NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA SAMITI

(HYDERABAD REGION)
2024-2025
CLASS XII
CHEMISTRY

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL OF CHEMISTRY

FOR LOW ACHIEVERS TO ACHIEVE NVS
BENCHMARK

PREPARED BY

M. Nagaraju Principal JNV Ananthpur Convener

Pittamber Dutt PGT Chemistry JNV Bijapur
Samkutty.D.S PGT Chemistry JNV Alleppy
Amrendraprasad Singh PGT Chemistry JNV Ernakulum
Rajesh Kumar.G PGT Chemistry JNV Kollam
Remya.R PGT Chemistry JNV Mallapurum
.

Sr.No Chapter/Unit Name Prepared By

1 Solution Ms Remya.R PGT Chemistry JNV Mallaprurum

2 Electrochemistry Shri Samkutty D.S PGT Chemistry JNV Alleppy

3 Chemical kinetics Shri Samkutty D.S PGT Chemistry JNV Alleppy

4 d and f block elements Shri A.P Singh PGT Chemistry JNV Ernakulum

5 Coordination compounds Shri A.P Singh PGT Chemistry JNV Ernakulum

6 Haloalkanes and Shri Rajesh Kumar .G PGT Chemistry JNV Kollam

Haloarenes

7 Alcohols phenols and Ms Remya.R PGT Chemistry JNV Mallaprurum

ethers

8 Aldehydes Ketones and Shri Pittamber Dutt PGT Chemistry JNV Bijapur
Carboxylic acids

9 .Amines Shri Pittamber Dutt PGT Chemistry JNV Bijapur

10 Biomolecules Shri Rajesh Kumar G PGT Chemistry JNV Kollam

 CLASS XII CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1: SOLUTIONS (STUDY MATERIAL)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Identify the law which is stated as :”for any solution, the partial vapour b
pressure of each volatile component in the solution is directly proportional
to its mole fraction”
a)Henry’s law
b)Raoult’s law
c)Dalton’s law
d)Gay-Lussac’s law
2. An azeotropic mixture of two liquids has a boiling point higher than either a
of the two liquids when it
a)shows large negative deviation from Raoult’s law
b)shows no deviation from Raoult’s law.
c)shows large positive deviation from Raoult’s law
d)obeys Raoult’s law
3. Which one of the following pairs will not form an ideal solution? b
a)benzene and toluene
b)nitric acid and water
c)hexane and heptane
d)ethyl chloride and ethyl bromide
4. Which one of the following concentrations is not affected by temperature? b
a)normality
b)molality
c)molarity
d)formality
5. The colligative properties of a dilute solution depend on c
a)the nature of solute
b)the nature of the solvent
c)the number of particles of solute
d)the molecular mass of solute
6. The boiling point of a solvent containing a non-volatile solute b
a)is depressed
b)is elevated
c)does not change
d)none of the above
7. Which of the following colligative property is used to find the molar mass of a
proteins?
a)osmotic pressure
b)elevation in boiling point
c)depression in freezing point
d)relative lowering of vapour pressure
8. The value of van’t Hoff factor ‘I’ for KCl, NaCl and K 2SO4respectively are b
 a)2,2,2
b)2,2,3
c)1,1,2
d)1,1,1
9. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling b
point?
a)1.0M NaOH
b)1.0M Na2SO4
c)1.0M NH4NO3
d)1.0M KNO3
10. The value of Henry’s constant KH a
a)increases with increase in temperature
b)decreases with increase in temperature
c)remains constant
d)first increase then decrease
11. Isotonic solutions have a
a)same osmotic pressure
b)same boiling point
c)same melting point
d)same vapour pressure
12. The value of Henry’s constant KH is b
a)greater for gases with higher solubility
b)greater for gases with lower solubility
c)constant for all gases
d)not related to the solubility of gases
13. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing b
point of a 0.01 M MgSO4 solution is
a) the same
b) about twice
c) about three times
d) about six times
14. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling b
point?
a) 1.0 M Glucose
b) 1.0 M Na2SO4
c) 1.0 M KCl
d) 1.0 M Urea
15. If a molecule AB undergoes dimerization in Benzene, its Van’t Hoff factor is c
found to be 0.60. The degree of dissociation of AB is
a) 20%
b) 60%
c) 80%
d) 50%
16. 12g of Urea is dissolved in 1L of water and 68.4g sucrose is dissolved in 1L d
of water. Relative lowering of vapour pressure of Urea solution is:
a) Greater than sucrose solution
b) Less than sucrose solution
c) Double that of sucrose solution
 d) Equal to that of sucrose solution
17. KH value for Ar(g), CO2 (g), HCHO (g) and CH4 (g) are 40.39, 1.67, c
1.83×10–5 and 0.413 respectively. Arrange these gases in the order of their
increasing solubility.
a) HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar
b) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
c) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO
d) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO
18. Osmotic pressure of a solution is 0.0821 atm at a temperature of 300 K. c
The concentration in moles/lit will be:
a) 0.33
b) 0.666
c) 0.0033
d) 3
19. Mole fraction of glycerine C3H5(OH)3 in solution containing 36 g of water c
and 46 g of glycerine is
a) 0.46
b) 0.40
c) 0.20
d) 0.36
20. People add sodium chloride to water while boiling eggs. This is to b
a) decrease the boiling point.
b) increase the boiling point.
c) prevent the breaking of eggs.
d) make eggs tasty.

ASSERTION –REASON QUESTIONS

Each question consists of two statements namely, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). For selecting the
correct answer, use the following code:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are the true and Reason (R) is a correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are the true but Reason (R) is not a correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true.
(e) Both assertion(A) and reason(A) are wrong statements

1. Assertion : If a liquid solute more volatile than the solvent is added to the c
solvent, the vapour pressure of the solution may increase i.e., ps > po.
Reason : In the presence of a more volatile liquid solute, only the solute will
form the vapours and solvent will not.

2. Assertion : If one component of a solution obeys Raoult’s law over a certain b

range of composition, the other component will not obey Henry’s law in that
range.
Reason : Raoult’s law is a special case of Henry’s law.
3. Assertion : When methyl alcohol is added to water, boiling point of water e
increases.
Reason : When a volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent elevation in
boiling point is observed.

4. Assertion : When NaCl is added to water a depression in freezing point is a

observed.
Reason : The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in
the freezing point.

5. Assertion : When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi- b

permeable membrane, the solvent molecules pass through it from pure
solvent side to the solution side
Reason : Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration
solution to a region of low concentration solution.

6. Assertion : Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature a

Reason : The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.

Assertion : When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi-
7. permeable membrane, the solvent molecules pass through it from pure b
solvent side to the solution side.
Reason : Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration
solution to a region of low concentration solution.
Assertion: 0.1 M solution of glucose has same depression in the freezing
8. point as 0.1 M solution of urea. b
Reason: Kf for both has same value.
Assertion: Larger the value of cryoscopic constant of the solvent, lesser will
9. be the freezing of the solution. a
Reason: Extent of depression in the freezing-point depends on the nature of
the solvent.
Assertion: The water pouch of instant cold pack for treating athletic injuries
10. breaks when squeezed with NH4N03. d

Reason: Addition of non-volatile solute into solvent results into depression

of freezing point of solvent.
Assertion: If a non-volatile solute is mixed in a solution then elevation in
11. boiling point and depression in freezing point both will be same. d
Reason: Elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point both
depend on number of particles of solute
Assertion: Increasing pressure on pure water decreases its freezing point.
12. c
Reason: Density of water is maximum at 273 K.
Assertion: Osmotic pressure of 0.1 M urea solution is less than that of 0.1M
13. NaCl solution. c
Reason: Osmotic pressure is not a colligative property.
 Assertion: The preservation of meat by salting and fruits by adding sugar
14. protects against bacterial action. A
Reason: A bacterium on salted meat loses water due to osmosis shrivels and
ultimately dies.
Assertion: Water purifiers works on reverse osmosis.
15. Reason: Movement of solvent from a region of high concentration solution a
to a region of low concentration solution is reverse osmosis.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(2MARKS)

1. Explain why on addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water
increases, while addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one litre of water decreases its
boiling point.
Answer: NaCl is a non-volatile solute, therefore, addition of NaCl to water lowers the
vapour pressure of water. As a result boiling point of water increases. On the other hand,
methyl alcohol is more volatile than water, therefore its addition increases the total
vapour pressure over the solution. As a result, boiling point of water decreases.
2. Components of a binary mixture of two liquids A and B were being separated by
distillation. After some time separation of components stopped and composition of
vapour phase became same as that of liquid phase. Both the components started coming
in the distillate. Explain why does this happen?
Answer: Since both the components are coming in the distillate and composition of
liquid and vapour phase become same, this shows that liquids have formed azeotropic
mixture. Therefore, these components cannot be separated at this stage by distillation.
3. Concentration terms such as mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are
independent of temperature, however molarity is a function of temperature. Explain.
Answer: Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per
litre of solution. Since volume depends on temperature and changes with change in
temperature, therefore, the molarity will also change with change in temperature. On the
other hand, mass does not change with change in temperature, and therefore,
concentration terms such as mass percentage, mole fraction and molality which do not
involve volume are independent of temperature.
4. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the snow covered roads in hilly areas?
Explain the phenomenon involved in the process.
Answer: When salt is spread over snow covered roads, it lowers the freezing point of
water to such an extent that water does not freeze to form ice. As a result, the snow
starts melting from the surface and therefore, it helps in clearing the roads. Hence,
common salt acts as de-icing agent.
5. Why is the vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of glucose lower than that of water?
Answer: In pure liquid water, the entire surface of liquid is occupied by the molecules of
water. When a non-volatile solute, such as glucose is dissolved in water some of the
surface is covered by non-volatile glucose molecules. Therefore, the fraction of surface
covered by the solvent molecules escaping. As a result
number of solvent molecules escaping from the surface also gets reduced and
consequently the vapour pressure of aqueous solution of glucose is reduced.
6. Why is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation? What general
name is given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law and whose
 components cannot be separated by fractional distillation? How many types of such
mixtures are there?
Answer: The solution or mixture having same composition in liquid as well as in vapour
phase and boils at a constant temperature is known as azeotropes. Due to constant
composition it cannot be separated by fractional distillation. There are two types of
azeotropes
(i) Minimum boiling azeotropes: Solution which shows large positive deviation from
Raoult’s law form minimum boiling azeotropes at a specific composition, e.g., ethanol-
water mixture
(ii) Maximum boiling azeotropes: Solutions which show large negative deviation from
Raoult’s law form maximum boiling azeotropes, e.g., solution having composition 68%
HN03 and 32% water by mass.
7. What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’?
Answer:
If a pressure higher than the osmotic pressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will
flow from the solution into the pure solvent through semipermeable membrane. This
process is called reverse osmosis (R.O.).
8. Define the terms, ‘osmosis’ and ‘osmotic pressure’.
What is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative
properties for the determination of molar masses of solutes in solutions?
Answer:
Osmosis : The net spontaneous flow of the solvent molecules from the solvent to the
solution or from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a
semipermeable membrane is called osmosis.
Osmotic pressure : The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on the solution
to prevent the entry of the solvent into the solution through the semipermeable
membrane is called the osmotic pressure.
The osmotic pressure method has the advantage that it uses molarities instead of
molalities and it can be measured at room temperature.
9. A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to its
boiling point. The solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff
factor for trichloroacetic acid. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1)
Answer:
As ΔTb= iKbm
(100.18 – 100) °C = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m
0.18 K = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m
∴ i = 0.3
10. State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications.
Answer:
Henry’s law : Henry’s law states that “The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution “, Applications of Henry’s
law :
• To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed
under high pressure.
• To avoid a dangerous medical condition called bends, scuba divers use oxygen
diluted with less soluble helium gas.
 CONTENT BASED QUESTIONS( 4MARKS)

1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
An everyday example of Henry's law is given by carbonated soft drinks. Before the
bottle or can is opened, the gas above the drink is almost pure carbon dioxide at a
pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure.When soft drinks bottle is opened
some of the gas escapes giving a specific pop sound, this is due to the lower pressure
above the liquid and carbon dioxide comes out as bubbles. Carbon dioxide reacts
with water, the electron rich oxygen of water donates an electron pair to the carbon.
After proton transfer from water to one oxygen of the CO2unit, carbonic acid is
formed.
Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
pressure of the gas on liquid. Henry's law is a gas law which states that at the amount
of gas that is dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of
that gas above the liquid when the temperature is kept constant. The Henry law
constant for dissolution of a gas in an aqueous medium is 3×102 atm.We can use
Henry's Law to calculate the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in an aqueous
solution. The current average concentration of CO2 is 387 ppm, that is 387 x 10 -6 atm.
[CO2] = P/KH = 3.87 x 10-4 atm/29.41 atm M-1 = 1.32 x 10-5 M

1. Henry‘s law states that - A

A) Partial pressure of a component over a solution is
proportional to its mole fraction in the liquid
B) Partial pressure of a component over a solution is
proportional to the mole fraction in the vapour
C) Partial pressure is equal to the product of the mole fraction
and total pressure
D) Vapour pressure is equal to the product of the mole fraction
and total pressure
2. On increasing pressure of a gas, solubility of gas in liquid: B
A) Decreases
B) Increases
C) First Increases then decreases
D)None
3. The value of the Henry‘s law constant of a gas is dependent on D
A) Nature of gas
B) Nature of solvent
C) Temperature
D) All of these
4. Calculate the solubility of gaseous oxygen in water at 293 K A
when the partial pressure exerted by O2 is 1 bar.
(Given: KH of O2 is 34840 barLmol-1)
(A) 2.87x10-5 M
(B) 1.80x10-5 M
(C) 3.07x10-5 M
(D) 2.87x10-2 M
 5. The value of KH for CO2 at a temperature of 293 K is 1.6x103 C
atm.L.mol-1. At what partial pressure would the gas have
solubility (in water) of 2x10-5 M?
(A) 2.032 atm
(B) 1.02 atm
(C) 0.032 atm
(D) 0.57 atm
2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The properties of the solutions which depend only on the number of solute particles
but not on the nature of the solute are called colligative properties. Relative lowering
in vapour pressure is also an example of colligative properties. For an experiment,
sugar solution is prepared for which lowering in vapour pressure was found to be
0.061 mm of Hg. (Vapour pressure of water at 200C is 17.5 mm of Hg)

1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure for the given solution is A

A) 0.00348
B) 0.061
C) 0.122
D) 1.75
2. The vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of solution will be C
A) 17.5
B) 0.61
C) 17.439
D) 0.00348
3. Mole fraction of sugar in the solution is A
A) 0.00348
B) 0.9965
C) 0.061
D) 1.75
4. If weight of sugar taken is 5 g in 108 g of water then molar mass C
of sugar will be
A) 358
B) 120
C) 240
D) 400
5. The vapour pressure of water at 293K when 25g of glucose is B
dissolved in 450 g of water is
A) 17.2
B) 17.4
C) 17.120
D) 17.02
 NUMERICALS (3MARKS)

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

8.
9.

