Unit-2 Differential Calculus
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hepsibaabel2628Unit-2 Differential Calculus
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hepsibaabel2628Dr.S.
Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Unit – II DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Representation of functions – Limit of a function – Continuity – Derivatives –
Differentiation rules – Maxima and Minima of functions of one variable – Local
maximum and minimum – absolute minimum and absolute maximum – increasing and
decreasing – Concavity and inflection points –Taylor’s series.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
A branch of mathematics dealing with the concepts of derivative and differential and
the manner of using them in the study of functions. Together they form the base of
mathematical analysis, which is extremely important in the natural sciences and in
technology. The creation of differential and integral calculus initiated a period of rapid
development in mathematics and in related applied disciplines. Differential calculus is
usually understood to mean classical differential calculus, which deals with real-valued
functions of one or more real variables, but its modern definition may also include
differential calculus in abstract spaces. Differential calculus is based on the concepts of real
number; function; limit and continuity — highly important mathematical concepts, which
were formulated and assigned their modern content during the development of mathematical
analysis and during studies of its foundations. The central concepts of differential calculus —
the derivative and the differential — and the apparatus developed in this connection furnish
tools for the study of functions which locally look like linear functions or polynomials, and it
is in fact such functions which are of interest, more than other functions, in applications.
3.1 REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS
3.1.1 Cartesian product
Let A {a1 , a2 ,..., am }, B {b1 , b2 ,..., bn } . The Cartesian product of two sets A and B is
(a1 , b1 ), (a1 , b2 ),..., (a1 , bn ),
(a , b ), (a , b ),..., (a , b ),
2 1 2 2 2 n
denoted by A B and is defined as A B .
........................................
(am , b1 ),( am , b2 ),..., (am , bn )
Thus the set of all ordered pairs ( a, b) where a A, b B is called the Cartesian
product of the sets A and B. In general, A B B A .
Relation:
Let A and B be any two sets. A relation from A B (read as A to B) is a subset of
the Cartesian product A B .
3.1.2 Function (mapping):
3.1
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
A relation from A B is said to be a function, if it is satisfies the condition, all the
elements in A have a unique relation in B.
Note:
f : A B, x A & f ( x ) B
A is a domain and B is a co-domain. The set of all images of the elements of A is
called the range of the function f .
f ( A) f ( x) x A B . i.e., Range set is a subset of co-domain.
There are four possible ways to represent functions
1. Verbally (by a descriptions in words)
2. Visually (by a graph)
3. Numerically (by a table of values)
4. Algebraically (by an explicit formula)
A function relates each element of a set with exactly one element of another set.
3.1.3: Domain, Co-domain and range
Let f : A B , then
1. The set A is called the domain of the function
2. The set B is called the co-domain
3. The set of all the images of all the elements of A under the function of is
3.2
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
called the range of f & is denoted by f ( A).
Thus range of f is f ( A) f ( x ); x A, Clearly f ( A) B
Principal
Functions Domain Range
Domain
y sin x , 2 , 2 1,1
y cos x , 0, 1,1
y tan x , 2k 1 , k Z , ,
2 2 2
y cosec x , k , k Z , 1 1,
y sec x , 2k 1 , k Z , 1 1,
2
y cot x , k , k Z ,
y ex , 0,
y log e x 0, ,
y x2 , 0,
3.1.4 Types of Function
Onto function:
If the range of a function is equal to the co-domain then the function is called an
onto function (i.e., f ( A) f ( x) x A B in f : A B . Otherwise it is called an into
function. In other words, A function f is onto if to each element b in the co-domain,
there is atleast one element a in the domain such that b f (a) .
One-to-one function:
A function is said to be one-to-one if each element of the range is associated
with exactly one element of the domain. i.e., a b f (a) f (b), a, b A . Equivalently
f ( a ) f (b) a b .
Examples:
1. f : R R defined by f ( x ) x 1 is bijective (both one to one and onto).
2. f : Z W defined by f ( x) x 2 is onto, but not one to one.
3. f : Z R defined by f ( x ) x 1 is one to one, but not onto.
Identity function:
3.3
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
A function f from a set A to the same set A is said to be an identity function if
f ( x) x for all x A . i.e., f : A A is defined by f ( x) x for all x A . It is
denoted by I or I A .
Constant function:
If the range of a function is a singleton set then the function is called a constant
function.
Inverse of a function:
To define the inverse of a function f (read as f inverse), the function f must be
one-to-one and onto.
Even function
A function f (x ) is even if f ( x ) f ( x ) for every number x in its domain.
Odd function
If a function f (x ) is odd if f ( x ) f ( x ) for every number x in its domain.
Neither even nor odd function
Consider
f ( x) 2 x x 2
f ( x) 2 x x 2 x x 2
2
f x f x
f (x ) is neither even nor odd.
Difference quotient for the function
f a h f a
The expression is called a difference quotient.
h
Increasing and decreasing functions
Let ‘f ’ be a function defined on an interval I and let x1 , and x2 be any two points in I.
1. If f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) whenever x1 x2 then f is said to be increasing on I.
2. If f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) whenever x1 x2 then f is said to be decreasing on I.
For example:
f ( x) x 2 is decreasing in ,0 and increasing in 0,
f ( x) x 2 is decreasing in (, )
3.1.5 Absolute value
3.4
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
The absolute value of a number a is denoted by a which is the distance from a to 0 on
the real number line a 0 always.
Example: 1
Sketch the graph and find the domain and range of each function f ( x) x 2 .
Solution:
Given f ( x) x 2 i.e., y x 2
f x is also an even function.
Given equation is parabola open upward
Domain: X 0 1 -1 2 -2 ……..
Range : yx 2
0 1 1 4 4 ……..
Domain of f is the set of all real numbers R. Domain ,
Range 0, ( x 2 0
Example: 2
Sketch the graph of f ( x) x
Solution:-
x if x0
Given f x x ,
x if x0
It has two pieces for below zero: -x and from 0 onwards: x
3.5
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Example: 4
Find the domain and range of the function f ( x) 1 x 2
Solution:-
Given f x 1 x 2 y 1 x 2
Domain x .... -2 -1 0 1 2 ...
Range y .... 5 2 1 2 5 ...
Here, x, y R
So the Domain is , and the Range 1,
Example: 5
Find the domain and range of the function f x 5 x 10
Solution:
Given f x 5 x 10 i.e., y 5 x 10
Domain x .... -2 -1 0 1 2 ...
Range y N.D N.D 0 5 10 15 20 ...
Here, x, y R
i.e.,5 x 10 0 [Square root of a negative number is not defined]
5 x 10 x 2
Domain 2, & range 0,
Example: 6
Determine whether each of the following functions is even odd or neither even nor odd:
x
1. f ( x) x3 x 2. f ( x) x 2 1 3. f ( x) x 1 4. f ( x)
x 1
2
x
5. f ( x) 6. f ( x) 1 3x 2 x 4
x 1
Solution:
1. Given f ( x) x3 x
f ( x ) ( x ) 3 ( x) x 3 x x 3 x f ( x )
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Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
f (x ) is an odd function.
2. Given f ( x) x 2 1
f ( x) ( x) 2 1 x 2 1 f ( x)
f (x) is an even function.
3. Given f ( x) x 1
f ( x) ( x) 1 x 1 f ( x) also f ( x) f ( x)
f (x ) is neither ever nor odd.
x
4. Given f ( x)
x 1
2
x x
f ( x) 2 f ( x)
( x) 1 x 1
2
f (x ) is an odd function.
x
5. Given f ( x)
x 1
x
f ( x ) f ( x) also f ( x) f ( x)
x 1
f (x ) is neither even nor odd.
6. Given f ( x) 1 3x 2 x 4
f ( x) 1 3( x ) 2 ( x) 4 1 3 x 2 x 4
f ( x) f ( x)
f (x ) is an even function.
3.2 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
Suppose f (x) is defined when x is near the number a (This means that f is defined
on some open interval that contains a, except possibly at a itself).
Then we write lim f ( x ) L
xa
Alternative notation: f ( x) L as x a Which is usually read “ f (x) approaches L as
x approaches a ”
Right hand limit: lim f ( x) L Here x a means x a
x a
Left hand limit: lim f ( x) L Here x a means x a
x a
Results: lim f ( x) L lim f ( x) L & lt f ( x) L
xa xa x a
Vertical asymptote:
3.7
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
The line x a is called vertical asymptote of the curve y f (x) is atleast one of the
following statements is true:
lim f ( x ) ; lim f ( x) ; lim f ( x)
xa xa xa
lim f ( x ) ; lim f ( x) ; lim f ( x)
xa xa xa
Infinite limits:
Let f be a function defined on both sides of a , except possibly at a itself.
1) Then lim f ( x ) means that f(x) can be arbitrarily large by taking x sufficiently
xa
close to a but not equal to a.
2) Then lim f ( x ) means that f (x) can be arbitrarily large negative by taking x
xa
sufficiently close to a, but not equal to a.
Theorem of Limits:
Suppose that C is a constant and the limits. lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x) exist.
x a x a
Then
1. lim f ( x ) g ( x ) lim f ( x) lim g ( x )
xa x a x a
2. lim f ( x ) g ( x ) lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )
xa xa x a
3. lim cf ( x ) c lim f ( x )
xa xa
4. lim f ( x ).g ( x ) lim f ( x ). lim g ( x )
xa xa xa
f ( x) lim f ( x)
5. lim xa
if lim g ( x) 0
xa g ( x) lim g ( x) xa
xa
6. lim f ( x)
x a
n
lim f ( x) n where n is a positive integer
x a
7. lim c c
xa
8. lim x a
xa
lim x n a n where n is a positive integer
9. xa
10. lim n x n a where n is a positive integer.
xa
(If n is even. We assume that a > 0 )
Direct Substitution property:
3.8
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
If f is a polynomial or a rational function and a is in the domain of f, then
lim f ( x ) f a
xa
Limits of polynomials:
If p( x) an x n an 1 x n 1 .... an then lim p ( x ) p (c ) a 0 c n a n 1 c n 1 .... a 0
x c
Limits of Rational Function:
P( x ) P(c)
If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q(c) 0, then lim
x c Q( x) Q (c )
Eliminations zero denominators algebraically:
The limits of rational function applies only if the denominator of the rational function if
not zero at the limit point ‘c’.
If the denominator is zero, cancelling common factors in the numerator and denominator
may reduce the fraction to one whose denominator is no longer zero at c.
If this happens, we can find the limit by substitution in the simplified fraction.
If f ( x) g ( x) when x a, then lim f ( x ) lim g x provided the limits exist.
xa xa
Heaviside function
0, if t 0
The Heaviside function H is defined as H (t )
1, if t 0
Example: 1
x 1
Find the value of lim
x 1 x2 1
Solution:
x 1
Given f ( x )
x2 1
This function is not defined at x=1. Then we consider the values of x that are close to ‘a’ but
not equal to “a”
x<1 f(x)
0.5 0.66667
0.9 0.526316
0.99 0.502513
0.999 0.500025
1.01 0.497512
1.001 0.499750
3.9
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
From the table, we get
x 1 x 1 1 1
lim lim 0 .5
x 1 x 1 x1 x 1 x 1 1 1
2
2
x 1
lim 0 .5
x 1 x2 1
Example: 2
t2 9 3
Estimate the value of lim
t 0 t2
Solution:
T f(t)
1.0 0.16228
0.5 0.16553
0.1 0.16662
0.05 0.16666
0.01 0.16667
As t approaches o, the value of the function to approach 0.1666…. and so we
t2 9 3 1
guess lim
t 0 t2 6
Example: 3
sin x
Guess the value of lim
x0 x
Solution:
sin x
Here f ( x ) which is not defined when x 0
x
X f(x)
1 0.841470
0.5 0.958851
0.2 0.993346
0.1 0.998334
0.05 0.9995833
0.01 0.9999333
3.10
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
0.001 0.9999983
sin x
lim 1
x 0 x
Example: 4
1
Find lim 2 if itsexist.
x0 x
Solution:
1
Given lim 2
x0 x
1
X f ( x)
x2
0.5 4
0.2 25
0.1 100
0.01 10000
0.001 1000000
1
Here x becomes close to 0. becomes very large.
x2
1 1
Value of f ( x) 2
do not approach a number. So, lim 2 does not exist
x x 0
x
Example: 5
2x 2x
Find the value of (i) lim (ii) lim
x 3 x3 x 3 x 3
Solution:
(i) If x is close to 3 but larger than 3, then the denominator x 3 is a small positive
number and 2 x is close to 6.
2x 2x
So, the quotient is a large positive number lim
x3 x 3 x3
(ii) If x is close to 3 but smaller than 3, then x 3 is a smaller negative number and
2 x is very close to 6.
2x 2x
So, is a large -ve no. lim
x3 x 3 x3
Example: 6
Where is the function x Differentiable?
3.11
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Solution:
f ( x h) f ( x)
f ' ( x ) lim (Function is differentiable)
h0 h
Given:- f ( x) x
Case (i) x 0
f ( x h) f ( x ) ( x 0 x x
f ' ( x) lt
h0 h similarly x 0 x h x h
f ' ( x) lt
xh x
lt
x h x x x x0
h0 h h 0 h x x0
h
f ' ( x) lt 1
h 0 h
f ' ( x) 1
f is differentiable for any x 0
Case (ii) x 0
x h x ( x 0 x x
f ' ( x) lt
h 0 h x 0 x h x h
x h x h
lim lim 1
h0 h h0 h
f ' ( x) 1 f is differentiable for any x 0
Case (iii) For x 0 , we have to investigate
f 0 h f 0
f ' (0) lim
h0 h
0h 0
lim
h 0 h
h
lim
h0 h
Now, we compute left & right limits,
h h
lim lim
h0 h h0 h
lim 1
h0
1
3.12
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
lim
h
lim
h
h 0 h h 0 h
lim 1
h 0
1
Since, this limits are different, f ' 0 does not exist
f is differentiable at all x except 0
Example: 7
Show that lim[ x] does not exist
x3
Solution:-
Given [x ] is less than (Or) equal to x (it is called as greatest integer)
lim [ x] lim 3 3 ( RHL)
x 3 x 3
lim [ x] lim 2 2 ( LHL)
x 3 x 3
Right hand limit left hand limit
lim[ x] does not exist
x3
Example: 8
1 x x 1
Sketch the graph of the function f ( x) x 2 1 x 1
2 x x 1
and use it to determine the values of “a” for which lim f ( x) exist
xa
3.13
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
From the figure, it is observed that lim f ( x ) exist for all “a” expect when a=-1
x a
Since the right & left hand limits are different at a=-1
Example: 9
Evaluate the following problems:
1. lim 2 x 3x 4
2
2. lim
x 3
2x2 1 3. lim
3 h 9
2
4. lim
t2 9 3
x 5 x 2 5 3x x 2 h t 0 t2
x 1 if x 1 x2 1
5. Find lim g ( x ) where g x 6. Find lim
x1
if x 1 x 1 x 1
x
7.Show that lim x 0 8. Prove that lim does not exist.
x0 x 0 x
x 4 if x 4
9. If f ( x) Determine whether lim f ( x) exist.
8 2 x if x 4
x4
1 t 1 t 1 1
10. Find lt 11. Find lim
t t 0 t 1 t t
t 0
Solution:
1. Given lim 2 x 2 3x 4 25 35 4 39
x5
2
2. Given lim
x 3
2x2 1
x 2 5 3x
lim
x 3
2x 2 1
2 2 2 1 8 8 1
3 2
x 2 5 3x 5 3 2 11
1
11
3. Given lim
3 h 2 9
x 2 h
Here h 0, given function is undefined at h 0
3.14
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
lim
9 h 2
6h 9 lim
h 2 6h
lim
hh 6
6
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
t2 9 3
4. Given lim
t 0 t2
t2 9 3 t2 9 3
lim .
t 0 t2 t2 9 3
t 2
9 9 t2
lim
t 0
t2 t2 9 3 lim
t 0
t2 t2 9 3
1 1 1
lim
t 0
t 2
9 3
33
0.1667
6
x 1 if x 1
5. Given g x
if x 1
g is defined at x 1 & g (1) but the value of a limit as x to approaches to 1
lim g ( x ) lim( x 1) 2
x 1 x1
x2 1
6. Given lim at x 1, fun is undefined
x 1 x 1
lim
x2 1
lt
x 1x 1
x 1 x 1 x1 x 1
lim x 1 1 1 2
x1
7. Given lim x 0
x0
x x 0
x
x x 0
lim x lim x 0 x x, x 0
x0 x 0
3.15
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
lim x lim x 0 x x, x 0
x0 x 0
lim x lim x 0 lim x 0
x0 x 0 x 0
x
8. Given lim
x 0 x
lim
x
lim
x lim 1 1
x 0 x x0 x x 0
lim
x
lim
x lim 1 1
x 0 x x 0 x x 0
Since right & left hand limits are different
x
lim does not exist
x 0 x
x 4 if x 4
9. Given f ( x)
8 2 x if x 4
lim f ( x) lim x 4 4 4 0
x 4 x4
lim f ( x) lim 8 2 x 8 8 0
x 4 x4
Right & left hand limits are equal
lim f ( x ) 0
x 4
1 t 1 t
10. Given lt
t 0 t
1 t 1 t 1 t 1 t 0
lt [ If t = 0, f(t) = form]
t 0
t 1 t 1 t 0
3.16
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
lt
1 t (1 t ) lt
2t
t 0
t 1 t 1 t t 0 t1 t 1 t
2 2 2
lt 1
t 0
1 t 1 t 11 2
1 1
11. Given lim
t 0 t 1 t t
1 1 11 1 t
lim 1 lt
t 0 t
1 t t 0 t 1 t
1 1 1 t 1 1 t
lt
1 t 1 1 t
t 0 t
1 t
lt
t 0 t
1 t 1 1 t
1 1
0 11 1 2
3.3 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE
3.3.1 Indeterminate Forms
While Evaluation of some limits, we often end with the expressions of the
0
form , ox, , , 0 0 , 0 , 1 which do not represent any value. Such
0
expressions are called indeterminate forms.
3.3.2 L’ Hospital’s Rule
Let f x and g x are functions such that
i. lim f x 0 ii. lim g x 0 iii. f ' x and g' x exist such that
xa xa
f x f ' x
g ' x 0 then lim lim provided the limit on the RHS exists.
xa g x xa g ' x
0
3.3.3 Evaluation of limits of the form , ox, , , 0 0 , 0 , 1
0
Example: 1
Evaluate the following limits
x2 1 x3 2x 2 1 t8 1 1 2x 1 4x
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim (d) lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
3 t 1 t 1
5 x 0 x
3.17
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
log x ax bx sin log(1 x )
e) lim (f) lim g) lim
x 1 x 1 x 0 x x 0 log(1 sin x )
Solution:
x 2 1 (1) 2 1 0
(a) Given lim
x 1 x 1 (1) 1 0
We can apply L’ Hospital’s rule
x2 1
d 2
dx
x 1 2x
lim lim lim 2
x1 x 1 x 1 d x 1 1
( x 1)
dx
x3 2x 2 1
(b) Given lim
x 1 x3 1
x3 2x 2 1 1 2 1 0
lim
x 1 x3 1 1 1 0
We can apply L’ Hospital’s rule
x 2x 1
3 2
d 3
x 2x2 1
lim lim dx
x 1 x3 1 x1 d 3
( x 1)
dx
3x 2 4 x
lim
x1 3x 2
3 4 1
3 3
t8 1 11 0
(c) Given lim
t 1 t5 1 11 0
We can apply L’ Hospital’s rule
t8 1 8t 7 8
lim lim
t 1 t 5 1 t 1 5t 4 5
1 2x 1 4x
(d) Given lim
x 0 x
1 1 0
0 0
We can apply L’ Hospital’s rule
1 1
(2) ( 4)
1 2x 1 4x 2 1 2 x 2 1 4 x
lim lim 1 2 3
x 0 x x 0 1
3.18
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
log x log1 0
(e) Given lim
x 1 x 1 11 0
We can apply L’ Hospital’s rule
1
log x
lim lim x 1
x 1 x 1 x1 1
a x b x a0 b0 1 1 0
(f) Given lim
x 0 x 0 0 0
We can apply L’ Hospital rule
a x bx e x log a e x log b
lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x
x log a x log a 2 x log b x log b 2
1 ... 1 ...
1! 2! 1! 2!
lim
x 0 x
xlog a log b
x2
2!
log a 2 log b 2 ....
lim (1)
x 0 x
0
0
Apply L’ Hospital rule
log a log b 2 x log a 2 log b 2
lim 2!
x 0 1
log a log b
a
log
b
sin log(1 x ) 0
(g) Given lim
x 0 log(1 sin x ) 0
We can apply L’ Hospital rule
1
coslog(1 x)
lim 1 x
1
cos x
x 0
1 sin x
1
1
1
Example: 2
Evaluate the following limits
3.19
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
ex log x log sin 2 x sec x
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim (d) lim
x x 2 x
3 x x0 log sin x x
1 tan 3x
2
Solution:
e x e
(a) Given lim 2
x x 2
Apply L’ Hospital rule
ex ex e
lim lim
x x 2 x 2 x 2
Again apply L’ Hospital rule
e x e
lim
x 2 2 2
1
log x x 3
(b) Given lim lim 2
lim 1
x
3 x x
1 x
x 3
x 3
3
1
x 3
lim 2
lim 1
x
1 x
x 3
x3
3
3
0
log sin 2 x
(c) Given lim
x0 log sin x
Apply L’ hospital rule
1
2 cos 2 x
log sin 2 x
lim lim sin 2 x
x 0 log sin x x 0 1
cos x
sin x
2 cot 2 x
lim
x 0
cot x
2 tan x 0
lim
x 0 tan 2 x 0
Apply L’ hospital rule
2 sec 2 x 2
lim 1
x 0 2 sec 2 2 x 2
sec x
(d) Given lim
1
x tan 3x
2
3.20
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
sec x
lim1
x sin 3 x sec 3 x
2
1 sec x
lim1 lim1
x sin 3 x x sec 3 x
2 2
sec x
1. lim1
x sec 3 x
2
cos 3x 0
lim1
x cos x 0
2
3 sin x
lim 3
x
1 sin x
2
3.4 CONTINUNITY
3.4.1 Continuous:
A function f is continuous at a number a. if lim f ( x ) f ( a )
xa
Condition:
If f is continuous at a , then
(i) f (a) should exist (i.e. a is the domain of f)
(ii) lim f ( x) exist both on left and right hand limits
x a
(iii) lim f ( x) f ( a )
xa
3.4.2 Discontinuous:
A function f (x) is said to be discontinuous at x a if one or more of the above three
conditions are not satisfied.
3.4.5 The Squeeze theorem (or) Sandwich theorem (or) The pinching theorem
If f x g x h x when x is near a(except possibly at a) and
lim f x lim h x L then lim g x L
xa xa xa
Example: 1
log x tan 1 x
Where is the function f ( x) continuous?
x2 1
Solution:
log x tan 1 x
Given f ( x)
x2 1
y log x is continuous for x 0
3.21
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
y tan 1 x is continuous on R
y log x tan 1 x is continuous on 0,
y x 2 1 is a polynomial, so it is continuous everywhere
i.e., x 2 1 0
x 1
f is continuous at all positive number x except at x 1 , x 1
so, f is continuous on intervals 0,1& 1,
Example: 2
sin x
Evaluate lim
x 2 cos x
Solution:
sin x
Given lim
x 2 cos x
We know that, y sin x is a continuous
The function y 2 cos x is the sum of two continuous functions and therefore it is
continuous.
sin x
Ratio f ( x) is continuous everywhere.
2 cos x
sin x sin 0
By definition, lim 0
x 2 cos x 2 cos 1
Example: 3
Where is the function continuous?
a) h( x) sin( x 2 ) b) f x log1 cos x
Solution:
a) Given h( x) sin( x 2 )
We know that, h( x) f g x , where g ( x) x 2 f x sin x
Now g x x 2 is continuous on R since it is a polynomial & also f ( x) sin x is continuous
everywhere.
b) Given f x log1 cos x
f x f g x where f ( x) log x & g ( x) 1 cos x
We know that, f ( x) log x is continuous & g ( x) 1 cos x is Continuous, since both
y 1 & y cos x are continuous.
3.22
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
f ( x) f g x is continuous whenever it is defined
Now log1 cos x is defined when 1 cos x 0
log1 cos x is not defined at cos x 1 & this happens
When x , 3 , 5 , cos n 1n
Thus f have discontinuities when x is an odd multiple of & is continuous on the
intervals between these values.
Example: 4
For what value of the constant C is the function f continuous , ,
cx 2 2 x, x 2
f ( x) 3
x cx x 2
Solution:
cx 2 2 x, x 2
Given f ( x) 3
x cx x 2
The given function is continuous on ,2 & 2,
x 2 x2
Now lt f ( x) lt cx 2 2 x c2 22 4c 4
2
x 2 x2
lim f ( x) lim x 3 cx 2 c2 8 2c
3
f is continuous at x 2 lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
x 2 x 2
4c 4 8 2c
2
6c 4 c
3
2
f is continuous on , for c
3
Example: 5
sin x, x 4
Show that the function f (x) is continuous on , f ( x)
cos x x
4
Solution:
sin x, x 4
Given f ( x)
cos x x
4
We know that, the trigonometric functions are continuous since f ( x) sin x is continuous on
, & f ( x) cos x is continuous on , ,
4 4
3.23
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
1
lim f ( x) lim sin x (Sine is continuous at x )
x
x
2 4
4 4
1
similarly, lim f ( x) lim cos x
x
x
2
4 4
1
lt f ( x ) exists & equals to
x
4
2
f is continuous on , u ,
4 4
f is continuous on .
Example: 6
Explain why the function is discontinuous at the given number a .
1 x2 x 2
x2 x 2 ,x 0
a) f ( x) b) f x x 2 c) f ( x) x 2 , x 2
x2 1, x 0 1, x2
1 e 2 if x 0
d) f ( x) [ x] e) f x a 2 f) f ( x) 2 , a0
x2 x if x 0
cos x if x 0
g) f ( x ) 0 if x 0 , at a 0
1 x 2 if x 0
Solution:
x2 x 2
a) Given f ( x)
x2
Here f (2) is not defined Hence f is discontinuous at x 2
1
,x 0
b) Given f x x 2
1, x 0
1
Here f 0 1 is defined but lim f ( x ) lim does not exist
xa xa x2
so, f is discontinuous at 0
x2 x 2
c) Given f ( x) x 2 , x 2
1, x2
f (2) 1is defined and lim f ( x ) lim
x 2 x 1 3(exist )
x 2 x 2 x 2
but lim f ( x ) f (2) . So f is not continuous at 2
x2
3.24
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
d) Given f ( x) [ x]
The greatest integer function f ( x) [ x]has discontinuous at all of the
integers, because lim[ x ] does not exist if n is an integer
x n
1
e) Given f x a 2
x2
1
f ( 2) (Undefined)
0
f (x) is discontinuous at a 2
e 2 if x 0
f) Given f ( x) 2 , a0
x if x 0
lim f ( x) lim e x does not exist
x 0 x0
f (x) is discontinuous at given a 0
cos x if x 0
g) Given f ( x ) 0 if x 0 , at a 0
1 x 2 if x 0
f (0) 0 is defined & lim cos x cos 0 1
x0
lim f ( x ) f (0)
x0
f (x) is discontinuous at a 0
Example: 7
Show that the function f ( x) 1 1 x 2 is continuous on the interval 1,1
Solution:-
Given f ( x) 1 1 x 2 [ Here f is continuous at ‘a’ if -1 < x < 1]
lim f ( x) lim 1 1 x 2
x 1 x 1
f ( 1) 1 1 12
f (1) 1
lim f ( x) lim 1 1 x 2
x 1 x 1
f (1) 1
lim f ( x ) lt f ( x) 1 f is continuous on 1,1
x 1 x 1
Example: 8
3.25
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
x3 2x2 1
Find lim & discuss the continuity.
x 2 5 3x
Solution:
x3 2 x 2 1
The given function is f ( x ) is rational so it is continuous on its domain,
5 3x
5
which is x | x
3
x 3 2 x 2 1 2 2 2 1 1
3 2
lim
x2 5 3x 5 3 2 11
Example: 9
2 x 2 x 1
Find the values of a & b if f ( x) ax b 1 1 x 1 is continuous for all x.
5 x 7 x 1
Solution:-
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
x1 x1
lim 5 x 7 lim ax b 1
x 1 x1
12 a b 1
a b 13 (1)
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x)
x1 x 1
lim ax b 1 lt 2 x 2
x 1 x 1
a b 1 2 2
a b 4 1
a b 3 (2)
From (1) & (2)
a b 3
a b 13
2b 10
b5
Sub ‘b’ value in (2)
a 5 3
a 3 5
3.26
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
a 8
a 8
Example: 10
x2 4
; x 1
x 2
Find the values of ‘a & b’ if f ( x) ax 2 bx 3; 2 x 3
2 x a b; x 3
Solution:
The given function is
x2 4
; x 1
2 x2
f ( x) ax bx 3; 2 x 3 lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
2 x a b; x 3 x 2 x2
x2 4
lim ax bx 3 lim
2
x 2 x 2 x 2
4a 2b 3 4 (1)
lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
x 3 x 3
lim 2 x a b lim ax 2 bx 3
x 3 x 3
6 a b 9a 3b 3
10a 4b 3 (2)
solve (1) & (2), we get
1 1
a b
2 2
Example: 11
x2 x 6
Let g ( x ) (a) Find lim g ( x) & lim g ( x) (b) Does lim g ( x ) exist?
x2 x 2 x 2 x 2
Solution:-
x2 x2
The given function is x 2
x 2 x 2
x2 x 6
(a) lim g ( x) lim
x2 x2 x2
3.27
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
lim
x 2x 3
x 2 x 2
lim x 3 5
x2
lim g ( x) lim
x 2x 3
x2 x2 x 2
lim x 3
x2
2 3 5
lim g ( x) lim g ( x )
x2 x2
lim g ( x ) does not exist.
x 2
Home Work: For what value of the constant b is the function f continuous on ( , )
bx 2 x, if x 2
2
f ( x )= 3 Ans: b=2/3
x bx, if x 2
3.5 DERIVATIVES
3.5.1 Derivatives
The derivatives of a function f at a number a , denoted by f ' (a) is
f ( a h) f ( a ) f ( x) f (a)
f ' ( a ) lim (Or ) f ' (a ) lim if this limit exists.
h 0 h xa xa
3.5.2 Tangent line
The tangent line to the curve y f (x) at the point Pa, f a is the line through P, with
f ( x) f (a ) f (a h) f (a )
slope m lim provided that this limit exists. (or) m lim
x a xa h0 h
Note:
1. The tangent line to y f (x) at (a, f (a)) is the line through (a, f (a)) whose scope is
equal to f ' ( a) , the derivative of f at a. i.e. y f (a ) = f ' ( a ) ( x a )
dy
2. The equation of tangent line is y y1 m x x1 Where slope(m) ( x1 , y1 )
dx
1
3. The equation of normal line is y y1 x x1
m
Examples: 1
3.28
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
If f ( x) x, find the derivatives of f . State the domain of f '
Solution:-
Given f ( x) x,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f ' ( x ) lim
h0 h
xh x
lim
h 0 h
xh x xh x
lim .
h 0
h xh x
x h x
lim
h 0 h
xh x .
h
lim
h0 h
xh x
.
1 1
f ' ( x)
x x 2 x
Domain of f ' :
x 0 f '
Here f ' ( x) exist only if x 0
x 0 f gives imagine no' s
'
Domain of f ' is 0, domain of f x and domain of f 0, a
Examples: 2
Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y x 2 at the point (1, 1)
Solution:-
Given the parabola equation is y x 2
dy
We know that, the equation of tangent line is y y1 m x x1 , slope(m) ( x1 , y1 )
dx
dy
m 2x x, y (1,1)
dx
dy
m (1,1) 2(1) 2 ( m 2)
dx
Equation of tangent line passes through the point (1,1) is
( y 1) 2( x 1)
y 1 2x 2 y 2x 1
Examples: 3
Find the equation of the tangent line to the parabola y x 2 8 x 9 at the point 3,6
Solution:
3.29
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Given the parabola equation is y x 2 8 x 9 at x1 y1 (3,6)
dy
We know that, the equation of tangent line is y y1 m x x1 , slope(m) ( x1 , y1 )
dx
dy
m 2x 8
dx
dy
2(3) 8
dx (3, 6)
6 8 2
The equation of the tangent line passes through the point (3,-6)
y y1 m x x1
y (6) (2) x 3 y 6 2 x 6
y 2 x
Examples: 4
Find the equation of the tangent line and normal line to the curve at the given point
(i) y 4 x (1,1) (ii) y 3x 2 x 3 (1,2)
Solution:
1
(i) Given the equation is y 4 x i.e. y x 4 at x, y (1,1)
dy
We know that, the equation of tangent line is y y1 m x x1 , slope(m) ( x1 , y1 )
dx
3
dy 1 4
m x
dx 4
dy 1 3 1
m 1 4
dx 1,1 4 4
1
m
4
The equation of tangent line is y y1 m x x1
1
y 1 x 1
4
4y 4 x 1
4y x 3
1 3
y x
4 4
3.30
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
1
The equation of normal line is y y1 x x1
m
y 1 4 x 1
y 1 4 x 4
y 4 x 5
(ii) Given the equation is y 3x 2 x 3 at ( x, y) (1,2)
dy
We know that, the equation of tangent line is y y1 m x x1 , slope(m) ( x1 , y1 )
dx
dy
m 6 x 3x 2
dx
dy
m 6(1) 3(1)2 6 3 3
dx 1, 2
m3
The equation of tangent line is y y1 m x x1
( y 2) 3( x 1)
y 2 3x 3
y 3x 1
1
The equation of the normal line is y y1 x x1
m
1
( y 2) ( x 1)
3
3y 6 x 1
3y x 7
1 7
y x
3 3
Examples: 5
Find the point on the curve y x 4 6 x 2 4 where the tangent line is horizontal.
Solution:
The Given curve y x 4 6 x 2 4
dy
Horizontal tangents occur where the derivative is zero (i.e) 0
dx
dy
4 x 3 12 x 0 4 x( x 2 3) 0 at x 0, x 3
dx
3.31
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
X 0 3 3
Y 4 -5 -5
The corresponding points are (0,4) ( 3 ,5) ( 3 ,5)
Examples: 6
Find the equation of the tangent line and normal line to the given curve at the
specified point f ( x) 2 xe x , (0,0) .
Solution:
The given equation is f ( x) 2 xe x at x1 , y1 (0,0)
f ' ( x) 2 xe x e x (1) 2 xe x e x 2e x ( x 1) .
