ns < 1 and Is < Ip).
Step-down transformer
For step down transformer, turns ratio T < 1, that is the secondary coil has less turns than the primary
(Ns < Np), we have a step-down transformer. In this case, Vs < Vp and Is > Ip. That is, the voltage is stepped
down, or reduced, and the current is increased.

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4. Using phasor diagram, derive the expression for current in the series LCR circuit in terms of
impedance Z and phase difference .
Ans: Consider a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source ε.
Let the voltage of the source to be,
= sin -------- (1)

If q is the charge on the capacitor and I the current, at time t,

we have, from Kirchhoff’s loop rule:
+ + =
+ + = sin -------- (2)
Let the current in the circuit be = sin( + ) -------- (3)
Where, φ - phase difference between voltage across the source and the current in the circuit.
The phasor diagram for circuit at some instant of time t is as shown in figure.

Let,
- phasor representing the current in the circuit
- phasor representing voltage across resistor
- phasor representing voltage across inductor
- phasor representing voltage across capacitor
- phasor representing
senting voltage across the source

The length of these phasors (or amplitude) of , and are:

= , = , = ------ (4)

We know that is parallel to , is π/2 behind and is π/2

/2 ahead of .
The phasor relation for these voltages is + + = --------- (5)
Since and are always along the same line and in oppo
opposite
site directions, they can be combined into a
single phasor + , which has a magnitude – .
Using the Pythagorean Theorem for fig. (b) we have:
= +( − )
Substituting the values of , , and from Eq. (4) into the above equation, we have
=( ) +( − ) = +( − ) ]

⟹ = = − − − − (6)
+( − )

Where, = +( − ) − − − − (7) is called the impedance of the ac circuit.

Since phasor is always parallel to phasor , the phase angle φ is the angle between and and
can be determined from Fig. (b):
− −
= = − − − − (8)
Equation (6) gives the amplitude of the current and Eq. (8) gives the phase angle. With these, Eq. (3) is
completely
ely specifies the current in the circuit.

5. Using Huygens principle show that angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection for a
reflection of plane wave front at a plane surface.

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Ans:
MN – reflecting surface
AB – Incident plane wave front
i – angle of incidence
v – speed of light in the medium

If v represents the speed of the

wave in the medium and if τ represents the time taken by the wave front to advance from the point B to
C then the distance BC is, BC= vτ ----------- (1)
In order the construct the reflected wave front, a sphere of radius = vτ, is drawn from the point A as
shown in the adjacent figure. The tangent plane CE drawn from the point C to this sphere represents
reflected wave front.
 AE = BC = vτ , ABC= CEA = 90o , AC is common.
Triangles EAC and BAC are congruent.
 i = r ----------- (2)
This is the law of reflection.

6. Explain the refraction of plane waves using Huygens principle and hence arrive at Snell’s law of
refraction. ( 5 M )
Ans:

PP - surface separating medium-1 and

medium-2
v1 and v2 - speed of light in medium-1
and medium-2 respectively.

Consider a plane wave front AB incident in medium-1 at angle ‘i’ on the surface PP . According to
Huygens principle, every point on the wave front AB is a source of secondary wavelets.
Let the secondary wavelet from B strike the surface PP at C in time .
Then BC = v1.
The secondary wavelet from A will travel a distance v2 as radius; draw an arc in medium 2. The
tangent from C touches the arc at E. Then AE = v2 and CE is the refracted wave front. Let r be the angle
of refraction.
In the figure, BAC = i = angle of incidence and ECA = r = angle of refraction
BC = v1 and AE = v2

From triangle BAC, sin = and from triangle ECA, sin =

sin ⁄
∴ = = = = − − − − − (1)
sin ⁄
Now, refractive index (n) of a medium: = where c – speed of light in vacuum.

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For the irst medium: = and for the second medium: = ⟹ =

sin
Equation (1) becomes, = sin = sin
sin
This is the Snell’s law of refraction.