10.

11
12.

13 Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500
g of water such that it boils at 100°C?
14 Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C 6H8O6) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic
acid to lower its melting point by 1·5°C. (Kf for CH3COOH) = 3·9 K kg mol-1)

15 Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous
solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of acid if the density of the solution
is 1·504 g mL-1 ?
Sol: Mass of HNO3 in solution = 68 g
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 g mol-1
Mass of solution = 100 g
Density of solution = 1·504 g mL -1

16 A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Sol: Mass of sugar in 5% (by mass) solution means 5gin 100g of solvent (water)
17 Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in
20g of benzene (C6H6), 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K whereas 1.0 g of
AB4 lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol -1.
Calculate atomic masses of A and B.
Sol:

18 At 300 K, 36 g glucose present per litre in its solution has osmotic pressure of 4·98 bar. If
the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1·52 bar at the same temperature, what would be
its concentration?
Sol:
19 Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine, is used to combat withdrawal symptoms in
narcotic users. Dose of nalorphene generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of 1.5 x
10-3 m aqueous solution required for the above dose.
Solution:

20 Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K 2SO4 in 2

litre of water at 25°C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.
Solution:
Step I. Calculation of Van’t Hoff factor (i)
K2SO4 dissociates in water as :
 LONG ANSWER QUESTION(5MARKS)1.

1 State Raoult’s law. On the basis of Raoult’s law briefly explain the classification of solutions.
Answer:
In 1986, it was a French Chemist, Francois Marte Raoult who proposed a relationship between
partial pressure and mole fraction of volatile liquids. According to the law, ‘the mole fraction
of the solute component is directly proportional to its partial pressure’.
On the basis of Raoult’s Law, liquid-liquid solutions can be of two types. They are:
• Ideal Solutions
• Non-ideal Solutions
Ideal Solutions
The solutions which obey Raoult’s Law at every range of concentration and at all
temperatures are Ideal Solutions. We can obtain ideal solutions by mixing two ideal
components that are, solute and a solvent having similar molecular size and structure.
For Example, consider two liquids A and B, and mix them. The formed solution will
experience several intermolecular forces of attractions inside it, which will be:
• A – A intermolecular forces of attraction
• B – B intermolecular forces of attraction
• A – B intermolecular forces of attraction
The solution is said to be an ideal solution, only when the intermolecular forces of attraction
between A – A, B – B and A – B are nearly equal.
Characteristics of Ideal Solutions
Ideal Solutions generally have characteristics as follows:
• They follow Raoult’s Law. This implies that the partial pressure of components A and
B in a solution will be PA = PA0 xA and PB = PB0 xB . PA0 and PB0 are respective
vapour pressure in pure form. On the other hand, xA and xB are respective
mole fractions of components A and B
• The enthalpy of mixing of two components should be zero, that is, Δmix H = 0. This
signifies that no heat is released or absorbed during mixing of two pure components to
form an ideal solution
• The volume of the mixing is equal to zero that is, Δmix V = 0. This means that total
volume of solution is exactly same as the sum of the volume of solute and solution.
Adding further, it also signifies that there will be contraction or expansion of
the volume while the mixing of two components is taking place.
• The solute-solute interaction and solvent-solvent interaction is almost similar to the
solute-solvent interaction.
Examples of Ideal Solutions
• n-hexane and n-heptane
• Bromoethane and Chloroethane
• Benzene and Toluene
• CCl4 and SiCl4
• Chlorobenzene and Bromobenzene
• Ethyl Bromide and Ethyl Iodide
• n-Butyl Chloride and n-Butyl Bromide
Non-Ideal Solutions
The solutions which don’t obey Raoult’s law at every range of concentration and at
all temperatures are Non-Ideal Solutions. Non-ideal solutions deviate from ideal solutions and
are also known as Non-Ideal Solutions.
Characteristics of Non-ideal Solutions
Non-ideal solutions depict characteristics as follows:
• The solute-solute and solvent-solvent interaction is different from that of solute-solvent
interaction
• The enthalpy of mixing that is, Δmix H ≠ 0, which means that heat might have released
if enthalpy of mixing is negative (Δmix H < 0) or the heat might have observed if
enthalpy of mixing is positive (Δmix H > 0)
• The volume of mixing that is, Δmix V ≠ 0, which depicts that there will be some
expansion or contraction in the dissolution of liquids
Non-ideal solutions are of two types:
• Non-ideal solutions showing positive deviation from Raoult’s Law
• Non-ideal solutions showing negative deviation from Raoult’s Law
i) Positive Deviation from Raoult’s Law
Positive Deviation from Raoult’s Law occurs when the vapour pressure of the component is
greater than what is expected in Raoult’s Law. For Example, consider two components A and
B to form non-ideal solutions. Let the vapour pressure, pure vapour pressure and mole
fraction of component A be PA , PA0 and xA respectively and that of component B be PB ,
PB0 and xB respectively. These liquids will show positive deviation when Raoult’s Law when:
• PA > PA0 xA and PB > P0B xB, as the total vapour pressure (PA0 xA + P0B xB) is greater
than what it should be according to Raoult’s Law.
• The solute-solvent forces of attraction is weaker than solute-solute and solvent-solvent
interaction that is, A – B < A – A or B – B
• The enthalpy of mixing is positive that is, Δmix H > 0 because the heat absorbed to form
new molecular interaction is less than the heat released on breaking of original
molecular interaction
• The volume of mixing is positive that is, Δmix V > 0 as the volume expands on the
dissolution of components A and B

Examples of Positive Deviation

Following are examples of solutions showing positive deviation from Raoult’s Law:
• Acetone and Carbon disulphide
• Acetone and Benzene
• Carbon Tetrachloride and Toluene or Chloroform
• Methyl Alcohol and Water
• Acetone and Ethanol
• Ethanol and Water
Negative Deviation from Raoult’s Law
Negative Deviation occurs when the total vapour pressure is less than what it should be
according to Raoult’s Law. Considering the same A and B components to form a non-ideal
solution, it will show negative deviation from Raoult’s Law only when:
• PA < PA0 xA and PB < P0B xB as the total vapour pressure (PA0 xA + P0B xB) is less than
what it should be with respect to Raoult’s Law
• The solute-solvent interaction is stronger than solute-solute and solvent-solvent
interaction that is, A – B > A – A or B – B
• The enthalpy of mixing is negative that is, Δmix H < 0 because more heat is released
when new molecular interactions are formed
• The volume of mixing is negative that is, Δmix V < 0 as the volume decreases on the
dissolution of components A and B

Following are examples of solutions showing negative deviation from Raoult’s Law
• Chloroform and Benzene
• Chloroform and Diether
• Acetone and Aniline
• Nitric Acid ( HNO3) and water
• Acetic Acid and pyridine
• Hydrochloric Acid ( HCl) and water
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (QUESTION BANK)

SECTION A 1 Mark Questions)

1 Which of the following option will be the limiting molar conductivity of CH 3COOH if the
limiting molar conductivity of CH3COONa is 91 Scm2mol-1? Limiting molar conductivity
for individual ions are given in the following table.

S.No. Ions Limiting molar

conductivity/Scm mol-1
2

1 H+ 349.6
2 Na+ 50.1
3 K+ 73.5
4 OH- 199.1

(a) 350 Scm2mol-1

(b) 375.3 Scm2mol-1
(c) 390.5 Scm2mol-1
(d) 340.4 Scm2mol-1

Ans.©
Explanation :
ɅCH3COONa = ɅCH3COO- +ɅNa+
ɅCH3COO- = ɅCH3COONa - ɅNa+
= 91 - 50.1 = 40.9 Scm2mol-1
ɅCH3COOH = ɅCH3COO- + ɅH+
= 40.9 + 349.6=390.5 Scm2mol-1
2 Which of the statements about solution of electrolytes is not correct?
(a) Conductivity of solution depends upon size of ions.
(b) Conductivity depends upon viscosity of solution
(c) Conductivity does not depends upon solvation of the ions present in solution
(d) Conductivity of solution increases with temperature.
Ans.©
3 What is the molar conductance at infinite dilution for sodium chloride if the molar
conductance at infinite dilution of Na+ and Cl- ions are 51.12 x 10-4 Scm2mol-1 and 73.54
x 10-4 Scm2 mol-1 respectively.
(a) 124.66 Scm2mol-1
(b) 22.42 Scm2mol-1
(c) 198.20 Scm2mol-1
(d) 175.78 Scm2mol-1

Ans. (a)
Explanation:
ɅNaCl = ƛNa+ + ƛCl-
= 51.12 x 10-4 + 73.54 x 10-4
= 124.66 X 10-4 Sm2mol-1
4 An electrochemical cell behaves like an electrolytic cell when
(a) Ecell = E external
(b) Ecell = 0
(c) Eexternal > Ecell
 (d) Eexternal < Ecell
Ans.C
5 In an electrochemical process, a salt bridge is used
(a) As a reducing agent
(b) As an oxidising agent
(c) To complete the circuit so that current can flow
(d) None of these
Ans. ©
6 Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298K:
Mg(s)/Mg2+ (0.1M)// Cu2+(1.0x10-3M)/Cu(s)
[Given: E0cell = 2.71 V]
(a) 1.426V
(b) 2.503V
(c) 2.651V
(d) 1.8 V
Ans. c
7 In a lead storage battery :
(a) PbO2 is reduced to PbSO4 at the cathode
(b) Pb is oxidised to PbSO4 at the anode
(c) Both electrodes are immersed in the same aqueous solution of H2SO4
(d) All the above are true.
Ans.d
8 Which of the following is correct for spontaneity of a cell?
(a) ΔG= -ve, E0 = +ve
(b) ΔG= +ve, E0 = 0
(c) ΔG= -ve , E0 =0
(d) ΔG= +ve, E0 = -ve
Ans. a
9 Choose the one which is a secondary cell
(a) Leclanche cell
(b) Mercury cell
(c) Lead-storage battery cell
(d) None of these.
Ans. c
10 What is the pH of a half cell Pt/H2(g)/H+ if E0H+/H2 is -0.0295
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0.5
(d) 3

Ans. 0.5
Explanation: 0.0591 1
EH+/H2 = E0H+/H2 - --------- log -----
1 [H+]
0.0591
-0.0295 = 0 - ---------- x pH
1
0.0295
pH = --------- = 0.5
0.0591
 ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS
In the following questions , a statement of assertion followed by statement of a reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

11 Assertion (A) : Ecell should have a positive value for the cell to function
Reason ® : Ecathode < Eanode

Ans: ©
12 Assertion (A) : Ʌm for weak electrolytes shows a sharp increase when the electrolytic
solution is diluted.
Reason (R ) : For weak electrolytes degree of dissociation increases with dilution of
solution
Ans: (a)
13 Assertion (A) : For measuring resistance of an ionic solution an AC source is used
Reason (R ) : Concentration of ionic solution will change if DC source is used.

Ans: (a)
14 Assertion (A) : During electrolysis of an aqueous copper sulphate solution using copper
electrode hydrogen gas is released at the cathode.
Reason (R ) : The electrode potential of Cu2+/Cu is greater than that of H+/H2
15 Assertion (A) : ZnSO4 can be stored in copper container
Reason (R ) : Copper is more reactive than zinc

Ans:©
SECTION B ( 2 marks Questions)
16 Calculate the degree of dissociation (α) of acetic acid if its molar conductivity (Ʌm) is
39.05 Scm2mol-1. Given ɅmH+=349.6 Scm2mol-1 and Ʌ0CH3COO- =40.9 Scm2mol-1

Ans.
Ʌ0CH3COOH= ɅCH3COO- + Ʌ0H+
= 40.9 + 349.6 = 390.5 Scm2mol-1
Ʌm
Degree of dissociation α = -------
Ʌm0
= 390,5/390.5=1
17 The conductivity of a 0.01M solution of acetic acid at 298 K is 1.65 x 10 -4 Scm-1.
Calculate molar conductivity (Ʌm) of the solution

Ans.
Ʌm=1000ĸ/M = 1000 x 1.65 /0.01
= 16.5 cm2mol-1
18 Why on dilution the Ʌm of CH3COOH increases drastically, while that of
CH3COONa increases gradually?

Ans.In case of CH3COOH which is a weak electrolyte , the number of ions increases on
dilution due to increase in degree of dissociation resulting in drastic increase in Ʌm.
 CH3COOH + H2O ----> CH3COO- + H3O+
In case of CH3COONa which is a strong electrolyte, the number of ions remains the same
but the inter ionic attraction decreases resulting in gradual increase in Ʌm
19 Solutions of two electrolytes A and B are diluted. The limiting molar conductivity of
B increases 1.5 times while that of A increases 25 times. Which of the two is a strong
electrolyte? Justify your answer.
Ans.
A is strong electrolyte. A strong electrolyte completely dissociated into ions, but on
dilution inter ionic forces overcome and ions are free to move.So there is slight increase
in the molar conductivity on dilution.
20 What happens if external potential applied becomes greater than E 0cell of
electrochemical cell?

Ans. If the external potential applied becomes greater than E0cell of electrochemical cell ,
then the reaction get reversed and the electrochemical cell acts as an electrolytic cell and
vice versa.
21 In a galvanic cell the following reaction occurs:
Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ------> Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
E0cell =+1.56 V
(i) Is the direction of flow of electrons from zinc to silver or silver to zinc?
(ii) How will concentration of Zn2+ ions and Ag+ ions be affected when the cell
functions?

Ans. (i) Zinc to silver

(ii)concentration of Zn2+ ion will increase and Ag+ ions will decrease.
22 Following reactions occur at cathode during the elecytrolysis of aqueous silver nitrate
solution using Pt electrodes:
Ag+(aq) + e- ----> Ag(s) E0=0.80V
H+ (aq) + e- ------> 1/2 H2(g) E0=0.00V
On the basis of their standard electrode potential values, which reaction is feasible at
cathode and why?

Ans. As the reaction with higher value of standard electrode potential occurs at cathode ,
Ag gets reduced. So the reaction occuring at cathode is
Ag+(aq) + e- --------> Ag(s)
23 Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution but Pt does not Why?

Ans.Electrode potential of Fe more than the electrode potential of Cu. So Fe displaces Cu

from CuSO4 while electrode potential of Pt is less than that of Cu.Hence Pt cannot displace
Cu from CuSO4 solution,
24 Write the cell which is generally used in transistors. Write the reactions taking place
at the anode and cathode of this cell.