dy
m f ' ( x ) 2e x ( x 1)
dx
dy
m 2e0 (0 1) 2
dx 0, 0
m2
The equation of tangent line is y y1 m x x1
y 0 2 x 0
y 2x
1
The equation of normal line is y y1 x x1
m
y0
1
x 0 2 y x y 1 x
2 2
Examples: 7
Find an equation of the tangent to the line curve y 2 x sin x at the point ,
2
Solution:
The given equation is y 2 x sin x ( x, y ) ,
2
dy
m 2x cos x sin x (1) 2 xc cos x 2 sin x d uv udv vdu
dx
dy
m 2 (0) 2(1) 2
dx ,
2
2
3.32
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
m 2
Equation of the tangent line is y y1 m x x1
y 2 x
2
y 2x y 2x
Examples: 8
ex 1
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y at 1, e
1 x 2
2
Solution:
ex 1
The given equation is y at 1, e
1 x 2
2
m
dy 1 x 2 e x e x (2 x)
dx 1 x2
2
1 x 2 x e
2 x
1 x e
2 2 x
1 x
2 2
1 x
2 2
dy 1 1 e
2
'
0
dx 1 12
dy
m 0
dx
1
Equation of the tangent line is 1, e
2
y y1 m x x1
1
y e 0 ( m 0)
2
1
y e
2
Exercise
1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve at the given point:
(a). y 4 x 3x 2 , (2,4) Ans: y 8 x 12
(b). y 3x 2 x 3 , (1,2) Ans: y 3 x 1
2. If an equation of the tangent line to the curve y f (x) at the point where a 2 is
y 4 x 5 , find f (2) and f ' (2) Ans: f (2) 3 , f ' (2) 4
3.33
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
3. Find f ' (a ) :
(i). f ( x) 3 x 2 4 x 1 Ans: 6a 4
2t 1 5
(ii). f (t ) Ans:
t 3 a 32
3.5 DIFFERENTIATION RULES:
3.5.1 Derivative of polynomials:
d
Derivative of a constant function is zero i.e (c ) 0
dx
If n is any real number then
d n
dx
x n x n 1
d
The constant multiple rule c. f ( x) c d f ( x)
dx dx
d
If f and g are both differentiable then f ( x) g ( x) d f ( x) d g ( x)
dx dx dx
d
If f and g are both differentiable then f ( x) g ( x) d f ( x) d g ( x)
dx dx dx
Example: 1
Differentiate the following functions:
1
(i) f ( x) 30 (ii) f ( x) x 2 (iii). f ( x) x1000 (iv). y t 4 v). y x (vi). y
x2
(vii). y 3 x 2 (viii). y x 99 (ix). y 3x 4 (x). y x 2
Solution:
(i). Given f ( x) 30 ; f ' ( x) 0
(ii). Given f ( x) x 2 ; f ' ( x) 2 x 21 2 x
(iii). Given f ( x) x1000 , f ' ( x) 1000 x1000 1 1000 x 999
dy
(iv). Given y t 4 , y ' 4t 4 1 4t 3
dt
1
(v). Given y x x 2
1
dy 1 1
y' x 2
dx 2
3.34
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
1 21 1
x
2 2 x
1
(vi). Given y 2
x2
x
dy
y' (2) x 21
dx
2
2 x 3
x3
(vii). Given y 3 x 2
2
1
y x3 2
x 2 3
x 3
2
dy 2 3 1
y' x
dx 3
1
2 3
x
3
(viii). Given y x 99
dy
y' 99 x 991 99 x 98
dx
(ix). Given y 3x 4
y'
dy
dx
3 4 x 41 12 x 3
(x). Given y x 2
dy 2 1
y' 2x
dx
Example: 2
The equation of motion of a particle is s 2t 3 5t 2 3t 7 where s is measured in
centimetres and t in seconds. Find the acceleration as a function of time. What is the
acceleration after 2 seconds?
Solution:
The velocity and acceleration are
ds
v(t ) 6t 2 10t 3
dt
dv
a(t ) 12t 10
dt
a(t )t 2 14cm / s 2
3.35
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Example: 3
Find the first and second derivatives of the following functions:
3
(a). f ( x) 10x10 5x5 x (b). f ( x ) 2 x 5 x 4
Solution:
(a). Given the function is f ( x) 10x10 5x5 x
f ' ( x ) 10 10 x 9 5 5 x 4 1 100 x 9 25 x 4 1
f ' ' ( x) 1009 x 254 x 0 900 x
8 3 8
100 x 3
3
(b). Given the function is f ( x ) 2 x 5 x 4
3 3 1 15
1
f ' ( x ) 2 5 x 4 2 x 4
4 4
15 1 411 15 45
f ' ' ( x) x x
4 4 16
Exercise
Differentiate:
1. f ( x) 5x 1 Ans: 5
2. f ( x) x 3 4 x 6 Ans: 3 x 2 4
12 60
3. f ( x) Ans:
x5 x6
1
4. f ( x) x 7 Ans: 1
2 x
5. f ( x) ax 3 3x 2 cx Ans: 3ax 2 2bx c
1 1
6. f ( x) 6 x 9 2 x Ans: 54 x 8 2
x x2
1 1
2 3
7. f ( x) ( x 2 ) 3 Ans: x
3
x2 x 1 3 1 1 1 23
8. f ( x) Ans: x x2 x
x 2 2 2
5 3 10 3 1
9. f ( x) 2
1
x Ans: 5
3
1
x 3
x 4
3x 3
4x 4
2x 2
10. Show that the curve y 2e x 3x 5x3 has no tangent line with slope 2.
11. Find an equation of the normal line to the parabola y x2 5x 4 that is parallel to
3.36
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
1 1
the line x 3 y 5 Ans : y x
3 3
12. Find the parabola with equation y ax2 bx whose tangent line at (1,1) has equation
y = 3x -2 Ans : y 2 x 2 x
13. For what values of a and b is the line 2x+y = b tangent to the parabola y ax2
1
when x = 2? Ans : a ,b 2
2
Example: 1
Differentiate the following functions:
4 xe x 1
(i). y e x x (ii). y 3e x 3
(iii). y (iv). y a x (v). y 2 x
x x
Solution:
(i). Given y e x x ; y' e x 1
4
(ii). Given y 3e x 3
x
1
y 3e x 4 x 3
dy 1 34
y' 3e 4
x
x
dx 3
4
4 3
3e x x
3
xe x 1
(iii). Given y
x
1
y ex e x x 1
x
dy
y' e x ( 1) x 2 e x x 2
dx
(iv).Given y a x elog a e x log a elog a x
x
dy
y' e (log a ) x log a a x log a
dx
x
(v). Given y 2 x elog 2 e x log 2
dy x log 2
y' e log 2 2 x log 2
dx
Example: 2
3.37
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Differentiate the following functions (Product and Quotient):
(i). f ( x) xex (ii). f ( x) x (a bx) (iii). f ( x) x3 2 x e x
(iv). f ( x) 1 e x x e x
(v). f ( x) x2 1 x 2 (vi). f ( x) 1 2 x 2 x x 2
Solution:
(i). Given f ( x) xex
f ' ( x) x
d x
dx
e ex
d
dx
( x)
xe x e x (1) ( x 1) e x
(ii). Given f ( x) x (a bx)
f ' ( x) x
d
dx
(a bx) (a bx))
d
dx
x
1 a b
x (b) a bx b x x
2 x 2 x 2
3 a 1
b x x2
2 2
(iii). Given f ( x) x3 2 x e x
f ' ( x) x 3 2 x dxd e ex x
dx
d 3
x 2x
x 3 2 x e x e x 3x 3 2
e x x 3 2 x 3x 2 2
e x 3x 2 x 2
x 3 2
(iv).Given f ( x) 1 e x e x x
f ' ( x) 1 e x dxd x e x e dxd 1 e
x x x
1 ex 1 ex x ex ex
1 e x e x e 2 x xe x e 2 x
1 2e 2 x xe x
(v). Given f ( x) x2 1 x 2
f ' ( x) x 2 1 dxd ( x 2) ( x 2) dxd x 2
1
x 2 1 1 ( x 2)2 x
x 2 1 2 x 2 4 x 3x 2 4 x 1
3.38
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
(vi). Given f ( x) 1 2 x 2 x x 2
f ' ( x) 1 2 x 2 dxd x x x x dxd 1 2 x
2 2 2
1 2 x 2 1 2 x x x 2 4 x
1 2x 2x 2 4x3 4x 2 4x3
8 x3 6 x 2 2 x 1
Example: 3
Find f ' ( x) and f ' ' ( x) of f ( x) x 4 e x
Solution:
Given f ( x) x4e x
f ' ( x) x 4
d x
dx
e ex
d 4
dx
x
x 4 e x e x 4x 3
f ' ( x) x 4 e x 4 x 3 e x
d x
f ' ' ( x) x 4 e ex
d 4 3 d x
x 4 x e ex
d
4x3
dx dx dx dx
x 4 e x e x 4 x 3 4 x 3 e x e x 12 x 2
e x x 4 8 x 3 12 x 2
Example: 4
If f ( x) x g ( x) , where g ( x ) 2, g ' ( 4) 3 find f ' (4)
Solution:
Given f ( x) x g ( x) ,
f ' ( x) x
d
dx
g ( x ) g ( x ) d
dx
x
1
x g ' ( x) g ( x)
2 x
1
f ' (4) 2 g ' (4) g ( 4)
4
1 1 13
2(3) (2) 6 6.5 g (4) 2, g ' (4) 3
4 2 2
Example: 5
x2 x 2
If f ( x ) , find f ' ( x)
x3 6
3.39
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Solution:
x2 x 2
Given f ( x )
x3 6
x 3
6 dxd x 2
x 2 x2 x 2 dxd x 3
6
f ' ( x)
x 3
6
2
x 3
6 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 3x 2
x 3
6 2
x 4 2 x 3 6 x 2 12 x 6
x 3
6 2
Example: 6
Find an equation of the tangent line to the given curve at the specified point
x2 1
f ( x) , (1,0).
x2 x 1
Solution:
x2 1
Given f ( x )
x2 x 1
x 2
x 1 dxd x 2
1 x2 1 dxd x 2
x 1
f ' ( x)
x x 1 2 2
x x 12 x x 12 x 1
2 2
x x 1 2 2
m f ' x (1,0 )
32 0 2
32 3
Equation of tangent line is y y1 m x x1
2 2 2
y 0 ( x 1) y x
3 3 3
Example: 7
ex
If f ( x ) then fine f ' ( x)
x
Solution:
ex
Given f ( x )
x
x
d x
dx
e ex
d
dx
x
f ' ( x)
x2
3.40
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
xe x e x (1) e x ( x 1)
x2 x2
Example: 8
x2
If f ( x ) then find f ' ( x) and f ' ' ( x )
1 2x
Solution:
x2
Given f ( x)
1 2x
1 2 x d
dx
x x
2 2 d
dx
1 2 x
f ' ( x)
1 2 x 2
1 2 x 2 x x 2 (2)
1 2 x 2
2 x1 2 x x 2 x(1 x)
1 2 x 2 1 2 x 2
2x 2x 2
f ' ( x)
1 4x 2 4x
1 4 x 2
dxd 2 x 2 x 2 x x dxd 1 4 x
4x 2 2 2
4x
f ' ' ( x)
1 4 x 4 x 2 2
1 4 x 4 x 2 4 x 2 x x 8 x 4
2 2
1 4 x 4 x 2 2
21 2 x 1 4 x 4 x 2 x1 x 41 2 x
2 2
1 2 x 4
2 8x 8x 2 8x 8x 2 2
1 2 x 4
1 2 x 3
Example: 9
A
If f ( x ) than find f’(x)
B Ce x
Solution:
A
Given f ( x)
B Ce x
B Ce dxd ( A) A dxd B Ce
x x
f ' ( x)
B Ce x 2
B Ce 0 ACe
x x
B Ce x 2
ACe x
B Ce x 2
3.41
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Example: 10 Find the Derivatives of the following functions:
sin x cos x
1. y x4 sin x 2. y x3 sin x 3. y 4. y 5. y sin x tan x
x 1 sin x
sec x x sin x
6. y 7. y cos ecx e x cot x 8. y 9. f ( x) xe x cos ec x
1 tan x 1 x
Solution:
1. Given y x 4 sin x
dy
y' 4 x 3 cos x
dx
2. Given y x3 sin x
y'
dy
dx
x 3 cos x sin x 3x 2
x 3 cos x 3x 2 sin x
sin x
3. Given y
x
dy x(cos x) sin x(1)
y'
dx x 2
x cos x sin x
x2
cos x
4. Given y
1 sin x
dy 1 sin x sin x cos x0 cos x
y'
dx 1 sin x 2
sin x sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 sin x
1 sin x 2
(1 sin x) 2
1
1 sin x
sin 2
x cos 2 x 1
5. Given y sin x tan x
y'
dy
dx
sin x sec 2 x tan cos x
sin x sec 2 x sin x
sec x
6. Given y
1 tan x
y'
dy 1 tan x (sec x. tan x) sec x sec 2 x
dx 1 tan x 2
3.42
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
sec x tan x tan 2 x sec 2 x
1 tan x 2
sec xtan x 1
1 tan 2
sec 2 x
1 tan x 2
7. Given y cos ecx e x cot x
y'
dy
dx
cos ecx cot x e x cos ec 2 x cot x e x
cos ecx cot x e x cos ec 2 x e x cot x
x sin x
8. Given y
1 x
dy 1 x x(cos x) sin x(1) x sin x(0 1)
y'
dx 1 x 2
x cos x sin x x 2 cos x x sin x x sin x
1 x 2
x cos x x 2 cos x sin x
1 x 2
9. Given f ( x) xe x cos ec x
d d d d
(uvw) vw u uw v uv w
dx dx dx dx
f ' ( x) cos ec x x(e x ) e x (1) xe x cos ecx. cot x
( x 1) e x cos ecx xe x cos ecx. cot x
e x cos ecx x 1 x cot x
Example: 11
Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y 2 x sin x at the point , .