7. Give the theory of interference and hence arrive at the conditions for constructive and
destructive interference.
Ans: Consider two coherent sources of light S1 and S2.
Let the displacement produced by source S1 is, y1 = a cos (t)
and the displacement produced by source S2 is, y2 = a cos (t + )
where, a – amplitude of waves
 - phase difference between the waves.
The resultant displacement is, y = y1 + y2
y = [ a cos (t) +a cos (t + )]
y = a [cos (t + )+ cos (t)]
 t +   
y = 2a cos   cos   ; Using cos C + cos D = 2cos  C+D  .cos  C  D 
 2  2  2   2 
  
y = 2a cos   cos  ωt + 
2  2
 
y = R cos  ωt +  ----------- (1)
 2

The amplitude of the resultant displacement is R = 2a cos   --------- (2)
2
The intensity at a point is, Intensity ∝ (amplitude)2

∴ The intensity at that a point will be, I = 4I0 cos2   ---------- (3)
2
Where, I0 – intensity of interfering individual wave
Conditions for Constructive Interference:
For the constructive interference at an arbitrary point P, the intensity of light at that point is to be
maximum, i.e. Imax = 4I0
 
⟹ cos2   = +1 ⟹ cos   = ± 1
2 2
OR phase difference,  = 0,  2,  4 …. Or  =  
OR path difference:  =  , (Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3…..)
Conditions for Destructive Interference:
For the destructive interference at an arbitrary point P, the intensity of light at that point is to be
minimum, i.e. Imin = 0
 
⟹ cos2   = 0 ⟹ cos   = 0
2 2
OR phase difference,  =  ,  3,  5 …. Or  = ( + )

OR path difference: = + , (Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3…..)

8. What is diffraction of light? Explain diffraction of light at single slit. (3/5 M)

Ans: The phenomenon of bending of light waves around the edges (or corners) of the obstacles and
entering into the expected geometrical shadow of the obstacle is called diffraction of light.
Consider a parallel beam of light falling normally on a single narrow slit LN of width a. The different
parts of the wave front at the slit act as secondary sources of disturbance. The secondary waves
(diffracted light) from the slit, interfere producing diffraction pattern on the screen.

23 | P a g e
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Important 5 Marks Questions and Answers II PUC PHYSICS

When single narrow slit illuminated by a monochromatic source, a broad pattern with a central bright
region is seen. On both sides of central fringe, there are alternate dark and bright regions; the
intensity becomes weaker away from the centre, as shown in intensity distribution curve.
The path difference between the two edges of the slit L and N at a point P on screen is,
NP – LP = NQ = a sin θ ≈ aθ
Formation of central fringe:
At the central point O on the screen, secondary waves from corresponding parts of the slit arrive in
phase (the all path differences of secondary waves are zero) and this gives maximum intensity at O.
Hence the intensity has a central maximum at θ = 0.
Conditions for Secondary maxima:
1λ
The Secondary maxima are produced at θ   n+ , n = ±1, ±2, ±3, …
2a
3λ
For first secondary maximum: n=1, this implies, θ   
2a 
nλ
Condition for minima: The Minima (zero intensity) is produced at θ  , n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ....
a

9. Define Brewster’s angle and hence arrive at the Brewster’s law of polarisation.
Ans: The tangent of the Brewster’s angle (iB) is equal to refractive index (n) of the material of the
reflector, i.e., n=tan iB
When the angle of incidence on a surface is equal to the Brewster’s angle, the reflected and refracted
rays are perpendicular to each other.
Proof: Consider a beam of an unpolarised light incident at an angle equal to the Brewster’s angle iB on
the surface of a transparent material having refractive index n.
PO is the ray of light incident on the surface of glass slab of refractive index n at an angle iB, the
Brewster’s angle. OQ is the reflected ray, which is completely polarized. OR is the refracted ray and is
partially polarised. Let r be the angle of refraction.
It is observed that the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other.
i.e. QOR = 90 -------- (1)
From laws of reflection, POM =MOQ = iB
From the figure,
MOQ + QOR + RON = 180
iB + 900 + r = 1800
 r + iB = 900
 r = 90  iB --------- (2)
sin i sin i B
From Snell’s law, n = =
sin r sin r
sin i B sin i B
 n= 
sin (90o  i B ) cos i B
 n = tan iB
This is Brewster’s law.

24 | P a g e
PREPAPRED BY MURGHENDRA KATTIMANI [email protected]
 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Problems: CURRENT ELECTRIITY

1) Calculate the current density and average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper
wire of cross sectional area carrying a current of . Given free electron
density of copper is , .

Given:

2) The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor is . How long

does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire long to its other end? The area of
cross section of the wire is and it is carrying a current of .

Given:

Time taken to drift long can be calculated as,

3) A silver wire has a resistance of at and a resistance of at . Find

the temperature co-efficient of silver. Also find its resistance at .

Given:

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

If we take and , the resistance at zero degree is taken as

[ ]

4) mass of nichrome metal is drawn in to a wire of area of cross-section .

Calculate the resistance of the wire. Given density of nichrome and
resistivity of the material as . (Mar 2018)

Given:

( )

5) Three resistors of resistances and are connected in series. What is the total
resistance of the combination? If this combination is connected to a battery of emf 10 V and
negligible internal resistance, obtain the potential drop across each resistor. (Mar 2016)

Given:

For series combination,

In series combination,

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

6) (a) Three resistors and are connected in parallel. What is the total resistance of
the combination? (b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 25 V and negligible
internal resistance. Determine the current through each resistor and the total current drawn
from the battery. (Jul 2017)

Given:

For parallel combination,

In series combination,

7) A wire having length , diameter and resistivity is

connected in series with a battery of emf and internal resistance . Calculate the
resistance of the wire and current in the circuit. (July 2016)

Given:

First calculate A,

( ) ( )

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

8) A battery of internal resistance is connected to resistor and potential difference

across the resistor is . If another resistor of is connected in series with the first
resistor and the battery again connected to the combination. Calculate the emf and the
terminal potential difference across the combination. (Mar 2014)

Case (i)
Given:

First calculate emf of the battery using the expression for

( )

Case(ii)

Terminal potential difference, V is given by

( )

( )

9) In the given circuit diagram, calculate:

(i) The main current through the circuit and
(ii) Also current through resistor. (Jul 2018)

Given:

Total resistance of the circuit is given by

( )

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

( )

Current through resistor can be calculated as,

10) In the following circuit, find the current I. (Apr/May 2022)

11) Two cells of emf and and internal resistances and respectively are connected
in parallel so as to send the current in the same direction through an external resistance of
. Find the potential difference across resistor. (Mar 2015, Aug 2022)

Given:

First calculate effective emf and effective internal

resistance of the equivalent battery.
For parallel combination of cells,

Potential difference can be calculated as

( )

( )

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

12) Two identical cells either in series or in parallel combination, gives the same current of
through external resistance of . Find emf and internal resistance of each cell. (Jul
2015)

Given:

Cells are identical and

Case(i)
For series combination,
and

Case(ii)
For parallel combination,

Solving equation (1) and equation (2) we get,

and

13) A cell supplies current through resistor and a current of through

resistor. Find the internal resistance and emf of the cell.

Given: and
and

Case(i) and

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Case(ii) and

From (1) and (2)

Substituting the value of in equation (1)

14) When two resistors are connected in series with a cell of emf and negligible
internal resistance, a current of flows in the circuit. When the resistors are
connected in parallel the main current is . Calculate the resistances. (Mar 2017)

Given:

For Series connection,

( ⁄ )

( ⁄ )

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Solving Equation (i) and (iii), we get,

15) A uniform wire of resistance is bent into three parts in the ratio to form a
triangle. A cell of emf and negligible internal resistance is connected across the
highest of the three resistances. Calculate the current in each branch of the circuit.

Given:

Total resistance of the circuit can be calculated as,

Total current can be calculated as,

Current through and is same, since each branch has

same resistance.