Ans.
Dry cell or Lechlanche cell
Anode : Zn(s) ----------> Zn2+ +2e-
Cathode : MnO2 + NH4+ + e- --------> MnO(OH) + NH3

25 From the given cells:

Lead storage cell,Mercury cell,Fuel cell and Dry cell.
 Answer the following:
(i) Which cell is used in hearing aids?
(ii) Which cell was used in Apollo Space Programme?
(iii) Which cell is used in automobiles and inverters?
(iv) Which cell does not have long life?

Ans.
(i) Mercury cell
(ii) Fuel cell
(iii) Lead storage cell
(iv) Dry cell
26 Write the electrode reactions for H2-O2 fuel cell.
Ans.
Anode: [H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) -----> 2H2O(l) +2e-]x2
Cathode: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) +4e- ------> 4OH-(aq)
Net reaction: 2H2(g) + O2(g) -------> 2H2O(l)
27 State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis. How much charge in terms of Faraday
is required for the reduction of 1 mol of Cu2+ to Cu?
Ans:
Faraday’s first law states that the amount of chemical reaction which occurs at any
electrode during electrolysis proportional to quantity of electricity passed through the
electrolyte.
Cu2+ 2e- ------> Cu
2 F charge is required
28 Equilibrium constant (Kc) for a given cell reaction is 10. Calculate E0cell.( log 10 = 1)
A(s) + B+(aq) <======> A+(aq) + B(s)

Ans:
0.0591
E0cell = --------- log Kc
n
0.0591
= --------- log 10 = 0.0591 x 1 = 0.0591 V
1

29 Represent the cell in which the following reaction takes place:

Mg(s) + 2 Ag+(0.001M) --------> Mg2+ (0.1M) +2 Ag(s).
Calculate its Ecell if E0cell = 3.17V, log 105= 5.00
Ans:
Mg(s)/Mg2+(0.1M//Ag+(0.001M)/Ag(s)
0.0591 [ Mg2+]
0
Ecell = E cell - --------- log -----------
2 [Ag+]2
0.0591 (0.1)
= 3.17 - --------- log -------
2 (0.001)2
0.0591
=3.17 - ---------- log 105
2
3.17 - (0.02955 x 5) = 3.17-0.14775= 3.02225 V
30 How does molar conductivity vary with increase in concentration for strong electrolyte
and weak electrolyte? How can you obtain limiting molar conductivity (Ʌ m0) for weak
electrolyte?
Ans:
Ʌm decreases with increase in concentration for both strong and weak electrolytes.
Limiting molar conductivity for weak electrolytes can be calculated by applying
Kohlrauschs law.Ʌm0 = ƛa + ƛc
31 Why on dilution the Ʌm of CH3COOH increases drastically, while that of
CH3COONa increases gradually?

Ans.In case of CH3COOH which is a weak electrolyte , the number of ions increases on
dilution due to increase in degree of dissociation resulting in drastic increase in Ʌm.

CH3COOH + H2O ---- > CH3COO- + H3O+

In case of CH3COONa which is a strong electrolyte, the number of ions remains the same
but the inter ionic attraction decreases resulting in gradual increase in Ʌm

32 Calculate ΔrG0 for the given reaction at 298K.

Ni(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ------- > Ni2+(aq) 2Ag(s)

E0cell = 1.05 V ; 1 F= 96500 Cmol-1

Ans:
ΔrG0 = -nFE0 = - 2 x 96500 x 1.05 = 202650 J
33 Equilibrium constant (Kc) for a given cell reaction is 10. Calculate E0cell.( log 10 =1)
A(s) + B+(aq) <======> A+(aq) + B(s)

Ans:
0.0591
E0cell = ---------- log Kc
n
0.0591
= --------- log 10 = 0.0591 x 1 = 0.0591 V
1
34 Calculate ΔrG for the given reaction at 298K.
0

Ni(s) + 2Ag+(aq)------>Ni2+(aq)+2Ag(s)

E0cell = 1.05 V ; 1 F= 96500 Cmol-1

Ans:
ΔrG -nFE0 = - 2 x 96500 x 1.05 = 202650 J
0=

35 What are fuel cells?What advantages do fuel cell have over primary and secondary
batteries?
Ans: A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that generates electricity from fuel via an
electrochemical reaction.
Advantages
(i) High efficiency
 (ii) Pollution free
SECTION C ( 3 Marks Questions)
36 Consider the following reaction :
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) -----> 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)
(i) Depict the galvanic cell in which the given reaction take place.
(ii) Give the direction of flow of current.
(iii) Write the half cell reactions taking place at cathode and anode.

Ans.
(i) Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq)// Ag+(aq)/Ag(s)
(ii) Current will flow from silver to copper
(iii) Cathode : 2Ag+(aq) +2e- ------> 2Ag(s)
Anode : Cu(s) -----------------> Cu2+(aq) + 2e-
37 Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298K:
2Cr(s) + 3Fe2+(0.1) -------> 2Cr3+ (0.01M) + 3Fe(s)
E0(Cr3+/Cr) = -0.74V E0(Fe2+/Fe) = -0.44V

Ans.
E0cell = E0cathode _ E0anode
= (-0.44) -(-0.74)
= 0.30V
0.0591 [Products]
0
Ecell = E cell --- ------- log---------------
n [reactants]

0.0591 [Cr3+]2
= 0.30 - -----------log ---------
6 [Fe2+]3
0.0591 [0.01]2
= 0.30 - ------- log--------------
6 [0.1]3

=0.3098 V

38 Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298K:

Fe(s)/Fe2+(0.001M)// H+(0.01M)/H2(g)(1bar),Pt(s)

Given that E0cell = 0.44V

[log 2=0.3010 , log 3 = 0.4771, log 10=1]

Ans.
According to the equation,
Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) ------> Fe2+(aq) + H2(g)
E0cell = E0cathode - E0anode
= 0-(-0.44) V
0
E cell = +0.44 V

By applying Nernst Equation,

 0.0591 [Fe2+]
0
Ecell = E cell - ---------- log -------
2 [H+]2

0,0591 0.001
Ecell = 0.44 - ----------- log --------
2 (0.01)2

0.0591
E0cell = 0.44 - --------- log 10-3
2

E0cell = 0.44 + 0.089

= +0.53 V

39 (a) Calculate the mass of Ag deposited at cathode when a current of 2 amperes

was passed through a solution of AgNO3 for 15 minutes.[Given : molar mass of
Ag=108 g mol-1,1F=96500 Cmol-1]
(b) Define fuel cell

Ans.
(a) M=ZIt
108 x 2 x 15 x 60
= -----------------------
1 x 96500
= 2.01 g
( or any other correct method)
(b) Fuel cells are the cells that convert the energy of combustion of fuels directly into
electrical energy.

40 Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction ,

Ni(s) + Cu2+(aq) --------> Cu(s) + Ni2+(aq)
Given : the values of E0Ni2+/Ni and E0Cu2+/Cu as -0.25 and +0.34 V respectively.

Ans:
E0cell = E0cathode - E0anode
= E0Cu2+/Cu - E0Ni2+/Ni
= 0.34 - (-0.25) = 0.59 V
nE0cell
log Kc = ----------
0.059
2 x 0.059
= -------------- = 20
0.059
Kc = 1 x 1020
41 Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298K:
 2Cr(s) + 3Fe2+(0.1) -------> 2Cr3+ + 3Fe (s)
(0.01M)

E0(Cr3+/Cr) = -0.74V E0(Fe2+/Fe) = -0.44V

Ans.

E0cell = E0cathode _ E0anode

= (-0.44) -(-0.74)

= 0.30V

0.0591 [Products]

Ecell = E0cell log

n [reactants]

0.0591 [Cr3+]2

= 0.30 - log

6 [Fe2+]3

0.0591 [0.01]2

= 0.30 - log

6 [0.1]3

=0.3098 V
42 When a steady current of 2A was passed through two electrolytic cells A and B
containing electrolytes ZnSO4 and CuSO4 connected in series, 2g of Cu were
deposited at the cathode of cell B. How long did the current flow? What mass of
Zn was deposited at cathode of cell A?
[ atomic mass of Cu=63.5 gmol-1, Zn = 65gmol-1, 1F= 96500Cmol-1]
Ans.

Zn2+ + 2e ---------> Zn

2mol 1mol

Cu2+ + 2e ------- > Cu

 2mol

1mol(63.5

g) Calculation of time

From the equation current required for depositing 63.5 g Cu=96500 C

96500x2

Quantity of current required for depositing 2 g Cu =--------------=3039.37C

63.5

Q= It

t= Q/I = 3039.37/2= 1519.68 s = 25 min.3s

Calculation of mass of Zn deposited

W1 E1 mass of Zn
= =
W2 E2 mass of Cu

32.5 mass of Zn
=
31.5 2
32.5 x2
Mass of Zn =-------------- = 2.0472 g
31.5
43 (a) Calculate the mass of Ag deposited at cathode when a current of 2 amperes
was passed through a solution of AgNO3 for 15 minutes.[Given : molar mass of
Ag=108 g mol-1,1F=96500 Cmol-1]
(b) Define fuel cell
Ans.

(a) M=ZIt
108 x 2 x 15 x 60

1 x 96500

= 2.01 g

( or any other correct method)

 (b) Fuel cells are the cells that convert the energy of combustion of fuels directly
into electrical energy
44 Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction ,
Ni(s) + Cu2+ (aq) --------> Cu(s) + Ni2+(aq)

Given : the values of E0Ni2+/Ni and E0Cu2+/Cu as -0.25 and +0.34 V respectively.

Ans:

E0cell = E0cathode - E0anode

= E0Cu2+/Cu - E0Ni2+/Ni

= 0.34 - (-0.25) = 0.59 V

nE0cell

log Kc = ---------

0.059

2 x 0.059

= = 20

0.059
Kc = 1 x 1020
45 The electrolysis of a metal salt solution was carried out by passing a current of
4A for 45 minutes. It resulted in deposition of 2.977 g of a metal. If the atomic
mass of the metal in 106.4 g mol-1, calculate the charge on the metal cation.
Ans

Let the charge on the metal ion = n+

Reduction half reaction is Mn+ +ne------ M

(1mol) (n mol) (106.4 g)

Quantity of electricity required for depositing 106.4 g of metal= n x 96500

n x 96500 x 2.977

Quantity of electricity required for depositing 2.977 g of metal = ---------------------

-

106.4

= n x 2700
Quantity of electricity passed = 4 x 45 x 60 C = 10800 C
 Applying law of conservation of charge, 10800 = n x 2700

10800

n = -----------= 4

2700

Charge on the metal cation = +4

SECTION D
The following questions are case-based questions . Each question has an internal choice
and carries 4 ( 1+1+2) marks each. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions
that follow.
46 The cell constant is usually determined by measuring the resistance of the cell
containing a solution whose conductivity is already known.For this purpose , we
generally use KCl solutions whose conductivity is known accurately at various
concentrations and at different temperatures.Consider the resistance of a
conductivity cell filled with 0.1 M KCl solution is 200 Ω.If the resistance of the same
cell when filled with 0.02 M KCl solution is 420 Ω.
(a) State the relation between cell constant , resistance of the solution in the cell and
conductivity of the solution.
(b) How is cell constant determined experimentally?
© What is the cell constant if the conductivity of 0.02 M KCl solution is 0.258 x 10 -3
Scm-1?
Or
© What is the SI unit of conductivity of a solution?

Ans.
1 l
(a) ĸ=---- x----
R A
(b) It can be done by calculating the resistance o the cell of known conductivity
solution.
(c) Cell constant = ĸR
= 0.258 x 10-3 x 420
= 0.108 cm-1
Or
© SI unit of conductivity is Sm-1
47 Rahul set up an experiment to find resistance of aqueous KCl solution for different
concentrations at 298 K using a conductivity cell connected to a Wheatstone
bridge.He fed the Wheatstone bridge with a.c.power in the audio frequency range
550 to 5000 cycles per second. Once the resistance was calculated from null point he
also calculated the conductivity K and molar conductivity Ʌm and recorded his
readings in a tabular form.

S.No Conc.(M) ĸ ( Scm-1) Ʌm( Scm2mol-1)

1 1.00 111.3 x 10-3 111.3
2 0.10 12.9 x 10-3 129.0
 3 0.01 1.41 x 10-3 141.0

Answer the following questions:

(a) Why does conductivity decreases with dilution?
(b) If Ʌm of KCl is 150.0 Scm2mol-1, calculate the degree of dissociation of 0.01M
KCl.
(c) If Rahul had used HCl instead to KCl then would you expect Ʌm values to be
more or less than those per KCl for a given concentration. Justify.
OR
© Amit,a classmate of Rahul repeated the same experiment with CH3COOH solution
instead of KCl solution.Give one point that would be similar and one that would be
different in his observations as compared to Rahul.

Ans.
(a) Conductivity decreases with dilution because it depends upon the number of ions
present in the solution.When dilution increases number of available ions
decreases .Hence conductivity decreases.
Ʌm 141
(b) Degree of dissociation,α= ------ = ------- = 0.94
Ʌm0 150
© molar conductivity of HCl will be high because when it break down into ions, it
produce H+ and Cl- ions . KCl produce K+ and Cl- ions.Since H+ ions are smaller than
Cl- ions its mobility is more , the conductivity will be higher than KCl solution.
OR
© (i) KCl is strong electrolyte and completely dissociate into their respective ions while
CH3COOH is a weak electrolyte and do not completely dissociate.
(ii)Number of ions produced after dissociation are equal.

SECTION - E
The following questions are long answer type and carry 5 marks each.

48 (a) The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 M KOH solution of length 50 cm and
area of cross-section 0.625 cm2 is 5 x 103 ohm.calculate its resistivity, conductivity
and molar conductivity.
(b) Predict the products of electrolysis of an aqueous solution of CuCl2 with platinum
electrodes.
[ Given : E0Cu2+/Cu= +0.34 V , E0(1/2 Cl2/Cl-)=+1.36 V ;
E0H+/H2(g),Pt = 0.00V , E01/2 O2/H2O = +1.23V]

Ans:
(a) Given : A= 0.625 cm, l= 50 cm, R= 5x103 ohm, M= 0.05M

Cell constant,l/A = 50/0.625 = 80cm-1

R 5 x 103
Resistivity, ρ = ----------------- = ---------- = 62.5 ohm.cm
Cell constant 80
1 x cell constant 1x 80
Conductivity,ĸ = -----------------------= -------- = 0.016 Scm-1
R 5 x 103
 Molar conductivity, Ʌm = 1000 K/M = 1000 x 0.016/0.05 = 320 Scm2mol-1

(b) At cathode : Cu2+(aq) +2e- -----.> Cu(s) ; E0 = 0.34 V

H+(aq) + e- ---------> 1/2 H2(g); E0 = 0.00 V
The reaction with higher value of E0 takes place at the cathode , so deposition of
copper will take place at the cathode.
At anode : Cl-(aq) -------> 1/2 Cl2(g) + e- E0 = 1.36 V
2H2O(l) --------> O2(g) + 4H+(aq) E0 = 1.23 V
At the anode the reaction with lower value of E0 is preferred.But due to the over
potential of oxygen, Cl- gets oxidised at anode to produce Cl2 gas
49 The resistance of 0.01 M acetic acid solution when measured in a conductivity cell
of cell constant 0.366 cm-1 , is found to be 2220 Ω.Calculate degree of dissociation of
acetic acid at this concentration. Also find the dissociation constant of acetic acid.
Given that value of ƛH+∞ and ƛCH3COO-∞ as 349.1 and 40.9Ω-1cm2mol-1 respectively.

Ans: 1 x cell constant

Conductivity (K) of 0.01 M acetic acid = ----------------------
R
1 x 0.366
= ----------------
2220
= 1.648 x 10-4 Ω-1cm-1

1000 K
Molar conductivity Ʌm = ----------
M
1000 x 1.648 x 10-4
= --------------------------
0.01
= 16.48 Ω-1cm2mol-1

Molar conductivity at infinite dilution Ʌm(CH3COOH)∞ = ƛCH3COO-∞+ ƛH+∞

= 40.9 + 349.1
= 390 Ω-1cm2mol-1

Ʌm 16.48
Degree of dissociation, α= ----- = --------- = 0.0422
Ʌm∞ 390

CH3COOH <===> CH3COO- + H+

Initial conc. (mol/L) C 0 0
Equilibrium Conc.(mol/L) C-Cα Cα Cα

[CH3COO-][H+]
Dissociation constant, K = ----------------------
[CH3COOH]
 Cα x Cα
= ----------------
C-Cα

Cα2
= --------
(1-α)2
0.01 x (0.0422)2
= ------------------------
1-0.0422
K= 1.86 x 10-5

50 E0cell for the given redox reaction is 2.71V.

Mg + Cu2+(0.01M) -----------> Mg2+(0.001M) + Cu
Calculate Ecell for the reaction. Write the direction of flow of current when an
external opposite potential applied is
(i) Less than 2.71V
(ii) Greater than 2.71V

Ans: 0.0591 [Mg2+]

Ecell = E0cell - ----------- log ---------
n [Cu2+]
0.0591 (0.001)
= 2.71 - -------------- log ----------
2 (0.01)
0.0591 10-3
= 2.71 -- ----------- log----------
2 10-2
0.0591
= 2.71 - ---------- log 10-1
2
0.0591
= 2.71 + ---------- x 1
2
= 2.7395V
(i) The direction of flow of current is from copper to Mg whem an external emf less
than 2.71 V is applied.
(ii) The direction of flow of current is from Mg to Cu when external emf greater
than 2.71 V is applied.
 CHEMICAL KINETICS(QUESTION BANK)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

SECTION A (1 MARK QUESTIONS)
1 What is the order of reaction decomposition of Ammonia on
platinum surface is

(a) Zero order reaction

(b) First order reaction
(c) Second order reaction
(d) Fractional order reaction
Ans:(a)
2 The rate constant of zero-order reactions has the unit

(a) s-1

(b) mol L-1s-1

(c) L2 mol-2 s-1

(d) L mol-1s-1

Ans: (b)
3 Radioactive disintegration is an example of

(a) first order reaction

(b) zero order reaction

(c) second order reaction

(d) third order reaction

Ans: (a)

4
The reacton: C12 H22O11+H 2O − − −−>H C6H12O6+ C6H612O6

What type of reaction is this?

(a) Second order
(b) Unimolecular
(c) Pseudo-unimolecular
(d) Third order
Ans: ©

5 For a given rate, the unit of rate and the rate constant are the same.
 (a) zero order reaction

(b) first order reaction

(c) second order reaction
(d) third order reaction
Ans: (a)

6 What is the order and molecularity of hydrolysis of sucrose if the rate law is
rate=k’[C12H22O11]?
(a) Order is zero,molecularity is one
(b) Order is two,molecularity is two
(c) Order is two,molecularity is one
(d) Order is one , molecularity is two
Ans: (d)
7 Which of the following statements about the catalyst is true?
(a) A catalyst accelerates the rate of reaction by bringing down the activation
energy.
(b) A catalyst does not participate in reaction mechanism.
(c) A catalyst makes the reaction feasible by making ∆G more negative.
(d) A catalyst makes equilibrium constant more favourable for forward reaction.

Ans; (a)

8 For a chemical reaction A→B, it is found that the rate of reaction doubles when
the concentration of A is increased four times. The order of reaction is
(a) Two
(b) One
(c) Half
(d) Zero
Ans: ©
9 For the reaction A + 2B → C, rate is given by R = [A] [B] 2 then the order of the
reaction is

(a) 3

(b) 6

(c) 5

(d) 7

Ans: (a)
10 Order of reaction is decided by

(a) temperature

(b) mechanism of reaction as well as relative concentration of reactants

 (c) molecularity

(d) pressure

Answer: (b)

ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

In the following questions , a statement of assertion followed by statement of a
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

11
Assertion: The order and molecularity of a reaction are always the

same.

Reason: Order is determined experimentally whereas molecularity

by a balanced elementary reaction.

Ans: (d)

12 Assertion: Rate constant of a zero-order reaction has the same unit as

the rate of a reaction.

Reason: Rate constant of a zero-order reaction does not

depend upon the concentration of the reactant.

Ans: ©

13 Assertion: In a first-order reaction, the concentration of the reactant is

doubled, its half-life is also doubled.
Reason: The half-life of a reaction does not depend upon the initial
concentration of thereactant in first-order reaction
Ans:(d)
14 Assertion: All collision of reactant molecules lead to product formation.
Reason: Only those collisions in which molecules have correct orientation and
sufficient kinetics energy lead to compound formation.

Ans: (d)

15 Assertion : Order of the reaction can be zero or fractional.

Reason : We cannot determine order from balanced chemical equation.
 Ans: (b)

SECTION B ( 2 marks Questions)

16 Identify the reaction order from each of the following rate constants:
i) k= 6.2 X 10-5 L mol-1 s-1
ii) k=4.0X10-4 s-1

Ans:Order can be predicted by the inspection of units of rate constant

i) second order reaction
ii) first order reaction

17 For the assumed reaction:X2+2Y2 →2XY2, write the rate

equation in terms of the rate of disappearance of
Y2.
Ans:
1 d[Y2 ]
=k [X2][Y2]2
2dt
d[Y2 ]
=2k[X2][Y2]2
dt

18 A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is the

rate of reaction affected if the concentration of the reactant is

i) Doubled ii) reduced to ½ ?

Ans: Rate=k[A]2
(i) When concentration of reactant is doubled, the rate becomes 4
times.
(ii) When concentration of reactant is reduced to ½ the rate becomes ¼ times.
19 Can activation energy for reactions be zero?
Ans:In the Arrhenius
equation,

K=Ae –Ea/RT
If Ea is zero then k=A i.e, every collision between molecules
leads to chemical reaction. Which is not possible henceEa can not
be zero.
20 A reaction is first order in A and second order in B.
(i) Write differential rate equation.
(ii) How is the rate affected when concentration of B is tripled?
(iii) How is the rate affected when concentration of both A
and B is doubled?
Ans: i)Rate = k[A][B]2
ii)Rate becomes (3)2= 9 times
(iii) Rate becomes (2)(2)2 =8 times
21 Write differences between molecularity and order of reaction.
Ans:

Molecularity Order
1. It is the total number of molecules It is the total number of
as present in balanced molecule whose
chemical reaction leading to concentration changes.
formation of products.
2. Molecularity of reaction can never Order of reaction can be in fractions.
be in fractions.

3. Molecularity of reaction cannot be Order of reaction can be zero.

zero.
22
Define (i) Activation energy (ii)Collision

frequency Solution:
Ans:
(i) Activation energy: Activation energy is the excess energy that the
reactant molecule must acquire in order to cross energy
barrier and change into products.
Activation energy = Threshold energy –Average energy of
reactant molecule

(ii) Collision frequency: The number of collisions per second per unit
volume of reaction mixture is known as collision frequency.
23 The rate constant of a reaction is mol–1min–1. What
is the order of reaction?
Ans: The units of reaction are (mol L–1)–1 min–1 i.e. conc.–1 time–1.
These are the units of k for second order reaction.
The order of reaction is 2.
24 For a reaction: A+ H2O→B,rate =k[A] What is its(
(i ) molecularity ii) order of reaction
Ans: i) Pseudo unimolecular ii) Order of reaction = 1.

25 The half life period of a first order reaction is x and three-fourth of

the same reaction is y. how are x and y related to each other?
Ans :Y is twice of x because the time required for 3/4th of a reaction to
occur is two times that required for half of the reaction.

26 For the reaction R--> P , the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03M to
0.02 M in 25 minutes.Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time
both in minutes and seconds.
Ans: Average rate (ravg) = -ΔR/Δt = +ΔP/Δt
= -(0.03-0.02)/25 = -(-0.01)/25=4x10-4 Mmin-1
=4x10-4/60 = 6.67x10-4 ms-1
27 The graph below show the variation in concentration of reactants vs time for two
different reactions. What are the orders of the reactions respectively?

Ans: The first graph is of zero order reaction while that of second graph is first
order reaction
28 For the reaction R---> P , variation in ln[R] vs time (t) plot is given below:

For this reaction

(i) What is the order of reaction
(ii) What is the unit of rate constant?

Ans:
(i) First order
(ii) min-1 or time-1

29 For a chemical reaction R ---> P ,variation in log[R0]/[R] vs time plot is given

below :

For this reaction:

(i) Predict the order of the reaction
(ii) What is the unit of rate constant(k)?
Ans: (i) First order
(ii)time-1 or s-1
30 Radioactive decay follows first order kinetics.The initial amount of two
radioactive elements X and Y is 1g each.What will be the ratio of X and Y
after two days if their half-lives are 12 hours and 16 hours respectively?
Ans: For first order reaction ,
Half life of X = 12 hrs
2 days = 48 hrs means 4 half lives, amount of X left = 1/16 of initial value
Half life of Y = 16 hrs
2 days = 48 hrs means 3 half lives,amount of Y left = 1/8 of initial value
Ratio of X : Y= 1/16: 1/8= 1:2

31 What is the effect of adding a catalyst on

(i) Activation energy (Ea) and
(ii) Gibbs energy (ΔG) of a reaction?
Ans:
(i) Decreases
(ii) No effect
32 What are zero order reactions? Give an example. What are units
of k for zero order reaction?
Ans:A zero order reaction is one in which rate of reaction remains
unchanged by change in concentration of reactants. The rate of
reaction remains constant throughout the course of reaction. e.g.

Rate = order = 0

Rate = Unit of k = mol L–1 s–1

33 The rate constant of a reaction is mol–1 min–1. What

is the order of reaction?
Ans: The units of reaction are (mol L–1)–1 min–1 i.e. conc.–1 time–1.
These are the units of k for second order reaction.
The order of reaction is 2.

34 How does change in temperature effects rate constant? Write

the relationship, which explains the temperature dependence
of a reaction.
Ans:For a chemical reaction, every 100 rise in temperature, nearly
doubles the rate constant. Arrhenius established the relationship
between rate constant and temperature of reaction.

Where, A = Arrhenius factor / frequency factor

= Activation energy in J mol–1

35
What is (i) Rate law expression?

(iii) Rate determining step?

Ans:

(i) Rate law expression is the expression in which rate is given in

terms of molar concentration of reactants with each term raised
to power which is experimentally determined.
(ii) Rate determining step - The slowest step in a multiple step reaction which
determines the overall rate of reaction is called rate-determining step
 SECTION C ( 3 Marks Questions)
36 A reaction that is of first order with respect to reactant A has a
rate constant 6 min-1. if we start with [A]=5.0 mol L-1, when
would [A] reach the value of 0.05 mol L-1?
Ans:
For the first order reaction,
t= 2.303 [ A]
log 0
k [ A]
[A]0 = 5.0 mol L-1,[A]=0.05 mol L-1, k =6 min-1,
2.303 5.0
t = log
6 0.05
2.303
= log100 = 0.768 min
6

37
The decomposition of N2O5 at 320K according to the following
equation follows first order reaction:
1
N2O5(g) → 2NO2(g) + - O2 (g)
2
The initial concentration of N2O5 was 1.24X10-2 mol L-1 and that
after 60 minutes was 0.20X10-2 mol L-1. Calculate the rate
constant of the reaction at 320K.

Ans:

For a first order reaction

2.303 [R]0
k= log
t [R]
1
T=60 min. [R]0 =1.24X10-2 mol L- ,[R]=0.20X10-2 molL-1

k = 2.303 1.24X10-2 molL-1

log
60 0.20X10-2 molL-1
2.303
= log 6.2
60
2.303
= X 0.7924 = 0.0304 min-1
60
38
Calculate the half life period of a first order reaction where the
specific rate constant is
i) 200s-1 ii) 2 min -1 iii) 4 years-1
Ans:
For the first order reaction,

t1/ 2 = 0.693
k
1
i) k = 200s

t1/ 2 = 0.693 = 3.465X10 3 s

200
ii) k = 2 min 1

t1/ 2 = 0.693 = 0.3465 min

2
iii) k = 4 year -1

t1/ 2 = 0.693 = 0.1732 year

4
39 For a decomposition reaction the values of rate constant k at two different
temperatures are given below :
k1 = 2.15 × 10-8 L mol-1 s-1 at 650 K
k2 = 2.39 × 10-7 L mol-1 s-1 at 700 K
Calculate the value of activation energy for this reaction.
(R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)
Answer:
Given: k1 = 2.15 × 10-8 L mol-1 s-1, T1 = 650 K
k2 = 2.39 × 10-7 L mol-1 s-1, T2 = 700 K
R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 Ea =?
40 The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition
of SO2Cl2 at a constant volume :

Experiment Time(s) Total pressure (atm)

1 0 0.4

2 100 0.7

Calculate the rate constant (k).

[Given : log 2 = 0.3010; log 4 = 0.6021]

Answer:
SO2Cl2 (g) → SO2 (g) + Cl2(g)
Using formula,
2.303 logP0
k= t (2P0-Pt)

When t = 100 s

41 For a decomposition reaction, the values of k at two different temperatures

are given below:
k1 = 2.15 × 10-8 L mol-1 s-1 at 650 K
k2 = 2.39 × 10-7 L mol-1 s-1 at 700 K
Calculate the value of activation energy for this reaction.
(Log 11.11 = 1.046) (R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)

Answer:
Given: k1 = 2.15 × 10-8 L mol-1 s-1, T1 = 650 K
k2 = 2.39 × 10-7 L mol-1 s-1, T2 = 700 K
R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 Ea =?
42 Half-life for a first order reaction 693 s. Calculate the time required for 90%
completion of this reaction.
Ans:

43 The rate constant of a reaction at 500 K and 700 K are 0.02 s-1 and 0.07 s-
1 respectively. Calculate the value of activation energy, En (R = 8.314 J K-
1 mol-1)
Answer:
Given : k2 = 0.07 s-1, k1, = 0.02 s-1, T1 = 500 K, T2 = 700 K, Ea = ?
44 For a general reaction A ⎯→ B, the plot of concentration of A vs time is
given in Fig. Answer the following question on the basis of graph.

(a) What is the order of the reaction ?

(b) What is the slope of the curve?

(c) What is the unit of the rate constant?

Answer:

(i) From the graph of the concentration of A verse to show the equation of zero
order reaction i.e [A] = [A]0 – kt , here the slope is negative.

(ii) The slope of the curve is -k

(iii) The unit of the rate constant = mol L-1 s-1

45 Match the graph given in Column I with the order of reaction given in
Column II. More than one item in Column I may link to the same item in
Column II.
Column I Column II

First Order
 (a)

Zero order

(b)

(c)

(d)

Ans: Zero order- (b) , ( c)

First Order-(a),(d)

SECTION D
The following questions are case-based questions . Each question has an
internal choice and carries 4 ( 1+1+2) marks each. Read the passage
carefully and answer the questions that follow.
46 The rate of reaction is concerned with decrease in concentration of reactants
or increase in the concentration of products per unit time.It can be expressed as
an instantaneous rate at a particular instant of time and average rate over a large
interval of time. A number of factors such as temperature,concentration of
 reactants,catalyst affect the rate of reaction. Mathematical representation of rate
of reaction is given by rate law:
Rate = k[A]x[B]y
x and y indicate how sensitive the rate is to change in concentration of A and B.
Sum of x+y gives the overall order of a reaction.
When a sequence of elementary reactions gives us the products,the reaction are
called complex reaction.Molecularity and order of an elementary reaction are
same.Zero order reaction are relatively uncommon but they occur under special
condition. All natural and artificial radioactive decay of unstable nuclei take
place by first order kinetics.
1. What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction?
Ans: The rate constant(k) for a reaction increases with increase in temperature
and becomes almost double with every 100 rise in temperature.This effect is
expressed by Arrhenius equation k=Ae-Ea/RT
2. For a reaction A + B ---> product, the rate given by, rate = k[A]2[B]1/2. What
is the order of the reaction?
Ans: order of the reaction is 2+1/2=5/2
3. How order and molecularity differ for complex reactions?
Ans: Order of a reaction is defined as the sum of the powers of the molar
concentrations of the reactants in the rate equation.It is applicable for both
elementary and complex reactions.
Molecularity of a reaction is defined as the total number of reacting species
participating in an elementary reaction.It has no significance for complex
reactions as it is applicable for only elementary reactions.
4. A first order reaction has a rate constant 2x10-3 s-1. How long will 6g of this
reaction reactant take to reduce.( Ans: 549.3 s)
OR
4 The half life for radioactive decay of 14C is 6980 years. An archaeological
artifact containing wood had only 75% of the 14C found in a living tree. Find
the age of the sample.[log4=0.6021, log3=0.4771, log2=0.3010, log10=1]
(Ans:2898 years)
1.
47 Temperature has a marked effect on the rate of reaction. For most of the
reactions,the rate of reaction becomes nearly double for every 10 degree
rise in temperature. The effect of temperature is usually expressed in terms
of temperature coefficient. The quantitative dependence of reaction rate on
temperature was first explained by Arrhenius. Arrhenius proposed a simple
equation known as Arrhenius equation k = Ae–Ea/RT This equation provides
a relationship between the rate constant (k) of a reaction and the
temperature of the system. A is the Arrhenius factor or pre-exponential
factor, Ea is the activation energy and R is the gas constant.
1. Define ‘activation energy’ of a reaction.
Ans. The energy required to form the intermediate called activated
complex is known as activation energy.
Activation energy = Threshold energy – Average energy of the reactants
2. How does a catalyst affect the rate of a reaction? Explain with respect to the
Arrhenius equation.
Ans. A catalyst decreases the activation energy. According to Arrhenius
equation, lower the activation energy, greater will be the rate constant and
thus the rate of reaction increases.
 3.Can a reaction have zero activation energy? Justify.
Ans. No, Ea ≠ 0. If Ea = 0, then according to Arrhenius equation,
k = Ae–Ea/RT k = Ae0 = A, i.e., Rate constant = Collision frequency
This means every collision results into a chemical reaction which cannot be
true.
OR
3 3. The plot of log k vs X is linear with slope = – Ea/2.303R. What is X?
Ans. 1/T .

SECTION - E
The following questions are long answer type and carry 5 marks each.
48 (a) Explain the following terms :
(i) Rate of a reaction
(ii) Activation energy of a reaction
(b) The decomposition of phosphine, PH3, proceeds according to the following
equation:
4 PH3 (g) → P4 (g) + 6 H2 (g)
It is found that the reaction follows the following rate equation :
Rate = K [PH3].
The half-life of PH3 is 37.9 s at 120° C.
(i) How much time is required for 3/4th of PH3 to decompose?
(it) What fraction of the original sample of PH3 remains behind after 1
minute?
Ans:(a) (i) Rate of a reaction: The change in the concentration of any one
of the reactants or products per unit time is called rate of reaction.
(ii) The minimum extra amount of energy absorbed by the reactant molecules
to form the activated complex is called activation energy.
The activation energy of the reaction decreases by the use of catalyst

(b) (i)According to the formula

49 • (a) Explain the following terms :
(i) Order of a reaction
(ii) Molecularity of a reaction
(b) The rate of a reaction increases four times when the temperature
changes from 300 K to 320 K. Calculate the energy of activation of the
reaction, assuming that it does not change with temperature. (R = 8.314 J
K-1 mol-1)
Answer:
 (a) (i) Order of a reaction: It is the sum of powers of the molar
concentrations of reacting species in the rate equation of the reaction.
(ii) Molecularity of a reaction :It is the total number of reacting species
(molecules, atoms or ions) which bring the chemical change.
• It is always a whole number.
• It is a theoretical concept.
• It is meaningful only for simple reactions or individual steps of a
complex reaction. It is meaningless for overall complex reaction

(b)

Energy of activation, Ea = 55327.46 = 55.3 KJ mol-1

50 (a) For a reaction A + B → P, the rate is given by Rate = k[A] [B]2
(i) How is the rate of reaction affected if the concentration of B is doubled?
(ii) What is the overall order of reaction if A is present in large excess?
(b) A first order reaction takes 30 minutes for 50% completion. Calculate the
time required for 90% completion of this reaction
Ans:
(a) For the reaction A + B → P
rate is given by Rate = k[A]1[B]2
(i) r1 = k[A]1 [B]2
r2= k[A]1 [2B]2 = 4k[A]1 [B]2
r1 = 4r2 (rate of reaction becomes 4 times)

(ii) When A is present in large amounts, order w.r.t. A is zero.

Hence overall order = 0 + 2 = 2
 d-and –f-block Elements
SECTION A
MCQ BASED QUESTIONS: 1 mark
1 The d-block elements of periodic table belongs to groups
(a) 1-2 (b) 3-12 (c) 13-18 (d) 1-12

ANS: (b)

2 Sc to Zn , Y to Cd , Hf to Hg belong to which series respectively

(a) 5d,4d,3d (b) 3d,4d,5d (c) 4d,3d,5d (d) 3d,5d,4d

ANS: (b)

3 Transition metals have

(a) Completely filled d-orbitals (b) incompletely filled d- orbitals in ground or any of its
oxidation state (c) all of these (d) none of these.

ANS: (b)

4 The general electronic configuration of d- block elements is

(a) (n – 1 )d1-10 ns0-1 (b) (n – 1 )d1-10 ns2 (c) (n – 1 )d1-10 ns1-2 (d) (n – 1 )d1-9 ns1-2

ANS: (c)

5 The outer electronic configuration of Cr (24) is

(a) 3d5 4s1 (b) 3d5 4s2 (c) 3d5 4s0 (d) 3d6 4s0

ANS: (a)

6 Which of the following properties of transition metals make them as catalyst?

( a ) High melting point (b) High ionization enthalpy (c) Variable oxidation states and
large surface area (d) none of these.

ANS: (c)

7 Which of the following is most stable in aqueous solution ?

 (a) Mn2+ (b) Cr3+ (c) V3+ (d) Ti3+

ANS: (b) t2g 3 are more stable.

8 Which of the following transition metals show +1 and +2 oxidation states ?

(a) Mn (b) Zn (c) Sc (d) Cu
ANS: (d)

9 Which of the following ions has the maximum number of unpaired d- electrons?

(a) Fe3+ (b) V3+ (c) Sc3+ (d) Ti3+

ANS: (a)
10 The most common oxidation state of lanthanoid is
(a) +2 (b) +6 (c) +3 (d) +4
ANS: (c)
11 . Which of the following is a diamagnetic ion?
(a) V2+ (b) Sc3+ (c) Cu2+ (d) Mn3+
ANS: (b)
12 The most common and stable oxidation state of lanthanoid is
(a) +2 (b) +3 (c) +4 (d) +6
ANS: (b)
13 Which of the following has highest magnetic moment?
(a) Mn2+ ( b) Cu2+ (c) Ni2+ (d) Zn2+
ANS: (a)
14 Which of the following has lowest magnetic moment?
(a) Mn2+ ( b) Cu2+ (c) Ni2+ (d) Zn2+

ANS ( d)

15 Which of the following analogy is correct:

(a) Actinoid - radioactive
(b) Zn2+ - paramagnetic
(c) Mn2+ - Diamagnetic
(d) None of these
ANS ( a )
BASED ON ASSERTION -REASON QUESTIONS
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements and Reason is the
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements but Reason is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion(A) is correct but Reason (R ) is incorrect statement.
(d) Assertion(A) is incorrect but Reason (R ) is correct statement.

16 Assertion : Zn , Cd, and Hg are not regarded as transition metals.

Reason : These elements donot belong to d-block.
ANS : c

17 Assertion : The transition metals have low melting point.

Reason : The involvement of greater number of ( n-1) d and ns electrons in metallic
bonding.
ANS : d

18 Assertion : Manganese shows the highest oxidation state of + 7 in 3d series.

Reason : Transition metals show variable oxidation state.

ANS : b

19 Assertion : Amongst Cu2+ and Cu+ , the more stable ion is Cu2+ .

Reason : For determination of stability of an ion its electrode potential is more important
factor than its electronic congiguration.

ANS : b
20 Assertion : Copper is a non transition metal.

Reason : Copper has completely filled d-orbitals in its ground state.

ANS : d
 GROUP-B

TRANSITION ELEMENTS BASED ON 02 MARKS

21 Silver atom has full filled d- orbitals ( 4d 10 ) in its ground state.How can we say that it is a
transition metal?

ANS- Because Ag can show +2 oxidation state, hence it is transition metal.

22 Why Zr (second transition series) and Hf ( third transition series ) elements have similar
atomic size?

ANS- Due to lanthanoid contraction.

23 Why Nb (second transition series) and Ta ( third transition series ) elements have similar
atomic size?

ANS- Due to lanthanoid contraction

24 Transition metals have high enthalpy of atomization why?

ANS- Because of (i) large number of unpaired electrons (ii) strong interatomic interaction
(iii) strong metallic bonding

25 Why Zn has lowest enthalpy of atomization ?

ANS- Because of its full filled electronic configuration.

26 Which 3d transition series elements have highest oxidation state and why?

ANS- Mn ( Z = 25) as its atom has the maximum number of unpaired electrons.

27 E0 value for copper is positive while other elements have negative value in 3d transition
elements why?

ANS- Due to (i) high enthalpy of atomization (ii) low enthalpy of hydration for Cu

28 Why is the highest oxidation state of a metal is shown in its oxide and fluoride compounds
only?
ANS- Because of its (i) small size (ii) high electronegativity

29 Name the lanthanoid element which shows +4 oxidation state.

ANS- Cerium ( Ce)

30 Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanoid contraction why?

ANS- Because of poor shielding effect by 5f electrons in actinoid as compared to 4f electrons

in lanthanoids.

GROUP C
TRANSITION ELEMENTS BASED ON 03 MARKS

31 Which is stronger reducing agent Cr2+ or Fe2+ and why?

ANS- (i) Cr2+ is stronger reducing agent than Fe2+ .

(ii) d4 ( Cr2+) change into d3 which is more stable in aqueous medium .

32 What is Mischmetal and what are its use?

ANS- It is an alloy which contains 94-95 % lanthanoid elements , 5% Fe, traces of S, C ,Si

USE- It is used in Mg based alloy to produce bullets, shell , lighter flint.

33 What is lanthanoid contraction ? What is its reason ? Write its consequences.

ANS- Lanthanoid Contraction- The steady and gradual decrease in the size of lanthanoid ions (
M3+ ) with the increase of atomic number is called lanthanoid contraction.

Reason - Poor shielding effect by 4f orbital electrons.

Consequences - (i) Similar atomic radii of second and third transition series elements.

(ii) Basic strength of hydroxides decreases from La(OH) 3 to Lu( OH)3.

34 Predict which of the following ions are coloured in aqueous medium?

(a) Cu+ (b) Sc3+ (c) Mn2+.

ANS- Mn2+ due to its paramagnetic behavior.

35 Explain the followings with suitable reasons:

(a) Transition metals and their many compounds act as good catalyst.
(b) The transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
(c) Transition metals forms complex compounds.

ANS: (a) (i) because of their variable valencies (ii) unstable intermediate compounds
formation (iii) provide suitable surface area.

(b) Due to its partially filled d- orbitals and providing d-d transition .
(c) Due to its (i) small size and high charge density (ii) Presence of vacant d-orbitals .

36 Draw the structure of followings ions:

(a) Cr2O72- (b) CrO42-

ANS (a)

(b)
37 What is the effect of pH on dichromate ions and chromate ions in aqueous medium.
Write its chemical equations.

ANS- Chromate ion change into dichromate ion on addition of H+ ( decreasing pH ) and
dichromate ion change into chromate ion on addition of OH- ( increasing pH )

2 CrO42- + 2 H+ -------------------- Cr2O7 2- + H2O

Cr2O72- + 2 OH- --------------------- 2 CrO42- + H2O

38 Explain the followings :

(a) Ni (II) compounds are more stable than Pt (II ) compounds thermodynamically why?
(b) Pt (IV ) compounds are more stable than Ni (IV ) compounds thermodynamically why?
(c) Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous medium why?

ANS: (a) The sum of first two IE ( IE1 + IE2 ) for Ni is smaller value than sum of first two IE of
Pt. (b) The sum of first four IE ( IE1 + IE2 + IE3 + IE4 ) for Pt is smaller value than sum of
first four IE of Ni (c) Cu+ in aqueous medium undergo disproportionation reaction

2 Cu2+ (aq) -------------------------------- Cu2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

 39 Complete and balance the following reactions :

(a) Na2Cr2O7 + KCl ---------------------------

(b) MnO4 _ + e- -----------------------------
(c) MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- ----------------------------

ANS-- (a) Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl -------------- K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl

(b ) MnO4 _ + e- ----------------------------- MnO4 2-

( c ) MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- ---------------------------- Mn2+ + 4 H2 O.

40 Explain the followings:

(a) Why does copper not replace hydrogen from acid?

(b) Zn is soft but Cr is hard why?
ANS: (a) The standard electrode potential of copper is positive value
(b ) Zn has no unpaired electron and Cr has five number of unpaired electrons.

CASE BASED QUESTION (4 MARKS)

GROUP -D
41 Potassium permangamanate( KMnO4 ) is prepared by fusion of pyrolusite with
KOH in the presence of an oxidizing agent like KNO3 .This produce the dark green
potassium manganate ( K2MnO4 ) which disproportionate in neutral or acidic solution
to give purple permanganate ion . Potassium permanganate is an important oxidizing
agent .
1 What is state of hybridization of Mn in MnO4 --.
2 Give one use of KMnO4.
3 What are the products formed after heating KMnO4 .
OR
4 Is MnO4 -- paramagnetic or diamagnetic?
ANS: 1 SP3 2 As an oxidizing agent 3 K2MnO4 , MnO2 and O2 OR 4
Diamagnetic

42 One of the notable features of a transition element is the great variety of oxidation states.
The elements which give the greatest number of oxidation state occur in or near the middle of
the series.

1 What is oxidation state of Mn in KMnO4

2 Which is more stable Fe2+ or Fe3+ ?
3 Why the maximum oxidation state of Cr is +6?
OR
4 Why the maximum oxidation state of Mn is +7 ?

ANS: 1 +7

2 Fe+3

3 Oxidation state of any element should be more than its group number OR
4 Oxidation state of any element should be more than its group number.

43. The d- block of the periodic table contains the elements of group 3-12 and are known as
transition elements. The d -orbitals of the penultimate shell receive electrons giving rise
three rows of transition metals ie 3d, 4d, 5d series

1 Why Zn , Cd, and Hg are non transition elements?

2 Why the melting point of transition metals high?

3 Why transition metals form alloy compounds?

OR

4 Why Cu2+ is coloured but Zn 2+ is colourless?

ANS: 1 Because of its full filled d- orbitals.

2 Strong metallic bonding.

3 Because of its almost similar size

OR

4 Cu2+ is coloured due to d-d transition which is not found in Zn2+.

LONG QUESTION ANSWER

GROUP E 5 MARKS QUESTIONS
44 (a) Why transition metals have irregular ionization enthalpy?
 ( b ) Name the oxometal anion of the first transition series which shows oxidation state
to its group number.

ANS: (a) Due to its irregular atomic or ionic size.

(b ) MnO4- or Cr2O72- .

45 Describe the method of preparation of potassium dichromate from chromite ore. What is
the effect of increasing pH on a solution of potassium dichromate.

ANS: STEP NO -1

4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 ------------ 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2

STEP NO-2

Na2CrO4 + 2 H+ ------------------------ Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O

STEP NO -3

Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl ---------------------- K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl.

On increasing pH orange colour of dichromate ion change into yellow colour of chromate ion.

46 Balance the following ionic reaction in acidic medium:

(a) MnO4- + Fe2+ + H+ -------------------------- Mn2+ + H2O + Fe3+

(b) MnO4- + I- + H+ -------------------------- Mn2+ + H2O + I2
(c) MnO4- + H2S + H+ -------------------------- Mn2+ + H2O + S
ANS:
(a ) MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8 H+ -------------------------- Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5 Fe3+
( b) 2 MnO4- + 10 I- + 16 H+ -------------------------- 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5 I2

(c ) 2MnO4- + 5 H2S + 6 H+ -------------------------- 2 Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5 S

47 (a) Describe the method of preparation of potassium permanaganate from pyrolusite

ore .

(b ) Why K2Cr2O7 is preferred to Na2Cr2O7 in volumetric analysis though both ar

oxidizing agent.

ANS: ( a ) STEP NO- 1

2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 ------------------------ 2K2MnO4 + 2 H2O

 STEP NO-2

MnO4-2 ------------------------------------------- MnO4-

( b ) K2Cr2O7 is not hygroscopic like Na2Cr2O7 and it also fulfills the requirements of primary
standard.

48 Balance the following ionic reaction in acidic medium:

(a) Cr2O72- + Fe2+ + H+ -------------------------- Cr3+ + H2O + Fe3+

(b) Cr2O72- + I- + H+ -------------------------- Cr3+ + H2O + I2
(c) Cr2O72- + 3 H2S + 8 H+ -------------------------- Cr3+ + H2O + S
ANS:
(a ) Cr2O72 + 6Fe2+ + 14 H+ -------------------------- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 6 Fe3+
( b) Cr2O72- + 6 I- + 14 H+ -------------------------- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3 I2

(c ) Cr2O72-- + 3 H2S + 8 H+ -------------------------- 2Cr3+ + 7 H2O + 3 S

49 Write down the electronic configuration of following elements:

(a) Cu (b) Cr (c) Co (d) Ni (e) Fe

ANS: (a) [Ar] 3d10 4S1
(b) [Ar] 3d5 4S1
(c) [Ar] 3d7 4S2
(d) [Ar] 3d8 4S2
(e) [Ar] 3d6 4S2

50 Write a short notes on

(a) Interstitial compounds of transition metals

(b) Alloy formation
(c) Catalytic properties
(d) Complex formation
(e) Magneric properties

ANS : (a) Small elements like C, H , N trap into the crystal lattice of metals which reduces
malleability and ductility but increase tensile strength.

(b ) d- block elements have almost equal size due to which they form alloy.eg Brass
and Bronze.
 ( c) Because of variable valencies and large surface area , they act as catalyst,
(d) Transition metals form complex due to its small size and high charge density and presence
of vacant orbitals.
(e) Most of the transition metals show paramagnetic properties due to presence of unpaired
electron in its valence orbit but some of the metals also show diamagnetic behavior.
 COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
1 What is secondary valency of cobalt in [ Co ( en) 2 Cl2 ]+ ?

( a ) 6 (b ) 4 (c ) 2 (d ) 8

ANS - a

2 How many ions are produced in the solution from the complex [ Co (NH 3 )6 Cl2 ]

(a ) 4 (b ) 3 (c ) 2 (d ) 5

ANS - b

3 Which of the following gives white precipitate with AgNO 3 ?

(a ) K2 [ Pt (en ) 2 Cl2 ] (b ) [ Co ( NH3 )3 Cl3 ] (c ) [ Cr ( H2O )6 ]Cl3

(d ) [ Fe ( H2O )3 Cl3 ]

ANS - c

4 One mole of CrCl3. 6 H2O compound reacts with excess of AgNO3 to give two moles of
AgCl. The structural formula of the compound is

(a ) [ Cr ( H2O )5Cl ]Cl2 (b ) [ Cr ( H2O ) 6 Cl2 ].3 H2O (c ) [ Cr ( H2O ) 4 Cl2 ]Cl .2 H2O
(d ) [ Cr ( H2O )6 ]Cl3

ANS - a

5 Primary valency is same as

(a) Oxidation state (b) covalency (c) Valency (d) coordination number

ANS - a

6 Secondary valency is same as

(a) Oxidation state (b) co valency (c) Valency (d) coordination number

ANS - d

6 Which of the following is ionisable :

(a ) Primary valency (b) Secondary Valency (c) both (d) none

ANS - a
7 Secondary valency is satisfied by

( a) Positive ligands ( b) Negative ligands (c ) Neutral ligands (d ) All

ANS - d

8 Primary valency is satisfied by

( a) Positive ligands ( b) Negative ligands (c ) Neutral ligands (d ) All

ANS - b

9 Which of the following is tetrahedral?

(a ) [ Ni ( Co )4 ] (b ) [ Ni ( CN ) 4 ]2- (c ) [ Cr ( H2O )6 ]Cl3

(d ) [ Fe ( H2O )3 Cl3 ]

ANS - a

10 Which of the following is square planar l?

(a ) [ Ni ( Co )4 ] (b ) [ Ni ( CN ) 4 ]2- (c ) [ Cr ( H2O )6 ]Cl3

(d ) [ Fe ( H2O )3 Cl3 ]

ANS - b

11 Which of the following ligands form chelate complex with metal ion?

( a) H2O ( b ) Cl- (c ) CN- (d ) en

ANS - d

12 Which of the following is not expected to be a ligand ?

( a) H2O ( b ) CO (c ) NH 3 (d ) NH4+

ANS - d

13 EDTA is a

( a) monodentate ligand ( b ) didentate ligand (c ) hexadentate ligand (d )

ambidentate ligand.

ANS - c

14 Central metal atom /ion is

( a) Lewis acid ( b ) Lewis base (c ) Bronsted acid (d ) Bronsted base.

ANS - a

15 Which of the following is heteroleptic complex?

3+
( a) [ Co ( NH3 )4 Cl2 ] (b ) [ Co ( NH3 )6 ] (c ) [ Mn( H2O ) 6 ]2+
(d ) [ Pt CN )6 ]2-

ANS - a

BASED ON ASSERTION -REASON QUESTIONS

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements and Reason is the
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements but Reason is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion(A) is correct but Reason (R ) is incorrect statement.

( d ) Assertion(A) is incorrect but Reason (R ) is correct statement

16 Assertion : EDTA is a hexadentate ligand .

Reason : EDTA has 2 nitrogen and 4 oxygen donor atoms.

ANS: a

17 Assertion : Linkage isomerism is found in coordination compounds containing

ambidentate ligand.

R eason : Ambidentate ligand like NO2 has two different donor atoms.

ANS: a

18 Assertion : Low spin tetrahedral complexes are rarely found

Reason : Crystal field splitting energy is less than pairing energy for tetrahedral complex.

ANS: a

19 Assertion : [ Fe ( CN ) 6] 3- ion shows magnetic moment due to presence of two

unpaired electrons.

Reason : Because it has d2sp3 hybridization.

ANS d

20 Assertion : F- ion is weak ligand and forms outer orbital complex.

Reason : F- ion can not force the d - electrons of inner shell .

ANS: a

GROUP-B ( BASED ON 02 MARKS )

21 Explain Werner Theory.

ANS: ( i) Metals have two types of linkage ie primary and secondary valency.

(ii) Primary valencies are satisfied by negative ions and secondary valencies are satisfied
by negative or neutral molecules.

(iii) Each metal ion have special geometry ie tetrahedral , octahedral or square [lanar.

22 Why is [ Ti( H2O ) ]3+ coloured?

ANS: Ti has one unpaired electron which undergo d-d transition.

23 Write IUPAC names of followings:

(a) [ Co (NH3 )6 ]3+ ( b) [ Ni Cl4 ]2-

ANS: ( a) Hexaamminecobalt (III) (b ) Tetrachloridonickelate (II)

24 Write the hybridization of followings:

(a) [ Co (NH3 )6 ]3+ ( b) [ Ni Cl4 ]2-

ANS: ( a ) d2sp3 (b) sp3

25 What is crystal field splitting energy?

ANS: The difference in energy between t2g and eg orbitals is called crystal field splitting
energy.

26. How does the magnitude of Δ0 decide the actual configuration of d -orbitals in
coordination entity?

ANS: 1 If Δ0 > P then first t2g will fill then electrons will go in eg orbitals.

2 If Δ0 < P then first eg orbitals will fill then electrons will go in t 2g orbitals.
27 On the basis of CFT write the electronic configuration of d 5 ion for strong and weak
ligand in octahedral structure.

ANS: 1 If Δ0 > P for strong ligand t2g5 eg0

2 If Δ0 < P for weak ligand t2g3 eg2 .

28 What are the basic difference between double salt and complex compound?

ANS: Double salt dissociate into its constituent ions in water but the complex compound
donot dissociate into its ions. For example : FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H2O (MOHR SALT ) which is a
double salt dissociate into Fe2+ , NH4+ , SO42- . while [ Cu ( NH3 )4 ]2+ does not dissociate.

29 What is spectrochemical series? What is difference between weak field ligand and strong
field ligand?

ANS: The series in which ligands are arranged in increasing order of strength. Weak ligand
form high spin complex while strong field ligand form low spin complex.

30 Explain the roll of coordination compounds in ( i) medicinal chemistry (ii) biological

chemistry.

ANS : ( I ) Medicinal Chemistry : Cis - platin is used as anticancer agent

( ii) Biological Chemistry : Haemoglobin , a complex compound of Fe which carries

oxygen in our blood.

GROUP C (BASED ON 03 MARKS)

31 Explain the following terms :

( a) Unidentate ligand (b) didentate ligand (c) ambidentate ligand.

ANS : (a) Ligands which can form only one coordinate bond are called unidentate ligand eg
NH3 , H2O

(b ) Ligands which can form two coordinate bonds are called didentate ligand eg ethane-
1,2-diammine, oxalate ion .
( c) Ligands which can form bond through two donor sites are called ambidentate ligands.eg
CN- , NO2 .

32 : Explain the following terms :

(a) Homoleptic complex (b) Heteroleptic complex (c) coordination polyhedron.

(b) ANS : (a) The complex which have only one type of ligand is called homoleptic complex
eg - [ Co (NH3 )6 ]3+ , [ Ni Cl4 ]2-

( b ) The complex which have more than one type of ligand is called homoleptic complex
eg [ Co ( NH3 )4 Cl2 ] .

( c ) The spatial arrangement of ligand which are directly attached to central atom is called
coordination polyhedron.

33 . Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

(a) [Co ( NH3) 5Cl ] Cl2 (b) [Ni ( CN )4 ]2- (c) K3 [ Fe ( CN) 6 ]

ANS : (a) pentaamminechloridocobalt(III)chloride

(b) Tetracyanonicklate(II) (c) Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(III)

34 Indicate the types of isomerism exhibited by the following compounds:

(a) [ Co(NH3)5NO2] (b) [ Co(NH3)5SO4]Br (c) [ Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6]

ANS : (a) Linkage (b) Ionisation (c) coordinate

35 Explain on the basis of VBT that [ Ni( CN) 4]2- is diamagnetic.

ANS: Ni : 3d8 4s2 Ni2+ : 3d8

Since no unpaired electron is present .Therefore it is diamagnetic.