2
Solution:
Given y 2 x sin x
y1 2x cos x sin x(1) 2 x cos x 2 sin x
m y1 , 2 (0) 2(1) 2
2 2
The equation of the tangent line is y y1 m x x1
y 2 x y 2 x y 2 x
2
3.43
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Example: 12
If f ( x) e x cos x, Find f ' ( x) & f '' ( x)
Solution:
Given f ( x) e x cos x
f ' ( x) e x sin x cos x e x
f ' ( x) e x sin x e x cos x e x cos x sin x
f '' ( x) e x sin x cos x cos x sin x e x
cos x sin xe x cos x sin x e x
e x cos x sin x cos x sin x
2 sin xe x
Exercise
Differentiate the following:
1. y x 4 2e x Ans : 4 x 3 2e x
2. y e x 7 Ans : e x
3. y e x x 3 Ans : e x 3x 2
Find the derivative of the following functions(Product and Quotient)::
1. f ( x ) x x x x Ans : 2 x 1
2. f ( x ) 2 4 x 5 x 3
1 3 14 9
Ans : 5
x x x2 x4
3. f ( x) x 3 x e x
Ans : f ' ( x) e x x 3 3 x 2 x 1
4. f ( x) 3 x x
2 2
x 1 Ans : f ' ( x) 5 x 4 12 x 2 2 x 3
5. f ( x ) x 2 1 x 5
1 1
Ans f ' ( x ) 3 x 2 10 x 2
x x2
6. f ( x ) e x x x x 3
Ans : f ' ( x ) e x 1
x x x x
2
7. f ( x)
x3
Ans : f ' ( x)
x2 3 x2
1 x2 1 x 2 2
x 3x 3 5 x 5
8. Find f ' (0), where f ( x) Ans:1
1 3x 3 6 x 6 9 x 9
x
9. How many tangent lines to the curve y pass through the point (1,2) ?
x 1
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Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
1
At which points do these tangent lines touch the curve? Ans; 2 i.e. 2 3 , ,1 3
2
ex 1
10. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y at the points 1, e
1 x 2
2
1
Ans : y e
2
Differentiate the following (Trigonometry Function):
1. f ( x) 3 x 2 2 cos x Ans : f ' x 6 x 2 sin x
1 1
2. f ( x ) sin x cot x Ans : f ' ( x ) cos x cos ec 2 x
2 2
sec x sec x tan x
3. f ( x ) Ans : f ' ( x)
1 sec x 1 sec x 2
4. f ( x) x 3 cos x Ans : f ' ( x) 3x 2 cos x x 3 sin x
5. f ( x ) sec x x Ans : f ' ( x) sec x tan x 1
6. For what values of x does the graph of ‘f’ have a horizontal tangent?
1
f ( x ) x 2 sin x Ans; 2 x 1 , an integer
3
7. f ( x ) 10 3 cos x Ans : 10 3 sin x
8. f ( x) x 2 cos x Ans: 2x cos x x 2 sin x
2
9. f ( x ) cos ecx 4 x 7 Ans : cos ecx cot x
x
10 f ( x) sec x tan x sec x tan x Ans : 0
cot x cos ec 2 x
11. f ( x ) Ans :
1 cot x 1 cot x 2
4 1
12. f ( x ) Ans : 4 tan x sec x cos ec 2 x
cos x tan x
13. f x x 2 sin x 2 x cos x 2 sin x Ans : x 2 cos x
sin x
14. f ( x ) Ans : cos x(1 tan 3 x) /(1 tan x) 2
1 tan x
ds
15. If s tan t t find , Ans : sec 2 t 1
dt
3.45
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
3.5.5 CHAIN RULE
dy dy du
If y f (u ) and u g (x ) are both differentiable function then . and
dx du dx
y f (u ) , u g (x ) and x hl (t ) where f, g and h are differentiate functions, Then to
compute the derivatives of y with respect to t,
dy dy dx dy du dx
. .
dt dx dt du dx dt
Example: 1
Find the derivatives of the following functions:
9
1 t2
(i) f x (iii). y 2 x 1 ( x 3 x 1) 4
5
(ii) g (t )
3
x x 1
2
2t 1
(iv). f ( x ) sin cos tan x v) y esec 3
Solution:
(i). Given f ( x ) x 2 x 1 3
1
1 2
4
d
f ( x)
'
x x 1 3 2 x 1
3 dx
1 2
4
x x 1 3 2 x 1
3
9
t2
(ii). Given g (t )
2t 1
8
t 2 d t 2
g (t ) 9
'
.
2t 1 dt 2t 1
2t 11 2t 2
8
t 2
9
2t 1 2 t 12
45t 2
8
2t 110
(iii). Given y 2 x 1 ( x 3 x 1) 4
5
dy 5 d d
2 x 1 ( x 3 x 1) 4 ( x 3 x 1) 4 5 2 x 1
5
dx dx dx
2 x 1 4( x 3 x 1) 3 3x 2 1 5( x 3 x 1) 4 2 x 1 .2
5 4
22 x 1 ( x x 1) 22 x 13x 1 5( x x 1)
5 3 3 2 3 4
22 x 1 ( x x 1) 4 x 23x 1 5 x 5 x 5
5 3 3 2 3
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Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Then we get
dy
dx
22 x 1 ( x 3 x 1) 3 17 x 3 6 x 2 9 x 3
4
(iv). Given f x sin costan x
d
f ' x coscostan x tan x
dx
d
coscostan x sin tan x tan x
dx
coscostan x sin tan x sec 2 x
(v). Given y esec 3
dy dy
esec 3 . sec 3
d d
dy
e sec 3 sec 3 tan 3
d
3e sec 3 sec 3 tan 3
Example: 2
Find the derivatives of the followings:
(i) y 1 x 2
10
(ii) y x 3 1
100
(iii) y x 4 3x 2 2
5
(iv) y 4 1 2 x x 3
3
x2 1
(v) y
1
. (vi) y 2 x 3
4
5
x x 1 (vii). y 2
2
(viii). y e x
t 4
1 3
x 1
(ix). y sin 5 x (x) y cos x 2 (xi) y sectan x (xii). y cos ec cot
1
Solution:-
(i) Given y 1 x 2
10
(1)
du
Put u 1 x 2 , 0 2 x 2 x
dx
dy
(1) y u10 , 10u 9
du
dy dy du
By the chain rule .
dx du dx
dy
dx
10u 9 (2 x) 10(1 x 2 )9 (2 x)
20 x(1 x 2 )9
(ii). Given y x 3 1
100
3.47
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
dy
dx
99 d
100 x 3 1 .
dx
x3 1
100x 1
99 99
3
(3x 2 ) 300 x 2 x 2 1
(iii). Given y x 3x
5
4 2
2
dy
dx
5 x 4 3x 2 2
4 d
dx
x 4 3x 2 2
5 x 4 3x 2 2 4 x 3 6 x 4
1
(iv). Given y 4 1 2 x x 3 1 2 x x 3 4
3
dy 1 d
1 2x x3 4 1 2x x3
dx 4 dx
2 3x
3
1
1 2x x3 4 2
. (v) Given y
1
t4 1 3
t 4
1
3
dy
dt
4
(3) t 4 1 4t 3 12t 3 t 2 1
4
. (vi) Given y 2 x 3 x 2 x 1
4
5
dy
dx
4
2 x 2 5 x 2 x 1
4 d
dx
5
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 42 x 3
3 d
dx
2 x 3
52 x 3 x 2 x 1 28x 2 12 x 7
4
4
3
x2 1
(vii). Given y 2
x 1
dy
3
x 2 1 3 x 2 1 2 ( 2 x ) x 2 1 3 x 2 1 2 (2 x) 3
dx x2 1 6
x
2 2 3
2
1 6x x 2 1 x 2 1 6x x 2 1
x2 1 6
6x x 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 2
1 12 xx 1
2 2
x2 1 4 x 1 2 4
(viii). Given y e x
dy
dx
e x.
d
dx
x e x 1 1
2 x 2 x e
x
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Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
(ix). Given y sin 5 x
dy d
5 sin 4 x (sin x) 5 sin 4 x cos x
dx dx
. (x) Given y cos x 2
dy
dx
sin x 2
d 2
dx
x sin x 2 2 x 2 x sin x 2
(xi) Given y sectan x
dy d
sectan x tan(tan x) (tan x)
dx dx
sec(tan x) tan(tan x) sec 2 x
(xii). Given y cos ec cot
1
dy
d
1cos ec cot cos ec cot cos ec 2
2
cos ec cot cos ec 2 cos ec cot
2
dy
cos ec cos ec cot
1
d
Exercise
Find the derivatives of the following functions:
1. y sin 4 x Ans : y ' 4 cos 4 x
1
2. y e x
Ans : y ' e x
.
2 x
3. y cos a 3 x 3 Ans : y ' 3x 2 sin a 3 x 3
4. y xe kx Ans : y ' e kx kx 1
5. y cot 2 (sin x) Ans : y ' 2 cos x cot(sin x) cos ec 2 (sin x)
6. y e x sin 2 x Ans : y ' e x sin 2 x 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
Find y x for the following:
3
1 6 1 2
7. y 1 Ans : y11 1 1
x x 3 x x
8. y x2 x 1 Ans : y11 162 x 1 5 x 1
4 2
9. y ex sin x
Ans : y11 ex 2 2 sin x 2 cos x
10. y cos x 2 Ans : y11 4 x 2 cosx 2 sin x
2 2
3.49
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
3.5.6 Derivatives of implicit functions
If the two variables x and y are connected by a relation of the form f x, y 0 . It is
often difficult or impossible to find y explicitly in terms of x and then obtain its derivative. In
such cases, we differentiate the given equation term by term and solve the resulting equation
for the differential coefficient.
3.5.7 Derivatives of inverse Trigonometric functions
If sin y x then y sin 1 x is called the inverse sine of x. similarly, tan y x
then y tan 1 x is called the inverse tan of x and we can define cos 1 x, sec 1 x, cot 1 x, and
cos ec 1 x.
Example: 1
dy
If x 2 y 2 a 2 , Find , Also find an equation of the tangent to the circle at (3, 4)
dx
Solution:
Given x 2 y 2 a 2
dy dy dy x
2x 2 y 0 x y 0
dx dx dx y
dy 3
i.e., m
dx 3, 4 4
The equation of the tangent is y y1 m x x1
3
y4 x 3
4
3 9
y4 x
4 4
3 25
y x
4 4
Example: 2
dy
If xy c 2 , then find
dx
Solution:
Given xy c 2
dy
x y 1 0
dx
dy y
dx x
3.50
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Example: 3
dy
If y 2 4ax , then find
dx
Solution:-
Given y 2 4ax
dy dy 2a
2y 4a
dx dx y
Example: 4
x2 y 2 dy
If 2
2 1, then find
a b dx
Solution:-
x2 y 2
Given 1
a 2 b2
2 x 2 y dy
0
a 2 b 2 dx
y dy x dy b 2 x
2
b 2 dx a 2 dx a y
Example: 5.
