FREEDOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,

CUTTACK

PHYSICS PROJECT
Session: 2024-25

A Project Report On
“Transformer”

Submitted by Satyam Patnaik

Class-XII (Science)
Regd No. (CBSE)-B/2/25/15360/0255

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Pritam Pattanaik
PGT(Physics)
 Table of Contents
 Declaration

 Certificate

 Acknowledgement

 Introduction

 Theory

 Step-Down Transformer

 Step-Up Transformer

 Efficiency

 Energy Losses

 Circuit Diagram

 Apparatus Required

 Procedure Followed

 Uses of Transformers

 Conclusion

 Precautions and Sources of Error

  Bibliography

FREEDOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, CUTTACK

Declaration

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Transformer” submitted to

Department of Physics, Freedom International School is prepared by me.

Satyam Patnaik
Class-XII (Science)
 FREEDOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, CUTTACK

Certificate

This is to certify that SATYAM PATNAIK, student of

class-XII (Sci) has successfully prepared the
report on the project entitled “Transformer”
under the guidance of
Mr. Pritam Pattanaik (PGT, Physics).
The report is the result of his/her effort &
endeavors. This report is found worthy of
acceptance as final project report for the subject
physics of class XII (Sci).

Signature of Physics Teacher Signature of External

Examiner
---------------------------------
------------------------------------
 Signature of Principal
-----------------------------

Acknowledgement

I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude my project guide

for guiding me immensely through the course of the project. He always

envinced keen interest in my project. His constructive advice & constant

motivation have been responsible for the successful completion of his project.

My sincere thank goes to our principal Mr. Gangadhar Behura for his co-

ordination in extending every possible support for the completion of this

project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who had helped directly or

indirectly towards the completion of this project.

Satyam Patnaik
 Class-XII (Sci)

Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating voltage.

A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction according to this

principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changes which
produces and induced E.M.F. in the neighbouring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C

voltages. It is the most widely used device in both low and high current circuit.
As such, transformers are built in a lot of different sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, the size of transformer may be so small that it
may weigh only a few tens of grams, whereas in high voltage power circuits, it
may weigh hundreds of tons.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit
takes place without the use of moving parts.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits.
 Theory
When an alternating E.M.F. is supplied to the primary coil, an alternating
current starts flowing in it. The alternating current in the primary coil produces
a changing magnetic flux, which induces alternating voltage in the primary coil
as well as in the secondary coil. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary coil is also linked with the secondary coil, and then the
induced E.M.F. induced in each turn of the secondary coil is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary coil. Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of E.M.F.’s induced in the primary and the secondary coils and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary and secondary coils of the transformer and
dϕ/dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dϕ/dt …………… (1)

and
Es = -Ns dϕ/dt ……………. (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing (2) by (1),
we get

Es/Ep = Ns/Np……………. (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back E.M.F. induced in the primary coil, so

the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to difference (E-Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back E.M.F.’s. Further if Rp id the
resistance of primary coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil
is given by

Ip = E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp

Thus back E.M.F. = input E.M.F

Hence equation (3) can be written as

Es/Ep = Es/E
= output E.M.F./input E.M.F.
= Ns/Np = K

Where K is a constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

 Step-Down Transformer

A transformer which decreases the high A.C. voltage from the primary coil to
low A.C. voltage in the secondary coil is called a step-down transformer.
In a step-down transformer.

Es<E so K<1, hence Ns<Np

If
Ip = value of primary current at this instant
and
Is = value of secondary current at the same instant, then
Input power at this instant = Ep Ip
and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = Output power
or

Ep Ip = Es Is

or

Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K

Illustration
 Step-Up Transformer

A transformer which increases the low A.C. voltage from the primary coil to
high A.C. voltage in the secondary coil is called a step-up transformer.
In a step-up transformer

Es>E so K>1, hence Ns>N, as K>1, so Ip>Is

i.e. current in secondary coil is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.

Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step-down transformer, whatever we lose in

voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the current and a step-up
transformer steps up the current.

Illustration
 Efficiency

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the imput

power.
i.e.
η = output power/input power = Es Is/Ep Ip
Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there are no power losses,
η=1
But in an actual transformer, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
 Energy Losses

Following are the major sources of energy losses in a transformer:

1. Copper loss. Some energy is lost due to heating of copper wires used in the
primary and secondary windings. This power lose can be minimised by using
thick copper wires of low resistance.
2. Eddy current loss. The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy currents in
the iron core which leads to some energy loss in the form of heat. This loss can
be reduced by using laminated iron core.
3. Hysteresis loss. The alternating current carries the iron core through cycles of
magnetisation and demagnetisation. Work is done in each of these cycles and is
lost as heat. This is called hysteresis loss and can be minimised by using core
material having narrow hysteresis loop.
4. Flux leakage. The magnetic flux produced by the primary may not fully pass
through the secondary. Some of the flux may leak into the air. This loss can be
minimised by winding the primary and secondary coils over one another.
5. Humming loss. As the transformer works, its core lengthens and shortens
during each cycle of the alternating voltage due to a phenomenon called
magnetostriction. This gives rise to a humming sound. So, some electrical
energy is lost in the form of humming sound.

Circuit Diagram
Apparatus Required
 Iron Rod Copper
Wire

Voltmeter
Ammeter

Procedure Followed
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number
of turns of thin copper wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes the primary
coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wind relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.

3. Connect the primary coil to A.C. main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C. voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through the secondary coil.

5. Now connect the secondary coil to A.C. main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step-down transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number of

turns in primary and secondary coil.

Uses of Transformers

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-rays and NEON

advertisement.

5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of A.C. over long distances.

7. Small transformers are used in radio sets, telephones, loud speaker, electric
bells, etc.

Conclusion

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon
the ration (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

Precautions

1. Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.

Sources of Error

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

Bibliography
1. NCERT Physics Class 12 textbook
2. NCERT Physics lab manual
3. www.google.com
4. www.wikipedia.com
5. www.scribd.com