36 On the basis of VBT, determine the hybridization , structure and magnetic properties of
[CoF6]3-

37 Draw all the geometrical and optical isomers of [CoCl2(en)2]+.

 38 ( I ) Define chelate effect.
(ii) Give the formula of coordination compound- tetraammineaquachloridocobalt(III)
chloride.
(iii) Give the IUPAC name of [ CoCl2(en)2+
ANS: (i) The stability of complex due to presence of polydentate ligand is called
chelate effect.
( ii) [ Co(NH3)4 (H2O)Cl)Cl2
(iii) Dichloridobis(etane-1,2-diamine)cobalt (III)
39 [NiCl4 ]2- is paramagnetic whereas [Ni (CO)4] is diamagnetic though both are
tetrahedral Why?
ANS: Cl- is weak ligand , therefore it forms high spin complex which is paramagnetic.
CO is strong ligand and forms low spin complex which is diamagnetic though both are
SP3 hybridised.
40 For the complex [ Co (NH3)6]3+ identify the following:
( i) Hybridization of complex
( ii) Structure of the complex
( iii) Magnetic property.
ANS: (i) d2sp3 (ii) octahedral (iii ) diamagnetic

CASE BASED QUESTION (4 MARKS)

GROUP -D

41 The oxidation number of the central atom in a complex is defined as charge it would
carry if all the ligands are removed . Similarly the charge on the complex is the sum of
charge of the constituent parts.
(a) Define ambidentate ligand
(b) Which type of isomerism is shown by [Co(NH 3)5Cl]SO4 and [Co(NH3)5 SO4 ] Cl
(c) Find coordination number and oxidation state of Cr in [ Cr (H 2O)6]3+

ANS: (a) Ligands which can ligate (link ) through two different atoms present in it is
called ambidentate ligands eg NO2 , CN-

(b) Ionisation
(c) CN=6 and OS= +3
42 In coordination compound , metals show two types of linkages, primary and
secondary. Primary valencies are ionisable and satisfied by negative ligands.Secondary
valencies are non ionisable and are satisfied by neutral or negative ligands.
 ( a ) If PtCl2.2 NH3 does not react with AgNO3 , What is possible formula?
( b ) What is secondary valency of [ Co (en) 3]3+?
( c ) Write the hybridization and magnetic behavior of [ Ni ( CN ) 4 ]2- ?
ANS: (a) [ Pt( NH3)2Cl2] (b) 6 (c ) dsp2 and diamagnetic.

43 Transition metals form complex compounds which play a very important role in our
daily life. Organometalic compounds like Grignard reagent is most useful in organic
chemistry. Complex are used in medicines , analytical chemistry , biological chemistry.

( a ) Name a coordination compound which is used for the treatment of cancer.

( b ) Which coordination compound is used in vitamine B12.

( c ) Which transion metal is found in coordination compound haemoglobin?

ANS ( a) Cis-platin (b ) Cyanocobalamine ( c ) Fe.

LONG QUESTION ANSWER

GROUP E 5 MARKS QUESTIONS

44 ( a ) On the basis of Crystal Field Theory write the electronic configuration of d 4

ion for which Δ0 > P and Δ0 < P
( b ) Co is stronger complexing reagent than NH 3 .

ANS : (a ) If Δ0 > P , the configuration is as - t2g4 eg0

If Δ0 < P , the configuration is as - t2g3 eg1

(b ) CO has empty pi orbital which overlap with filled d-orbitals ( t2g ) of transition
metals and form pi bond by back bonding. These pi interaction increase the value of crystal
field stabilization energy. As NH3 can not form pi bonding. Therefor CO is stronger than NH3.

45 In a coordination compound , the electronic configuration of the central metal ion is

t2g3 eg1 . Draw the crystal field splitting diagram for this configuration.
46 On the basis of VBT explain the hybridization, magnetic properties, geometry of the
complex compound [ Fe ( H2O ) 6 ]2+ .
ANS: Fe2+ : 3d6
 NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA SAMITI
HYDERABAD REGION
STUDY MATERIALS FOR LOW ACHIEVERS
CLASS : XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
UNIT : HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
___________________________________________________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The position of Cl in the compound CH3-CH=C(CH3)-C(Cl)(CH3)2 can be classified as _____________ .
a) Allyl b) Aryl c) Vinyl d) Vicinal
2. Ethylene bromide and ethylidene bromide are isomers . Identify the correct statements .
i) Both the compounds form same product on treatment with alcoholic KOH.
ii) Both the compounds form same product on treatment with aqueous KOH.
iii) Both the compounds form same product on reduction.
iv) Both the compounds are optically active.
a) i and iii b) ii and iiii c) i and iv d) i and ii
3. Which of the following contains sp2 hybridised carbon bonded to X ?
a) CH2= CH – CH2- X b) C6H5- CH2- X c) CH2=CH – X d) CH3-CH2-X
4. Chlorobenzene is formed by the reaction of chlorine with benzene in the presence of AlCl3. Which of the
following species attacks the benzene ring in this reaction ?
a) Cl- b) Cl+ c) AlCl3 d) [AlCl4]-

5. Complete the following analogy :

SN2: Inversion of configuration , SN1: __________________
a) Retention b) Racemisation c) Inversion d) Polarisation
6. Two possible stereo structure of CH3 –CH(Br)- COOH which are optically active are called .
a) Mesomers b) Enantiomers c) Diastereomers d) Atropisomers
7. Major product obtained on reaction of 3- Phenylpropene with HBr in the presence of organic peroxide .
a) 3-Phenyl-1-bromopropane b) 1- Phenyl-3-bromopropane
d) 1- Phenyl -2-bromopropane d) 3- Phenyl-2-bromopropane
8. Alkyl fluorides are best synthesised by :
a) Finkelsteins reaction b) Sandmeyers reaction c) Swarts reaction d) Balz Schiemanns reaction
9. Ethylidene chloride is ____________ .
a) Allylic halide b) Vinylic halide c) vic- dihalide d) gem – dihalide
10. Which among the following is a chlorine containing antibiotic ?
a) Chloroquine b) Phosgene c) Chloramphenicol d) Gammaxane

ANSWERS
1 – a, 2- a , 3- c , 4- b , 5- b , 6- b , 7- b , 8- c , 9- d , 10 – c

ASSERTION – REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given.Choose

the correct answer out of the following choices.
(A) Assertion and reason both are correct and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is Not correct explanationof assertion.
(C) Assertion is correct but reason is wrong statement.
(D)Assertion is wrong but reason is correct statement.

1. Assertion: tert-Butyl bromide undergoes Wurtz reaction to give 2, 2, 3,3-tetramethylbutane.

Reason: In Wurtz reaction, alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbon containing
double the number of carbon atoms present in the halide.
2. Assertion: Presence of a nitro group at ortho or para position increases the reactivity of haloarenes towards
nucleophilic substitution.
Reason: Nitro group, being an electron withdrawing group decreases the electron density over the benzene ring.

3. Assertion: It is difficult to replace chlorine by –OH in chlorobenzene in comparison to that in chloroethane.

Reason: Carbon- Chlorine (C—Cl) bond in chlorobenzene has a partial double bondcharacter due to resonance.

4. Assertion: Nitration of chlorobenzene leads to the formation of m-nitrochlorobenzene

Reason: NO2 group is a m-directing group.
5. .Assertion: tert- Butyl chloride undergoes SN2 substitution.
Reason: SN2 reactions involves attack by nucleophile from rear side.
6. Assertion: SN2reaction of an optically active alkyl halide with an aqueous solution of KOH always gives
an alcohol with opposite sign of rotation.
Reason: SN2 reactions always proceed with inversion of configuration.
7. Assertion: It is necessary to avoid even traces of moisture during the use of a Grignard reagent.
Reason: Grignard reagents are least reactive.
8. Assertion: The boiling points of alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI > RBr > RCl > RF
Reason: The boiling points of alkyl chlorides, bromides and iodides are considerably higher than that of the
hydrocarbon of comparable molecular mass.
9. Assertion : Aryl halides undergo nucleophillic substitution reaction readily.
Reason: The carbon halogen bond in aryl halide has partial double bond character .
 10. Assertion: The boiling point of 1-Chloropropane is greater than that of Isopropylchloride.
Reason: As the molecular mass increases magnitude of van der Waal force increases.

ANSWERS

1- A , 2-A , 3-A , 4-D , 5- D , 6- A , 7- C , 8- B , 9 – D , 10 – B

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 2 – MARKS)

1. Write structures of the following compounds:

(i) 2- Chloro-3-methylpentane
(ii) 1,4- Dibromobut-2-ene
Ans: (i) CH3- CH(Cl)- CH(CH3) –CH2-CH3
(ii) Br-CH2- CH=CH- CH2-Br
2. Account for the following:
i) Haloalkanes are having higher boiling point than hydrocarbons of comparable
molecular masses.
ii) For the same alkyl group, the boiling points of alkyl halides decrease in the order:
RI > RBr > RCl > RF
i) Due to greater polarity, the intermolecular forces of attraction are stronger in haloalkanes
That is why the boiling points are higher than those of the hydrocarbons of comparable
molecular mass.
ii) This is because with the increase in size and mass of halogen atom, the magnitude of
van der Waal forces increases.

3. Arrange the isomeric bromobutanes in the decreasing order of boiling point and give reason.

> > > >

The boiling points of isomeric haloalkanes decrease with increase in branching. This is because as the
molecule become more and more crowded the vander Waal’s force of attraction decreases.
4. Give reason for the following observations:
i) P-Dichlorobenzene is having higher melting point than ortho and meta isomer.
ii) Haloalkanes are only very slightly soluble in water.
Ans : i) Due to symmetry of para-isomer that fits in crystal lattice better as compared to ortho- and
meta-isomers. Therefore there is strong intermolecular force of attraction and hence higher melting point.
ii) The attraction between the haloalkane and the water molecules are not as strong as the original hydrogen
bonds in water. As a result, the solubility of haloalkanes in water is low.
5. What are ambident nucleophiles. Give examples ?
These are nucleophiles that possess two nucleophilic centres.
eg : Cyanide (CN-) , Nitrite ( NO2-) etc.
6. Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides while with AgCN forms isocyanides as the chief
 product. Explain.
KCN is predominantly ionic , it ionises in solution to provide K+ and CN- ions. In CN- both carbon and
nitrogen atoms are free for bonding , since C—C bond is more stable than C—N bond.the attack takes place
mainly through carbon atom to form alkyl canide. However, AgCN is predominently covalent in nature and
only nitrogen atom is free for bonding hence forms isocyanide as the main product.

7. In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which would undergo SN 2 reaction faster. Why ?

1.

2.

Answer:

1. will undergo SN2 reaction faster as it is a primary halide.

2. Because of larger size iodide ion is a better leaving group so it will be released at a

faster rate in the presence of incoming nucleophile.

8. Predict the order of reactivity of the following compounds in SN1 and SN2 reactions:

(i) The four isomeric bromobutanes

(ii) C6H5CH2Br, C6H5CH(C6H5)Br, C6H5CH(CH3)Br, C6H5C(CH3)(C6H5)Br

Answer:
i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br < (CH3)2CHCH2Br < CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 < (CH3)3CBr (SN1)
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br > (CH3)2CHCH2Br > CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 > (CH3)3CBr (SN2)

ii) C6H5C(CH3)(C6H5)Br > C6H5CH(C6H5)Br > C6H5CH(CH3)Br > C6H5CH2Br (SN1)

C6H5C(CH3)(C6H5)Br < C6H5CH(C6H5)Br < C6H5CH(CH3)Br < C6H5CH2Br (SN2)

9. In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which compound undergoes faster SN1 reaction?

Answers:
10. Allylic and Benzylic halides undergo nucleophilic substitution through SN 1 mechanism. Give reason.
This is because the allyl and benzyl carbocation s formed are stabilized by resonance.

11. What do you mean by Chirality. Give examples of chiral molecules.

If the four valence of carbon are satisfied by four different atoms or groups , the carbon is said to be chiral.
OR
The objects which are nonsuperimposable on their mirror image are said to be chiral and this property is
known as chirality.
Eg: Propan -2-ol, 2-chlorobutane, 2, 3-dihyroxypropanal (OHC–CHOH–CH2OH),

Bromochloro-iodomethane (BrClCHI), 2-bromopropanoic acid (H3C–CHBr–COOH), etc.

12. Explain the following terms:

i) Enantiomers ii) Racemisation
i) Enantiomers: The stereoisomers related to each other as nonsuperimposable mirror images are called
enantiomers

ii) Racemisation: The process of conversion of enantiomer into a racemic mixture is known as racemisation.

13. What is Racemic mixture ? Why it is optically inactive ?

It is a mixture of equal amount of d(+) and l(-) forms. It is optically inactive due to external compensation.
Eg: Mixture of equal amount of d and l forms of lactic acid.
14. When a haloalkane is treated with aqueous alkali the reaction taking place is substitution whereas
with alcoholic alkali the reaction taking place is elimination. Give reason.
This is because alcoholic alkali is a more powerful base hence it readily abstracts a proton and favours
elimination reaction.
 Eg: CH3-CH2-Cl + NaOH(aq) → CH3-CH2-OH + NaCl
alcoholic KOH
CH3-CH2-Cl CH2=CH2 + KCl + H2O

15. What are Grignard reagents ? How are they prepared ? Give example.

Grignard reagents are alkyl magnesium halides. They are prepared by the reaction between an alkyl halide
and magnesium in the presence of dry ether.
Eg :

16. Why is it necessary to avoid even traces of moisture from a Grignard reagent ?

It will undergo hydrolysis to form the corresponding alkane.

R-Mg-X + H-OH → R-H + MgX(OH)

17. Haloarenes are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction. Why ?

The carbon halogen bond in haloarenes acquire double bond character due to resonance,since double bond
is more stronger than single bond that can not be broken easily. Eg-

OR
In haloarene the halogen atom is present on an sp2 hybridised carbon atom ,since sp2 hybridised carbon
atom is more electronegative it will hold the electron pair of carbon – halogen bond more tightly and this
makes the removal of halide ion difficult.

Hence they are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.

18. Which will give a white precipitate with silver nitrate solution chlorobenzene or benzyl chloride.
Why ?
Benzyl chloride will give a white precipitate with silver nitrate solution. This is because of the absence of
resonance and attachment of chlorine atom to an sp3 hybridised carbon atom.
This reaction can be used to distinguish between chlorobenzene and benzyl chloride.

19. Haloarenes undergo electrophilic substitution reaction at ortho and para positions .Why ?

This is because in the resonating structures of haloarenes the ortho and para positions are comparatively
electron rich.
 Therefore electrophiles get attached to these positions.

20. How will you achieve the following conversions ?

i) Chlorobenzene to 1-Chloro-4-methylbenzene.
ii) Chlorobenzene to 4-Chloroacetophenone.

21. Chloroform is kept in dark coloured bottles completely filled with little ethanol. Give reason.
Chloroform is slowly oxidised by air in the presence of light to an extremely poisonous gas, carbonyl
chloride or phosgene. It is therefore stored in closed dark coloured bottles completely filled so that air
is kept out. If by chance phosgene is formed ethanol will convert it to non toxic diethyl carbonate.

2 C2H5-OH + COCl2 → (C2H5)2CO3 + 2 HCl

22. What is tincture iodine ?

A solution of iodine in alcohol is called tincture iodine. It is used as an antiseptic.