dy
If ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2by c 0 then find
dx
Solution:-
Given ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2by c 0
dy dy dy
2ax 2h x y 2by 2g 2 f 0
dx dx dx
2hx 2by 2 f dy 2ax 2hy 2 g
dx
dy ax hy g
dx hx by f
Example: 6
1 1 dy
If 1, then find
x y dx
Solution:-
1 1
Given 1
x y
3.51
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
1 1 dy
0
x 2 y 2 dx
1 dy 1
y 2 dx x 2
dy y 2
2
dx x
Example: 7
dy
If x 2 y 2 x sin y 4 then find
dx
Solution:
Given x 2 y 2 x sin y 4
dy dy
x 2 2 y y 2 2 x x cos y sin y (1) 0
dx dx
2 x y x cos y dy
2
dx
2 xy 2
sin y
dy 2 xy 2 sin y
2
dx 2 x y x cos y
Example: 8
x
dy
If e x y then find
y
dx
Solution:
x
Given e x y y
dy
y (1) x dx
x
dy
1
y
e 2
y dx
x
dy dy
e y x y2 y2
y
dx dx
x x
dy dy
ye xe
y y
y2 y2
dx dx
2 x
y dy
x
y xe y ye y
2
dx
3.52
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
dy y ye2 y
x
dx
y xe y
2
Example: 9
dy
If sin( x y ) y 2 cos x, then find
dx
Solution:
Given sin( x y ) y 2 cos x
dy dy
cos( x y ) 1 y 2 ( sin x ) cos x.2 y
dx dx
dy dy
cos( x y ) cos( x y ) y 2 sin x 2 y cos x
dx dx
cos( x y) 2 y cos x dy y 2 sin x cos( x y)
dx
dy y 2 sin x cos( x y )
dx cos( x y ) 2 y cos x
Example: 10
dy
Find If y x sin 1 x 1 x 2
dx
Solution:
Given y x sin 1 x 1 x 2
dy 1 1
x sin 1 x(1) (2 x) sin 1 x
dx 1 x
2
2 1 x 2
Example: 11
dy
a) Find if x3 y 3 6 xy
dx
b) Find the tangent to the equation x3 y 3 6 xy at the point (3,3)
c) At what point in the first quadrant is the tangent line horizontal
Solution:
a). Given x 3 y 3 6 xy
Differentiating both sides w. r to x,
dy
3x 2 3 y 2 6 x 6y
dx
3.53
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
dy dy
3 x2 y 2 2x 2 y
dx dx
dy dy dy
y2 2x 2 y x 2 ( y 2 2 x) 2y x2
dx dx dx
dy 2 y x 2
y '
dx y 2 2 x
dy
b). at the point (3,3) , then becomes
dx
dy 2.3 32 69 3
1
dx 3,3 3 2.3 96
2
3
The equation of the tangent at the point (3,3) is
y y1 m x x1 y 3 1 x 3 x y 6
dy
c). The tangent line is horizontal if y ' 0 (Or) 0
dx
2 y x2
0 2y x2 0
y 2x
2
x2
2 y x2 y
2
x2
Substitute y in the given equation of the curve, we get
2
x3 y 3 6 xy
3
x2 x2 x6
x 6 x
3
x 3 3x 3
2 2 8
x6
2 x 3 x 6 16 x 3
8
x3 16
1 1
x 163 24 3
4
x 2 3
2
43
x 8
2 3 8 5 5
y 2 3 21 2 3 y 2 3
2 2
x2
Then y
2
3.54
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
4 5
Thus the tangent is horizontal at 2 3 ,2 3 which is approximately (2.5198 , 3.1748)
Example: 12
Find the first two derivative for x 4 y 4 16
Solution:
Given x 4 y 4 16
Differentiating w. r to x
dy dy
4 x3 4 y3 0 4 y3 4 x 3
dx dx
dy 4 x 3
dx 4 y3
dy x 3
i.e., y ' 3
dx y
Again differentiating w. r to x
d 2 y d dy d x3
3
dx 2 dx dx dx y
3 2 3 2 dy
2 3 3 2 x
3
y 3 x x 3 y 3 x y 3 x y
y 3
dx
y
3 2
y 6
2 3 3x6 3x 2 y 4 3x6
3x y y
y 3x 2 y 4 3x 6
y6 y6 y7
y 4 x4
3x 2 7 x 4
y 4 16
y
16
3 x 2
7
d2y 48x 2
2 y
''
dx y7
Example: 13
Find the derivatives of the functions y sin x sin x sin x...........
Solution:
3.55
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
y sin x sin x sin x........... y sin x y
y 2 sin x y
dy dy
2 y. cos x
dx dx
dy
2 y 1 cos x dy cos x
dx dx (2 y 1)
Exercise
dy
I. Find by implicit differentiation:
dx
1
1. xy 2 x 3x 2 4 Ans : y ' y 2 6x
x
x2
2. x 3 y 3 1 Ans : y '
y2
3 y 2 5x 4 4 x3 y
3. x 4 x y y 2 3x y Ans : y '
x 4 3 y 2 6 xy
4. y sin 1 e x Ans : y '
ex
1 e 2 x
5. y x 2 cos x Ans : y ' x 2 sin x 2 x cos x
xa 1
6. y 2 tan 1 Ans : y '
bx x a b x
II. Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of the tangent line to the curve at the
given point.
1. x 2 xy y 3 3, 1,1 Ans : y x 2
1
2. x 2 y 2 2 x 2 2 y 2 x 2 , 0, Ans : y x
1
2
2
3. y 2 sinx y , 1,0 Ans : y 2x 2
4. x 3 y 3 9 x 2 Ans : 5 x 4 y 3 0
7 1
5. x 2 xy y 2 1, 2,3 Ans : y ' x
4 2
III Find y '' by implicit differentiation:
81
1. 9 x 2 y 2 9 Ans : y ''
y3
2x
2. x 3 y 3 1 Ans : y '' 5
y
3.56
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
1
3. xy e y e at x 0 Ans : y ''
e2
x '' y 2 x 2
4. x 2 y 2 1 Ans : y ' y
y y3
y 1
5. 2 y x y Ans : y ' y ''
y 1 2 y 1
3
6. y 2 x 2 2 x Ans : y '
x 1 , y ''
y 2
x 1
2
y y3
IV Find the derivatives of the following functions:
a) y x 2 log2 x Ans : y ' x1 2 log2 x
b) y x x Ans : y ' x x 1 log x
V. Find y ' if
1
1. y 5 log x Ans : y '
5 x 5 log x 4
2. y log x 2 y 2 Ans : y '
2 x
x 2
y2 2y
10 24 x 3
3. y 2 x 1 x 3
5
4
6
Ans : y 2 x 1 x 3
' 5 4
4
6
2x 1 x 3
4. If sin x cos x
cos y sin y
c, find y '
Ans : y ' sin x sin y cos x cos x cos y sin x
sin y 1 cos y 1
y
5. If x p y q x y
pq
then Prove that y ' .
x
3.5.8 Derivatives of Logarithmic functions
In the case of a function consisting of a number of factors. It is convenient to take the
logarithmic before differentiating.
Example: 1
Find
dy
dx
if y log x 3 1
Solution:
Given y logx 3 1
dy
3
1
dx x 1
3x 2
3x 2 3
x 1
Example: 2
dy
Find if y log(sin x)
dx
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Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
Solution:
Given y log(sin x)
dy 1
cos x cot x
dx sin x
Example: 3
dy
Find if y sinlog x
dx
Solution:
Given y sinlog x
dy 1
cos log x
dx x
1
coslog x
x
Example: 4
dy
Find if y loglog x
dx
Solution:
Given y loglog x
dy 1 1 1
.
dx log x x x log x
Example: 5
Find if y tanlogax b
Solution:
Given y tanlogax b
dy 1 a
sec2 logax b a sec2 logax b
dx ax b ax b
Example: 6
Find y ' if y x x
Solution:
Given y x x
log y log x x
3.58
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
log y x log x
1 dy 1
. x. log x(1)
y dx x
dy
y1 log x
dx
dy
x x 1 log x
dx
Example: 7
Find y ' if x y y x
Solution:
Given x y y x
y log x x log y
1 dy 1 dy
y log x. x. log y (1)
x dx y dx
x dy y
log x
y dx
log y
x
y log x x dy x log y y
.
y dx x
dy y x log y y
dx x y log x x
Example: 8
dy
If y cot x tan x
sin x cos x
, then find
dx
Solution:
Given y cot x tan x
sin x cos x
dy du dv
Let y u v (1)
dx dx dx
u cot x
sin x
log u sin x logcot x
1 du
.
u dx
1
sin x
cos ec 2 x log cot x. cos x
cot x
1 du sin 2 x
. . cos ec 2 x cos x log cot x
u dx cos x
3.59
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
sec x cos x logcot x
du
cot x sec x cos x logcot x
sin x
dx
v tan x log v cos x logtan x
cos x
1 dv 1
. cos x . sec 2 x logtan x sin x
v dx tan x
1
sin x log tan x
sin x
dv
tan x cos ecx sin x log tan x
cos x
dx
dy
cot x sec x cos x logcot x tan x cos ecx sin x log tan x
sin x cos x
(1)
dx
Exercise
I. Prove the identity
1. sinh( x) sinh x
2. cosh( x) cosh x
3. cosh x sinh x e x
4. cosh x sinh x e x
5. sinh 2 x 2 sinh x cosh x
II Find the derivatives
1. y ecosh 3 x Ans : y ' 3e cosh 3 x sinh 3x
1 cosh x
2. y Ans : y ' 2 sinh x
1 cosh x 1 cosh x 2
3. y arc tan tanh x Ans : y ' sec h2 x
1 tanh x 1 x
4. y 4 Ans : y ' e 2
1 tanh x 2
3.6 Maxima and Minima of functions of one variable
We shall discuss in this chapter the maximum and minimum value of the function
when it and its derivatives are continuous. We shall first define the maximum and minimum
values of a function.
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If a continuous function increases up to a certain value and then decreases, the value is
called the maximum value of the function. If a continuous function decreases up to a certain
value and the increases, that value is called minimum value of the function. We say that value
f ( a ) assumed by f ( x ) at x a is a maximum if f ( x ) in the immediate neighbourhood of
x a .that is if we can find an interval ( a h, a h ) of values of x such that f ( a ) f ( x )
when a h x a and a x a h where h is an arbitrary small positive number. Similarly
we define a minimum: if in the interval ( a h, a h ) , f ( a ) < f ( x ) . f ( a ) is said to be a
minimum value of f ( x ) .Thus in the figure the point P correspond to maxima, the point Q to
minima of the function f ( x ) whose graph is shown below :
It is to be noticed that
(i) A maximum value is not necessarily the greatest value of the function can have:nor
a minimum the least
(ii) The maxima and minima values occur alternately.
Condition:
(i) A necessary condition for maximum or a minimum value of f ( x ) at x a is that
f '( a ) 0
(ii) If f '( a ) 0 and f ''( a ) 0 then f ( x ) has a maximum if f ''(a ) 0 and a
minimum if f ''( a ) 0
3.6.1 Absolute Maximum
Let C be a number in the domain D of a function f. Then f c is the
Absolute maximum value of f on D if f c f x X in D
Absolute maximum value of f on D if f c f x for all x in D
3.6.2 Absolute Maximum
The maximum & minimum values of f are called extreme value of f. The number
f c is a
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Local maximum value of f if f c f x when x is near C
Local maximum value of f if f c f x when x is near C
3.6.3 Extreme value Theorem:
If f is continuous on a closed interval a, b , then f attains an absolute maximum value
f c & an absolute minimum value f d at some numbers c & d in a, b
3.6.4 Fermat’s Theorem:
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, & if f ' c exist, then f ' c 0
3.6.5 Critical Number:
A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that either
f ' c 0 or f ' c does not exist. (Or)
If f has a local maximum or minimum at C, then C is a critical number of f.
3.6.6 The Closed Interval Method
To find the absolute maximum & minimum values of a continuous function f on a
closed interval a, b
1. Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in a, b
2. Find the values of f at the end points of the interval.
3. The largest of the values from step 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum value; the
smallest of these values is the absolute minimum value.
Function Domain D Absolute extreme on D
No absolute maximum
,
0 is the absolute minimum
4 absolute maximum
0,2
0 absolute minimum
y x2 0 absolute minimum
0,2
No absolute maximum
4 absolute maximum
0,2
No absolute minimum
0,2 No absolute extreme
1 absolute maximum
y cos x ,
-1 absolute minimum
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1 absolute maximum
y sin x ,
-1 absolute minimum
The First Derivative Test
Suppose that C is a critical number of a continuous function f,
If f ' changes from positive to negative at C, then f has local maximum at C.
If f ' changes from negative to positive at C, then f has local minimum at C.
If f ' does not change sign at C. (i.e. f ' is positive on both sides of C (Or)
negative on both sides), then f has no local maximum or local minimum at C.
The Second Derivative Test
Suppose f '' is continuous near C,
If f ' c 0 , & f '' x 0, then f has a local minimum at C.
If f ' c 0 , & f '' x 0, then f has a local maximum at C
Example: 1
3
Find the critical numbers (Or) critical values of the functions f x x 5 4 x
Solution:
Critical numbers of f occurs at f ' x 0 (Or) f ' x does not exist
3 3 8
f x x 4 x 4 x x
5 5 5
3 2 8 3
f ' x 4 x 5 x 5
d n
dx
x nx n1
5 5
2 3 3 3
12 5 8 5 3 1
f x
'
x x x x5
5
5 5 5
2 3 35
12 5 8 5 3
f ' x 0 x x 0 x 5
5 5 5
2 3 2
12 5 8 5 3 5
x x x
5 5 5
3
3
12 5 x 5 3 2
2 x 5 x
5 8 2 5
x5
5
3
x5
2
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3
x
2
3
Also, f ' x does not exist when x = 0. Thus critical number = 0,
2
f ' x 2 x 3 3 x 2 36 x
Example: 2
Find the critical values of the functions f ' x 6 x 2 6 x 36
Solution:
Given f ' x 6 x 2 6 x 36
Critical number, f ' x 0
6 x 2 6 x 36 0
6 x2 x 6 0
x 2,3
Critical number (value) are -2, 3
Example: 3
Find the critical values of the functions f x x 4 x 3 x 2 1
Solution:
f ' x 4 x 3 3 x 2 2 x
Critical No’s: f ' x 0
4 x 3 3x 2 2 x 0
x 4 x 2 3x 2 0
b b 2 4ac
x 0, 4 x 3x 2 0
2
m
2a
3 i 23
x 0 ,x
8
3 i 23
Critical numbers are 0, .
8
Example: 4
Find the critical values of the functions f ( ) 2 cos sin 2
Solution:
Given f ( ) 2 cos sin 2
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f ' ( ) 2 sin 2 sin cos
f ' ( ) 0
2 sin 2 sin cos 0
2 sin 1 cos 0
sin 0, 1 cos 0 cos 1
sin 1 0 cos 1 1
n , n is an integer 0
Critical no’s are 0, n
Example: 5
y 1
Find the critical values of the functions g y
y y 1
2
Solution:
y 1
Given g y
y y 1
2
g'y
y 2
y 1 (1) y 12 y 1 u vu uv
d
' '
y 2
y 1
2
v v2
y2 y 1 2 y2 y 2 y 1
y 2
y 1 2
y2 2 y
y 2
y 1
2
y2 2 y
g ' y 0 0
y 2
y 1 2
y y 2 0 y 0 ; y 2 0, y 2 y2
Critical numbers are 0, 2
Example: 6
Find the critical values of the functions f ( x) x 2e 3 x
Solution:
f ( x ) x 2 e 3 x
f ' ( x) x 2 3e 3 x e 3 x 2 x d (uv ) udv vdu
xe 3 x 3x 2
f ' ( x) 0
xe 3 x 3x 2 0
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x0 3x 2 0
2
x0 x
3
2
Critical no’s are 0,
3
Example: 7
Find the maxima and minima of the function 2 x 3 3 x 2 36 x 10 .
Solution:
Let f ( x) 2 x 3 3x 2 36 x 10
At the maximum or minimum f ' ( x) 0.
f ' ( x) 6 x 2 6 x 36
6 x 3 x 2
x 3 and x 2 give maximum or minimum.
To distinguish between the maximum and the minimum,
f ' ' ( x) 62 x 1.
when x 3, f ' ' ( x) 66 1 30 i.e. ve.
when x 2, f ' ' ( x) 6 4 1 30 i.e. ve
x 2 gives the maximum and x 3 gives the minimum.
Maximum value x 2,
f ( x) 2 x 3 3 x 2 36 x 10.
f ( 2) 2 2 3 2 36 2 10
3 2
f (2) 2 8 34 72 10 16 12 72 10 54
Minimum value x 3,
f ( x) 2 x 3 3x 2 36 x 10
f (3) 23 33 363 101
3 2
f (2) 227 39 108 10 54 27 108 10 7
Example: 8
Find the local maximum & minimum values using both the first & second derivative
test of f x x 5 5 x 3
Solution:
Given f x x 5 5 x 3
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f ' x 5 x 4 5
f ' x 0 5x 4 5 0
5 x4 1 0
x4 1 0
x4 1
x2 2
1 -1 1
x 12
x 2 1
x 1
Critical points are x 1 ,-1.
Interval Sign of f ' ( x) Behaviour of f
+ve
x 1 Increasing
f ' ( x) 0 check x 2
-ve
1 x 1 Decreasing
f ' ( x) 0 check x 0
+ve
1 x Increasing
f ' ( x) 0 check at x 2
First derivative tell us that
f ' Changes from +ve to –ve which gives local maximum at x 1
f ' Changes from–ve to +ve which gives local minimum at x 1
f x x 5 5 x 3
f 1 1 5 3 7 & f 1 1 5 3 1
f 1 7 Local maximum
f 1 1 Local minimum
Second derivative test:-
f ' x 5 x 4 5
0
f '' x 20 x 3
f '' x 0 20 x 3 0
x0
Intervals f '' x 20x 3 Behaviour of f
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,0 -ve Concave downward
0, +ve Concave upward
f ' 1 5 5 ,
f '' 1 20 0 It gives local minimum. f '' x 0
0
f 1 1 5 3 1 Local minimum
f ' 1 5 5 ,
f '' 1 20 0 It gives local maximum. f '' x 0
0
f 1 1 5 3 7 Local maximum
Example: 9
Find the absolute maximum & absolute minimum values of the function
1
f x x3 3x 2 1 x4
2
Solution:
1
The given function f x x 3 3x 2 1 x4
2
Critical no’s f x 0
f ' x 3 x 2 6 x 3 x x 2
3x x 2 0
x 0; x 2
1
Each of critical no’s lies in the interval ,4
2
The value of f at these critical numbers are
f x x3 3x 2 1
f 0 1 f 2 8 12 1
f 2 3
1
The value of f at the end-point of the interval are ,4 a, b
2
3 2
1 1 1
f 3 1
f 4 43 3 42 1
2 2 2
1 1
f f 4 17
2 8
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1 1
Comparing these four numbers, f (0) 1, f (2) 3, f , f 4 17 we see that
2 8
Absolute maximum value, f 4 17 & Absolute minimum value, f 2 3
1
X 1 2 3 4
2 0
1
f (x) 1 -1 -3 1 17
8
Example: 10
Find the absolute maximum & absolute minimum values of the function
7
f ( x ) x 2 sin x, 0 x 2 420
3
Solution:
7
Given Function f ( x ) x 2 sin x, 0 x 2 420
3
f ' ( x) 1 2 cos x
f ' ( x) 0 1 2 cos x 0
1 1 5
cos x x cos 1 sin 3 sin 300
2 2
sin 360 60
5
x , sin 60
3 3
3
2
3
f 2 sin 2 3 0.684853
3 3 3 3 2 3
5 5 5 5 3
0 f 2 sin 2
3 3 3 3 2
5 22
3 6.968039
3 7
f (0) 0 2 sin 0 0
f (2 ) 2 2 sin 2
2
sin n 0
6.28571
Compare these four number’s
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f 0.684853 Absolute minimum
3
f 0.684853 Absolute maximum
3
Example: 11
Find the absolute maximum & absolute minimum values of the function
f x 8x x 4 2,1
Solution: Given
f ' x 8 4 x 3
f ' x 0 8 4 x 3 0
x3 2
3
2 1.259
x 3 2 1 a point not in the given domain 2,1
3 3
Critical numbers is 2 . {should not find out the value of f at these points 2 ,since its
outside 2,1
X -2 -1 0 1
f ( x) 8 x x 4 -32 -9 0 7
f (2) 32 Absolute minimum
f (1) 7 Absolute maximum
Example: 12
Find the absolute maximum & absolute minimum values of the function
f ( x) log( x 2 x 1), 1,1
Solution: Given
1
f ' ( x) 2 x 1
x x 1
2
2x 1
f ' ( x) 0 0
x x 1
2
2x 1 0
1
x
2
1
Critical numbers is ,
2
1
X -1 0 1
2
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3
f x log 1=0 log 0.124 log 1 =0 log 3
4
1
f 0.124 (Absolute minimum)
2
f 1 0.477 (Absolute maximum)
1. Find the critical numbers of the function.
Answer
2
1) f ( x) 5 x3 6 x
5
2) f ( x) 2 x3 3x 2 36 x 2,3
3 1
4
3) f ( x ) x 2 x
4 4
0,
9
4) f ( x) x 2 32 x 4
2
5) f ( x) x 2 1
x
2. Determine the maxima and minima of
1. f ( x) x5 5 x 4 5 x 3 10 Ans : f (1) 11, f (3) 17
2. f ( x) ( x 5)2 ( x3 10) Ans : f (5) 0, f (1) 234
x
3. f ( x) Ans : f (1) 1/ 2, f (1) 1/ 2
1 x2
4. f ( x) x3 18 x 2 96 x 4 Ans : f (4) 164, f (8) 132
x2 7 x 6
5. f ( x) Ans : f (16) 25, f (4) 1
x 10
3.Find the local maximum & minimum values of the function
f (2 ) 3.83, f (4 ) 2.46
(i) g x x 2 sin x 0 x 2 Ans: 3 3
f (0.23) 22 / 3 21/ 3
(ii) f x e2 x e x Ans:
(iii) f x x 2 x log x Ans: f (1) 0
4. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of ' f '
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1
1) f ( x) (3 x), x 3 Ans: Absolute maximum of f=4
2
1
2) f ( x) , x 1 Ans: Absolute minimum of f=1
x
3) f ( x ) x 2 ,[2,1] Ans: f(-2)=4,f(0)=0
4) f ( x) 3 x 4 16 x 3 18 x 2 , 1 x 4 Ans: f(3)=-27,f(-1)=37
3
f ( ) 3, f ( ) 0
5) f ( x) 2 cos x sin 2 x [0, ] Ans: 6 2 2
2
3.7 Increasing and Decreasing test, First derivative test, Concave upward, Concave
downward, Second derivative test
3.7.1 Increasing/decreasing test
If f ' ( x) 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval and If f ' ( x) 0 on an
interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.
Example: 1
For the function f ( x) 3x 4 4 x 3 12 x 2 5, where it is increasing and decreasing?
Also find local maximum & local minimum?
Solution:
f ( x) 3x 4 4 x 3 12 x 2 5 Real line
f ' ( x) 12 x 3 12 x 2 24 x -1 0 2
12 x x 2 x 2
f ' ( x) 12x x 2x 1
To apply increasing \decreasing test, we have to find where f ' ( x) 0 & f ' ( x) 0 It depends
on the signs of the three factors of f ' ( x) namely 12x, (x-2), (x+1)
f ' x 0
Here critical numbers are x = 0, x = 2, x = -1
12 xx 2 x 1 0
We get critical value)
We divide the real line interval whose end points are the critical number namely 0, 2 & -1
Behaviour
Interval 12x (x-2) (x+1) f ' x
of f(x)
x 1 -ve -ve -ve -ve Decreasing
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on ,1
Increasing on
1 x 0 -ve -ve +ve +ve
1,0
Decreasing
0 x2 +ve -ve +ve -ve
on 0,2
Increasing on
2 x +ve +ve +ve +ve
2,
Local maximum & local minimum values :
f 0 5 is a local maximum value of f, because , f increase on 1,0 & decrease (0,2)
f 1 0 is a local minimum value of f.
f 2 27 is a local minimum value of f.
Example: 2
Suppose the derivative of a function f is
f ' x x 1 x 3 x 6 On what interval is f increasing?
2 5 4
Solution:
Given f ' x x 12 x 35 x 6 4
f ' x 0 x 12 x 35 x 6 4 0 1 3 6
x 1 0 , x 3 0, x 6 0
2 5 4
x 1, x 3, x 6 are critical no’s
Interval sign of f ' ( x) Behaviour of f
-ve
,1 Decreasing
f ' ( x) 0 check x 2
-ve
1,3 Decreasing
f ' ( x) 0 check x 2
+ve Increasing
3,6
f ( x) 0 check x 4
'
+ve
6, Increasing
f ' ( x) 0 check x 7
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f is increasing in the interval 3,
3.7.2 Concavity Convexity, Point of Inflexion
If in the neighbourhood of the point P on a curve is above the tangent at P it is said to
be concave upward: if the curve is below the tangent at P , it is said to be concave upward: if
the curve is below the tangent at P, it is said to be concave downward or convex upward.
If at a point P, a curve changes its concavity from upwards to downwards or vice
versa, P is called a point of inflexion.
From the definition, it is seen that the curve crosses its tangent at the point of
inflexion and that a point of inflexion lies between a maximum and minimum.
3.7.2 Concave upward and concave downward
If the graph of f lies above all of is tangents on an interval I, then it is called
concave upward on I. if the graph of f lies below of its tangents on I, it is called concave
downward.