16) An electric current divides into 3 parallel branches in which the lengths of the wires are
in the ratio and the diameters are in the ratio . Find the current in each branch,
if the wires are of the same material.

Given: Total current,

Ratio of length
Ratio of their diameter
The ratio of their radius will be
The ratio of their Area
(since area )

We have,

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 ALTERNATING CURRENT
Problems.
ALTERNATING CURRENT

1) A resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected in series with a

ac supply. Calculate the impedance of the circuit and also find the current
through the circuit. (Jul 2018)

Given:

( )

(i) Find and then .

(ii) Find ( )
In this Chapter current means RMS value of current and voltage means RMS value of voltage.
Frequency means frequency of applied AC voltage.

√ ( ) √ ( ) √ ( ) √
√

( )

2) A source of alternating emf of is connected in series with a resistance of

an inductance of and a capacitance of . Does the current lead or lag the
voltage and by what angle? (Mar 2017)

Given:

( )

( )
is positive indicates that current leads.

3) A sinusoidal voltage of peak value and frequency is applied to a series LCR

circuit in which , and . (Mar 2015, July 2019)
Find: a) Impedance of the circuit.
b) The phase difference between the voltage across the source and the current.
c) The power factor.
U N Swamy, Lecturer in Physics, MGGPUC, KUNIGAL Page | 1
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
Given:

(a)

√ ( ) √ ( ) √ ( ) √
√

(b)

( )
Negative sign indicates that voltage leads.

(c)

4) Calculate the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a series LCR circuit containing a pure
inductor of inductance , capacitor of capacitance and resistor of resistance
.(Mar 2014)

Given:

√ √

√ ( )

√ √ √

5) A sinusoidal voltage of peak value is applied to a series LCR circuit in which resistor
of resistance , pure inductor of inductance 28.5 and capacitance of capacitor
are connected. a) Find resonant frequency. (Jul 2017)
b) Calculate the impedance, current and power dissipated at the resistance.

Given:

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 ALTERNATING CURRENT
(a)

√ √ √ √

(b)
At resonance,

6) A pure inductor of is connected to a source of and . Find the inductance

resistance, rms value of current and peak current in the circuit. (Jul 2014)

Given:

7) A resistor of , a pure inductance coil of and capacitor are in series in a circuit

containing an AC source of , . In the circuit, current is ahead of the voltage by 300.
Find the value of the capacitor. (Jul 2015)

Given:

( )

( )

( )

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 ALTERNATING CURRENT
8) An inductor and a bulb are connected in series to an AC source of . A current of
flows in the circuit and phase angle between the voltage and current is radians.
Calculate the impedance and inductance of the circuit. (July 2016)

Given:

We have,

( )

or

Now, √ ( ) √( ) ( ) √ ( ) √

9) A 60V, 10W lamp is to be run on 100V, 60 Hz ac mains. Calculate the inductance of a choke
coil required to be connected in series with it to work the bulb.

For bulb:

(i)

(ii)

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 ALTERNATING CURRENT

For circuit:

For proper functioning of bulb, current through the bulb must 0.1667 A and must not exceed
0.1667 A.

√ ( )

( )

√ √ √ √
( )

10) A series L C R circuit with and is connected to a variable

frequency of 200 V AC supply when the frequency of the supply is equal to the natural
frequency of the circuit, What is the average power transferred to the circuit in one
complete cycle.

Given:

( )

When the frequency of the supply is equal to the natural frequency of the circuit, current will
be maximum.
i.e. and

or

11) A ( ) capacitor in series with a resistor is connected to a , supply.

(a) What is the maximum current in the circuit?
(b) What is the phase difference between the current maximum and voltage maximum?

Given:

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 ALTERNATING CURRENT
(a)

√ ( ) √ √ √

(b)

( )

12) A coil of inductance and resistance of is connected to a ac supply.

a) What is the maximum current in the coil?
b) What is the time lag between voltage maximum and the current maximum?

Given:

(a)

√ ( ) √ √ √

(b)

( )

Convert the value of in to radian.

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