EE356: Power Transmission,

Distribution and Utilization

Farhan Mahmood, PhD

Department of Electrical Engineering
UET, Lahore

May 23, 2016

Outline

• Capacitance of transmission lines

• Transmission line parameters
• Potential at a charged single conductor
• Capacitance of single-phase transmission line
• Capacitance of three-phase transmission line
• Method of images

Page 2
Field Lines Produced by Transmission Lines

Page 3
Capacitance of Transmission Lines

• The two parallel wires act as plates of a capacitor and that the air between them acts
as a dielectric.
• Capacitance also exists between the transmission line wires, as illustrated in figure.
• The capacitance between the wires is usually expressed in picofarads per unit
length.
• This electric field between the wires is similar to the field that exists between the two
plates of a capacitor.

Page 4
Capacitance of Transmission Lines

• Advantages of shunt capacitance of transmission lines:

˗ Reduction in line losses due to decrease in the magnitude of current
˗ Improved efficiency of transmission lines
˗ Reduction in voltage drop, and hence voltage regulation

Page 5
Transmission Line Parameters

• Since any dielectric, even air, is not a perfect insulator, a small current known as
leakage current flows between the two wires.
• In effect, the insulator acts as a resistor, permitting current to pass between the
two wires.
• Figure shows this leakage path as capacitors-resistors in parallel connected
between the two lines. This property is called conductance (G) and is the opposite
of resistance.

Page 6
Potential at a Charged Single Conductor

• We first compute the electric field of a uniformly charged, solid cylindrical conductor
and the voltage between two points outside the conductor.
• We also compute the voltage between two conductors in an array of charged
conductors.
• Gauss’s law states that the total electric flux leaving a closed surface equals the total
charge within the volume enclosed by the surface, that is, the normal component of
electric flux density integrated over a closed surface equals the charge enclosed:

• where D ┴ denotes the normal component of electric flux density, E ┴ denotes the
normal component of electric field strength, and ds denotes the differential surface
area.

Page 7
Potential at a Charged Single Conductor

• From Gauss’s law,

where ε = ε0 is the permittivity of free space

• Electric field intensity at any point is the
gradient of voltage,

Page 8
Potential in a Multiconductor Configuration

• Consider n parallel long conductors with charges q1, q2, ... , qn coulombs/meter as
shown in Figure.

• According to principle of superposition of electrostatics, the potential V at a point P

is equal to the algebraic sum of the potentials at P due to each charge alone i.e.
individual charge.

Page 9
Capacitance of Single-Phase Transmission Line

• The Inductance of a single-phase lines can be expressed as below,

Page 10
Capacitance of 3-Phase Transmission Line

Symmetrical Spacing
• Inductance per phase of three-phase line with symmetrical spacing (equilateral
spaced soild conductor) is given by,

Page 11
Exercise

Problem 1:
• A 3-phase, 132 kV, 50 Hz, transmission line has an equilateral spacing of 1.5 m,
diameter of each conductor is 1.5 cm. Calculate the capacitive reactance of the line if
the length of the line is 100 km. Also, calculate the charging current in amp per km
length of the line.

Page 15
Capacitance of 3-phase Transmission Line

• Unsymmetrical Spacing

• The potential difference between conductors a and b in section (I) is given by,

Page 17
Capacitance of 3-phase Transmission Line

• The potential difference between conductors a and b in section (II) is given by,

• The potential difference between conductors a and b in section (III) is given by,

• The average value of Vab is given by,

Page 18
Capacitance of 3-phase Transmission Line

• The potential difference between conductors a and c,

• Adding Vab and Vac,

Page 19
Capacitance of 3-phase Transmission Line

• The potential difference between conductors a and c,

Page 20
Capacitance of 3-Phase, Double Circuit Line

Double Circuit Transmission Line

r’

Page 21
Capacitance of 3-Phase, Double Circuit Line

Page 22
Capacitance of 3-Phase, Bundled Conductor Line

Page 23
 Conductor Tables

Inductive reactance at Inductive reactance

1 feet spacing (Xa) spacing factor (Xd)

Page 25
Method of Images (or Mirror Charges)

Page 26
Method of Images (or Mirror Charges)

Page 28
Capacitance of 1-phase Transmission Line Considering the
Effect of Ground

Page 29
Exercise

Problem 2:
• A single-phase transmission line consists of two conductors spaced at a distance of
1.2 m, the diameter of each conductor is 1.5 cm. Assuming that the height of the line
from the ground is 8 m, calculate capacitance between conductors and capacitance
from conductor to ground for the following cases:
(a) ignoring the effect of ground
(b) considering the effect of ground.

Page 32
CLO-1

• Apply the concept of flux linkages and voltage drop

in the calculation of inductance and capacitance of
transmission lines.

Page 34
Assignment 2

• Examples: All
• End problems: 5.1, 5.4 – 5.11
• Due date: Next week in the class
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION