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conceptOfOops

C++ OOps topic

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landeparth93
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1 views

conceptOfOops

C++ OOps topic

Uploaded by

landeparth93
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" to

represent data and methods to manipulate that data. The core concepts of OOP are designed to
promote code organization, reusability, and scalability. Here are the fundamental concepts of
OOP:

1. Classes and Objects

 Class: A blueprint for creating objects. It defines attributes (data members) and methods
(functions) that the objects created from the class can use.

cpp
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class Car {
public:
string model;
int year;

void display() {
cout << "Model: " << model << ", Year: " << year << endl;
}
};

 Object: An instance of a class. Objects have state (data) and behavior (methods).

cpp
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Car myCar;
myCar.model = "Toyota";
myCar.year = 2020;
myCar.display(); // Output: Model: Toyota, Year: 2020

2. Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the concept of bundling the data (attributes) and the methods (functions) that
operate on the data into a single unit (class). It restricts direct access to some components and
can protect the integrity of the object’s state.

 Access Modifiers:
o Public: Members can be accessed from outside the class.
o Private: Members can only be accessed from within the class.
o Protected: Members can be accessed within the class and by derived classes.

3. Abstraction

Abstraction is the concept of hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the
necessary features of an object. This simplifies interactions with complex systems and enhances
usability.

 Abstraction can be achieved using abstract classes and interfaces in C++.

cpp
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class Shape {
public:
virtual void draw() = 0; // Pure virtual function
};

4. Inheritance

Inheritance allows a new class (derived class) to inherit attributes and methods from an existing
class (base class). This promotes code reuse and establishes a hierarchical relationship.

 Types of Inheritance:
o Single Inheritance: One derived class from one base class.
o Multiple Inheritance: One derived class from multiple base classes.
o Multilevel Inheritance: A derived class inherits from another derived class.
o Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple derived classes inherit from a single base
class.

cpp
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class Vehicle {
public:
void start() {
cout << "Vehicle started." << endl;
}
};

class Car : public Vehicle {


public:
void honk() {
cout << "Car honks." << endl;
}
};

5. Polymorphism

Polymorphism allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon, even
though they share the same name. There are two main types:

 Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading): Multiple functions can have the


same name but different parameters.

cpp
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void print(int a);
void print(double b);

 Run-time Polymorphism (Method Overriding): A derived class can provide a


specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its base class. This is
achieved using virtual functions.

cpp
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class Base {
public:
virtual void show() {
cout << "Base class show." << endl;
}
};

class Derived : public Base {


public:
void show() override {
cout << "Derived class show." << endl;
}
};

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