3.7.3 Concavity Test
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If f ' ' x 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave upward and If f ' ' x 0 for
all x in I, then the graph of f is concave downward.
(i) Concave upward = Convex downward
(ii) Concave downward = Convex upward
Example: 1
Discuss the following question in each problem
(i) Critical points
(ii) Increasing / decreasing
(iii) Local maxima (or) local minima
(iv) Interval of concavity & point of infection
(Or)
Find the local maxima & minima using both first & second derivative test.
(i) y f x x 4 4x 3
(ii) f ( x) sin x cos x , 0 x 2
(iii) f ( x) x 2 x 3
4 2
Solution
(i) Given y f x x 4 4x 3
f ' x 4 x 3 12 x 2
4 x 2 x 3
Critical no’s: Real line interval
f ' x 0 0 3
4 x 2 x 3 0 x 0 x 3 0
x 0 x 3
Increasing / decreasing
Interval 4x 2 x 3 Sign f ' x Behaviour of f is
,0 +ve -ve -ve f ' x 0 decreasing
0,3 +ve -ve -ve f ' x 0 decreasing
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3, +ve +ve +ve f ' x 0 increasing
Here first derivative tells us that f does not have a local maximum or local maximum at 0.
(i.e, (,0) & (0,3))
f 3 34 4 33 27 local minimum ( f ' changes –ve to +ve )
Second Derivative Test:
f '' x 12 x 2 24 x
Calculate f '' x at these critical points x=0 & x=3
f '' x 0, & f '' 3 12(9) 24(3)
= 36 0
f ' (3) 0 & f '' 3 0 then f has local minimum at 3 (by definition)
f ( x) 34 4(33 ) 27 local minimum
But f ' 0 0 & f '' 0 0, the second derivative test gives no information about the critical
number 0.
To find concavity and point of inflection:
f '' x 12 x 2 24 x
f '' x 0 12 x 2 24 x 0
0 2
12 x( x 2) 0
x 0& x 2
We divide the real line into intervals with these numbers x=0 & x=2 as end points.
Interval f '' x 12 x 2 24 x Concavity
Concave upward
,0 +ve i.e., f '' x 0
( f '' ( x) 0)
Concave downward
0,2 -ve i.e., f '' x 0
( f '' ( x) 0)
2, +ve i.e., f '' x 0 Concave upward
Point of inflection:
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The point (0,0) is an inflection point (curve change concave upward to concave
downward ) & also (2,-16) is an inflection point. (Curve changes from concave downward
to concave upward.
{i.e., if [0,f(0)] & [2,f(2)] f ( x) x 4 4 x 3
At x 0 f (0) 0
[0,0] & [2,-16] At x 2 f (2) 16 32 16 Pt(2,-16)
(ii) f ( x) sin x cos x , 0 x 2
Given f ( x) sin x cos x , 0 x 2
f ' ( x) cos x sin x
Critical points: f ' ( x) 0
cos x sin x 0
, cos x cos x sin x
1 tan x (x lies between 0 to 2 )
tan x 1 x tan 1 (1)
5
x , (cos x sin x ; x k , k 0,1,2.....)
4 4 4
5
Critical points are ,
4 4
Increasing / decreasing:-
Interval f ' x cos x sin x Behaviour of f
+ve
0 x 3 1 Increasing
4 f ' cos sin 0.66 0
6 6 6 2 2
5
x -ve f ' cos sin 0 1 1 0 Decreasing
4 4 2 2 2
5
x 2 +ve f ' 2 cos 2 sin 2 1 0 1 0 Increasing
4
local maxima & local minima
(i) Here f ' changes positive to negative at
4
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It gives local maximum at x
4
1 1 2
f sin cos 2 [Local maximum]
4 4 4 2 2 2
5 5
(ii) f ' changes negative to positive at it giveslocal min imumat x
4 4
5 5 5
f sin cos sin 225 cos 225
4 4 4
sin 180 45 cos 180 45
sin 45 cos 45
1 1 2
2 (Local minimum)
2 2 2
Second Derivative Test:
f ' x cos x sin x
f '' x sin x cos x
f '' x 0 sin x cos x 0
sin x cos x
sin x
1 tan x 1
cos x
x tan 1 1 Range 0,2
3 7
x ,
4 4
Concavity:
Sign of
Interval Concavity
f '' x sin x cos x
-ve
f '' x 0 concave
3 sin cos
0 x 2 2 downward
4 ''
( f 1 0
2
1 0
3 7
x +ve f '' sin cos f '' x 0 concave
4 4
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0 1 upwards
1 0
-ve
7 f '' 2 sin 2 cos 2 f '' x 0 concave
x 2
4 0 1 downward
1 0
Point of inflection:
f ( x) sin x cos x
3
135
4
3 3
At x f 0 sin(180 45 ) sin 45
4 4
cos(180 45 ) cos 45
7 7
At x f 0
4 4
3 3 7 7
Point of inflection is , f & , f
4 4 4 4
3 7
,0 & ,0
4 4
(iii) Given f ( x) x 2 x 3
4 2
f ' ( x) 4 x 3 4 x
4x x2 1
4 xx 1x 1
f ' ( x) 0 4 xx 1x 1 0
x 0, x 1 0 x 1 0
x 0, x 1 x 1 Critical points are x 0 , x 1, x 1
Increasing / decreasing:
Interval f ' ( x) 4 x 3 4 x( sign) Behaviour of f
-ve ( f ' ( x) 0 check
,1 (Or) x 1 Decreasing
x 2
1,0 (Or) 1 x 0 +ve ( f ' ( x) 0 check Increasing
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1
x
2
1 Decreasing
0,1 (Or) 0 x 1 -ve ( f ' ( x) 0 check x
2
+ve ( f ' ( x) 0 check
1, (Or) 1 x Increasing
x2
Local maxima (Or) Local minima (using first derivative test)
From the table, f ' changes –ve to +ve at x 1 It gives
& also f ' changes –ve to +ve a x 1 local minimum.
f ( x) x 4 2 x 2 3
f (1) 1 2 3 2
f (1) f (1) 2 [Local minimum]
f (1) 1 2 3 2
f ' changes +ve to –ve at x 0, this gives local maximum f (0) 3 Local
maximum
Second Derivative Test:
f ' ( x) 4 x 3 4 x
f '' ( x ) 12 x 2 4
f '' ( x) 0 12x 2 4 0
1 1 1 1
3x 2 1 0 x 2 x i.e. x &x
3 3 3 3
Interval Sign of f '' x 12 x 2 4 Concavity
+ve
1 Concave upward
x check
3
f '' (1) 12 4 8 0
-ve
1 1 1 ''
x check x f (2) 1 0 concave downwards
3 3 2
+ve
1
x check x 2 f '' (2) 20 0 concave upward
3
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Point of inflection:
f ( x) x 4 2 x 2 3
4 2
1 1 1 1 2 22
f 2 3 3
3 3 3 9 3 9
1 1 2 22
f 3
3 9 3 9
1 1 1 22
Point of inflection is , f ,
3 3 3 9
1 22 1 22
i.e., , & ,
3 9 3 9
Example: 2
For the function f x 2 x 3 3x 2 36 . (i) find the intervals on which its is increasing
or decreasing (ii) find the local maximum & minimum values of f (iii) find the intervals of
concavity & inflection points.
Solution:
Given f x 2 x 3 3x 2 36 -3 2
f ' x 6 x 2 6 x 36
f ' ' x 6 x 2 x 6 6 x 3 x 2
Critical points are f ' x 0
6 x2 x 6 0
x 3x 2 0 x 3, x 2 are critical no’s
Sign of f x
'
Interval Behaviour of f
,3 +ve Increasing
3,2 -ve Decreasing
2, +ve Increasing
ii) f changes from increasing to decreasing at x = - 3 and from decreasing to increasing at
x = 2.
So, f 3 2 32 3 32 36 3
f 3 81 Local maximum
f 2 222 322 362
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f 2 44 Local minimum
f ' x 6 x 2 6 x 36
iii)
f '' x 12 x 6
f '' x 0 12x 6 0
1
12x 6 2
1
x
2
Intervals Sign of f '' x Behaviour of concavity
1 +ve
, Concave upward
2 f '' x 0 at x=-1
1 -ve
, Concave downward
2 f '' x 0 at x=1
Inflection points:
f x 2 x 3 3 x 2 36 x
1 1
Point of inflection is , f 1 1 1 36 37
2 2 f 2 3
2 8 4 2 2
1 37
,
2 2
Example: 3
2 1
Find the local maximum & minimum of f x x 3 6 x 3 & also discuss the
concavity & point of inflection.
2 1
Solution: Given f x x 3 6 x 3
d (uv) uv ' vu '
1 2
2 3 1
1 2
f ' x x 6 x 3 x 3 6 x 3 (1)
3 3
1
' 1
2 2
x 3 6 x 3 6 x x
3 3
1 2 12 12 x x
x 3 6 x 3
3
3.82
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
1 2
f ' x x 3 6 x 3 4 x
4x
f ' x 1 2
x 6 x 3
3
Critical no’s:- f ' x 0
4 x
1
04 x 0
2
x 6 x
3 3
x4
Also f ' x does not exist when x 0 (Or) x 6
Critical numbers are 0, 4 & 6
Behaviour
f ' x
1 2
Intervals 4–x x 3 (6 x ) 3
of f
,0 (Or)
+ - + -ve Decreasing
x0
0,4 (Or)
+ + + +ve Increasing
0 x4
4,6 (Or)
- + + -ve Decreasing
4 x6
6, (Or)
- + + -ve Decreasing
x6
First derivative tell us that
If f ' Changes from negative to positive at 0 which gives local minimum at 0.
2 1
f (0) 0 3 6 0 3
0 (Local Minimum)
If f ' Changes from positive to negative at 4 which gives local maximum
2 1
f ( 4) 4 3 6 4 3
3.83
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
2
1 2 1
4 2 3 2 2
3 3 3
4 1 5
2 3 2 3 2 3 (Local Maximum)
The sign of f ' does not change at 6
There is no Local minimum or local maximum at 6
Second Derivative Test:
1 2
f ' ( x ) x 3 6 x 3 4 x
d (uvw) uvw' uv ' w u ' vw
4 2 1 4
1 2 5
2
f ( x) x 3 (6 x) 3 (4 x) x 3 6 x 3 (1)(4 x) x 3 6 x 3 (1)
''
3 3
4 5
1 2
x (6 x) (6 x)(4 x) x(4 x) x(6 x)
3 3
3 3
4 5
31 4
3 '
x (6 x )
3
1
3
x
(6 x)(4 x) 2(4 x x ) 3(6 x x ) 4 3
3 2 2 x x
1
x 3 x 3
1
4 5
x 3 (6 x) 3 24 6 x 4 x x 2 8 x 2 x 2 18 x 3x 2
3
4 5
5 5 2
x (6 x )
3 3 1
24 ( (6 x) (6 x) (6 x)
3 3
(6 x ) )
3
3
4 5
f ( x ) 8 x
'' 3
6 x 3
8
f '' ( x ) 4 5
x 6 x 3
3
8
f '' ( x) 0 4
0
5
x 6 x
3 3
8
f '' ( x) does not exist at either of these numbers 0 & 6 f '' ( x) 4 5
x 6 x 3
3
4 4
Intervals x 3 (6 x ) 3 f '' ( x) Behaviour of f
,0 + + - Downward
0,6 + + - Downward
3.84
Dr.S.Mohankumar/Prof/Maths/EEC Differential Calculus
0, + - + Upward
f '' ( x) 0 for x 0 & 0 x 6 Concave downward
[Since f(x) is defined at x = 0, x = 6]
f '' ( x) 0 for x 6 & Concave upward
Point of inflection is (6, 0).
Exercise
1. a) Find the intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing
b) Find the local maximum and minimum values of f
c) Find the intervals of concavity and the inflection points f
i ) f ( x) 2 x 3 3x 2 36 x Ans: local maximum f(-3)=81,local
Minimum f(2)=-44
1 22
ii ) f ( x) x 4 x 2 3 Ans : f 1 2, f 0 3, f
3 9
5
iii ) f ( x) sin x cos x,0 x 2 Ans : f 2 , f 2
4 4
iv) f ( x) x 2 x log x Ans : f 1 0
3.85
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