23. What are freons ? Give their use .

The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane and ethane are collectively known as freons.
It is used as a refrigerant in refrigerators and air conditioners.

24. Name the first chlorinated organic insecticide. Write its IUPAC name and draw its structure.

DDT( Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ),
IUPAC name : 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane.
 Structure:

25. Name two chlorine containing poisonous gases.

i) Phosgene ( Carbonyl chloride )
ii) Tear gas.
26.

Answers : i - b , ii – a , iii – d , iv - c
 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ( 3 MARKS )

1. Identify chiral and achiral molecules in each of the following pair of compounds.

Answer:

2.
3. Write the mechanism of the following reactions:

i) CH3Cl + NaOH CH3OH + NaCl

ii) (CH3)3C-Br + NaOH (CH3)3C-OH + NaBr

i) SN2 Mechanism
The nucleophile attacks the substrate carbon from the remote side of the leaving group to form an unstable
intermediate which at once turn in to product. During this process the configuration of the molecule get
inverted like an umbrella turning upside down during a strong wind. This inversion in configuration is called
Walden inversion.

ii) SN1 Mechanism

Step I : Ionisation of tert-butylbromide to form a carbocation.
Step II : Attack of the nucleophile on the carbocation to form the product.

4. Which alkyl halide from the following pairs would you expect to react more
rapidly by an SN2 mechanism? Explain your answer.
 Answers:

5. Identify A, B, C, D, E, R and R1 in the following:

Answer:

7. How will you achieve the following conversions ?

1) Bromomethane to propanone

2) Ethanol to ethyl fluoride

3) Ethanol to but-1-yne

4) Ethanol to propanenitrile
5) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid

6) Propene to 1-iodopropane

7) Propene to 1-nitropropane

8) Propene to propan-l-ol

9) 2-Chlropropane to 1-propanol

10) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane

11) Propene to propyne

12) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform

13) 2-Methyl-1 -propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane

14) l-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane

 CASE BASED QUESTIONS ( 4 Marks )
1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

When haloalkanes with β-hydrogen atom are boiled with alcoholic solution of KOH, they
undergo elimination of hydrogen halide resulting in the formation of alkenes. These reactions
arecalled β-elimination reactions or dehydrohalogenation reactions. These reactions follow
Saytzeff's rule. Substitution and elimination reactions often compete with each other. Mostly
bases behave as nucleophiles and therefore can engage in substitution or elimination reactions
depending upon the alkyl halide and the reaction conditions.

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer:

(i) Among the following the most reactive towards alcoholic KOH is

(a) CH2=CHBr (b) CH3COCH2CH2Br (c) CH3CH2Br (d) CH3CH2CH2Br

(ii) The general reaction, R−X+ aq.KOH−⟶ROH+X is expected to follow decreasing

order
of reactivity as in (t- Bu = tertiary Butyl group)

(a) t-BuI> t-BuBr > t-BuCI > tBuF (b) t-BuF> t-BuCI > t-BuBr > tBuI
(c) t-Bu'Br> t-BuCI > t-BuI > BuF (d) t-BuF> t-BuCI > t-BuI > tBuBr

(iii) Reaction of t-butyl bromide with sodium methoxide produces

(a) sodium t-butoxide (b) t-butyl methyl ether

(c) iso-butane (d) iso-butylene.

(iv) In the elimination reactions, the reactivity of alkyl halides follows the sequence
 (a) R - F > R - Cl > R - Br > R - I (b) R - I > R - Br > R - Cl > R - F
(c) R - I > R - F > R - Br > R - Cl (d) R - F > R-I > R-Br > R-CI

Answers:
i) (d): In alkyl halides, polarity of C - Br bond increases with increase in chain length.

ii) (a): The order of reactivity of alkyl halides: iodide > bromide > chloride (nature
of the halogen atom)
tertiary> secondary> primary (type of halogen atom).

iii) (d): Iso-butylene is obtained.

iv) (b): The order of bond dissociation energy: R - F > R - CI > R - Br > R - I.
During dehydrohalogenation C - I bond breaks more easily than C - F bond.
Soreactivity order of halides R - I > R - Br > R - CI > R – F

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 5 Marks )

1. Draw the structure of major monohalo products of any five of the following reactions.
Answers:
2.

******************************************************
 CLASS XII CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 7 : ALCOHOLS PHENOLS AND ETHERS (STUDY MATERIAL)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The C-O-H bond angle in alcohol is b

a)Slightly greater than 109028’
b) slightly less than 109028’
c) slightly greater than 1200
d) slightly less than 1200
2. The correct increase in order of C-OH bond bond length of (i) methanol (ii) c
phenol (iii) p-ethoxy phenol is
a)i<iii<ii
b)ii<i<iii
c)ii<iii<i
d)i<ii<iii
3. Lower molecular mass of alcohols are c
a)miscible in limited amount of water
b)miscible in excess of water
c)miscible in water in all proportions
d)immiscible in water
4. The boiling points of alcohols are higher than those of hydrocarbons of a
comparable molecular mass due to
a)hydrogen bonding
b) ion-dipole interaction
c)dipole-dipole interaction
d) Van der Waal’s forces
5. The compound that is most difficult to protonate is c
a)CH3OH
b)CH3OCH3
c)PhOH
d)HOH
6. Identify the incorrect statement about phenols b
a)they are water insoluble
b)they dissolve in dil HCl
c)they turn blue litmus red
d)they do not dissolve in aq. bicarbonate

7. Which is most acidic among d

a)4-methyl phenol
b)phenol
c)2-nitro phenol
d)2,4,6-tri nitro phenol
8. The order of reactivity of alcohols towards HX is b
a)10>20>30>CH3
b) 30>10>20>CH3
c)10>30>20>CH3
d) CH3>10>20>30
9. Aspirin is obtained by the acetylation of which of the following compounds? b
a)salicylaldehyde
b)salicylic acid
c)Acetyl salycilic acid
d)phenol
10. In the reaction of phenol with chloroform and aq.NaOH at 345K the c
electrophile attacking the ring is
a)CHCl3
b)CHCl2
c):CCl2
d)COCl2
11. Identify the method used to prepare salicylaldehyde b
a)kolbe’s reaction
b)Rieamer-tiemann reaction
c)Etard reaction
d)Stephens reduction
12. Williamson’s synthesis of preparing dimethyl ether is an c
a)Elimintion reaction
b)SN1 reaction
c)SN2 reaction
d)Nucleophillic addition reaction
13. Which of the following reaction is feasible? a
a)CH3CH2-Br + Na-O-C(CH3)3 → CH3CH2-O-C(CH3)3
b) CH3CH2ONa + (CH3)3C-Cl → CH3CH2-O-C(CH3)3
c)both a&b
d)neither a nor b
14. What would be the major product of the following reaction? d
C6H5-CH2-O-C6H5 + HBr → A + B
a)A= C6H5-CH2-OH B=C6H6
b)A= C6H5-CH3 B= C6H5-Br
c) A= C6H5-CH2-OH B= C6H5-Br
d) A= C6H5-CH2-Br B= C6H5-OH
15. The process of converting alkyl halide to alcohol involves b
a)addition reaction
b)substitution reaction
c)dehydrohalogenation reaction
d)rearrangement reaction
16. Which of the following act as the strongest base? b
a)HO-
b)RO-
c)C6H5O-
d)(NO2)-C6H4-0-
17. Phenol is less acidic than b
a)ethanol
b)o-Nitro phenol
c)o-methyl phenol
d)o-methoxy phenol
18. The IUPAC name of m-cresol is a
a)3-methyl phenol
b)3-chloro phenol
 c)3-methoxy phenol
d)benzene-1,3-diol
19. Alcohol vapours are passed over which of the following catalysts to give b
aldehydes and ketones?
a)S or Pd
b)Ag or Cu
c)F or Cl
d)Li or K
20. The major product of oxidation of secondary alcohol is d
a)aldehyde
b)carboxylic acid
c)ether
d)ketone

ASSERTION – REASON QUESTIONS

Each question consists of two statements namely, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). For selecting the
correct answer, use the following code:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are the true and Reason (R) is a correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are the true but Reason (R) is not a correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true.
(e) Both assertion(A) and reason(A) are wrong statements
1. Assertion: Boiling points of alcohols and ethers are high. e
Reason: They can form intermolecular hydrogen bonding
2. Assertion: Bond angle in ethers is slightly less than the tetrahedral angle. d
Reason: There is a repulsion between the two bulky (–R) groups.
3. Assertion: Addition of water to but-1-ene in acidic medium yields 2-butanol. c
Reason: Addition of water in acidic medium proceeds through the formation
of primary carbocations
4. Assertion: p-nitrophenol is more acidic than phenol. a
Reason: nitro group helps in the stabilization of the phenoxide ion by
dispersal of negative charge due to resonance.
5. Assertion: Ethanol is weaker than phenol. b
Reason: Sodium ethoxide may be prepared by the reaction of ethanol with
aq.NaOH
6. Assertion: phenols give o- and –p nitro phenols on nitration with conc. HNO3 d
and conc.H2SO4
Reason: -OH group in phenol is ortho –para directing.
7. Assertion: In Lucas test, 3º alcohols react immediately. b
Reason: An equimolar mixture of anhyd. ZnCl2 and conc. HCl is called Lucas
reagent.
8. Assertion: The bond angle in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral b
angle.
 Reason: In alcohols, the oxygen of –OH group is attached to sp3 hybridized
carbon atom
9. Assertion: Reimer-Tiemann reaction of phenol with CCl4 in NaOH at 340 K d
gives salicyclic acid as the major product.
Reason: The reaction occurs through intermediate formation of
dichlorocarbene.
10. Assertion: like the bromination of benzene , bromination of phenol is also d
carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid
Reason: Lewis acid polarizes the bromine molecule.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. What happens when ethanol is treated with a) PBr3 b) PCl5

Answer:

a) C2H5OH + PBr3 → C2H5Br + H3PO3

b) C2H5OH + PCl5 → C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl

2. Explain why nucleophillic substitutions are not very common in phenols?
Answer: The –OH group in phenol is strongly electron donating group. It leads to
the formation of resonance strctures and also increases the electron density on
benzene ring. Thus nucleophiles cannot approach the benzene ring
3. How would you convert ethanol to ethene?
Answer:

4. Ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho-methoxyphenol. Why?

Answer:
NO2 group is an electron withdrawing group while methoxy group is electron
donating in nature. The release of H+ is easier from O-nitrophenol while it is
difficult from O-methoxyphenol.
5. The C-O bond is much shorter in phenol than in ethanol. Give reason.
Answer:
Carbon of C-O bond of phenol is Sp2 hybridised, so it acquires a partial double bond
character but in ethanol it is Sp3 hybridised and a single bond. Double bond is
shorter than a single bond.
6. Of the two organic compounds ROH and R’OH, the first one is basic and other is
acidic in behaviour. How is R different from R’?
Answer:
When R = alkyl, ROH behaves as a bronsted base and when R’ = aryl, R’OH
behaves as a bronsted acid.
7. Give a chemical test to distinguish between 2-Pentanol and 3-Pentanol.
Answer:
 2-pentanol gives Iodoform test with yellow ppt. of Iodoform while 3-pentanol does
not give this test.
8. Write the chemical reaction to explain Kolbe’s reaction.
Answer:
Kolbe’s reaction : Phenol reacts with CO2 in presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
at 4 – 7 atm and 390 – 410 K giving salicylic acid

9. How would you obtain ethane-1, 2-diol from ethanol?

Answer:

10. How would you obtain acetophenone from phenol?

Answer:

11. How can the mixture of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol be separated?

Answer.

The diluted nitric acid in reaction with phenol at 298 K temperature produces a
mixture of ortho- and para-nitrophenol. These isomers can be separated by steam
distillation process. O-Nitrophenol is a steam volatile because of intramolecular
hydrogen bonding; whereas p-Nitrophenol is less volatile due to intermolecular
hydrogen bonding that causes the association of molecules.
12. In a reaction with active metals like Na and K, alcohols produce alkoxides. Write
down the increasing order of reactivity of sodium metal towards primary, secondary
and tertiary alcohols.

Answer.
 Na is basic in nature whereas alcohols are acidic in nature. Therefore, the alcohol with
highest acidity will react with Na the fastest. In tertiary alcohols, the alkyl groups
increase electron density on the oxygen which reduces the acidic nature of the alcohol
by decreasing the polarity of O-H bond. So, if the alcohols are arranged in increasing
order based on their reactivity, the right sequence will be: tertiary > secondary >
primary.
13. How would you obtain phenol from benzene? (Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:

14. What happens when phenol is oxidized by Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4?

Answer:
Phenol forms benzoquinone on oxidation with Na2Cr2O7 / H2SO4,

15. What happens when phenol is heated with zinc dust?

Answer:
Benzene is formed when phenol is heated with zinc dust.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. Explain the mechanism of acid catalysed hydration of an alkene to form corresponding alcohol.
Answer:
Acid catalysed hydration : Alkenes react with water in the presence of acid as catalyst to form alcohols
 Mechanism : It involves three steps :
i) Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic attack of H 3O+

2. How will you convert:

(i) Propene to propan-2-ol?
(ii) Phenol to 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
(i) Propene to propan-2-ol:

(ii) Phenol to 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol

3. Explain the mechanism of following reaction:

 Answer:

4. How do you convert the following:

(i) Aniline to phenol
(ii) Prop-l-ene to Propan- l-ol
(iii) Anisole to 2-methoxytoluene

5. How do you convert the following?

 (i) Phenol to 2-hydroxyacetophenone
(ii) Ethyl chloride to methoxy ethane
(iii) Acetone to 2-methylpropan-2-ol
Answer:

6. How will you convert:

(i) Propene to Propane-1-ol?
(ii) Ehtanal to Propan-2-ol
Answer:
(i) Propene to Propane-1-ol

7. Account for the following:

(i) Propanol has higher boiling point than butane.
(ii) Ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho-methoxyphenol.
(iii) Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or tertiary alcohols is not a suitable method.
Answer:
(i) It is because alcohols can form H-bonds with water molecules, whereas hydrocarbons do not.
 (ii) It is because — N02 group is electron withdrawing and —OCH3 group is electron releasing. Therefore, o-
nitrophenoxide ion is more stable than o-methoxy-phenoxide ion.
(iii) It is because secondary and tertiary alcohols, on dehydration lead to the formation of alkene and not ethers d
to the stability of 2° and 3° carbocation.
8. Draw the structure and name the product formed if the following alcohols are oxidized. Assume that an excess of
oxidizing agent is used.
(i) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
(ii) 2-butenol
(iii) 2-methyl-1-propanol
Answer:

CONTENT BASED QUESTIONS(4 MARKS)

By
1. a proper choice of reagents, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers can be
prepared by Williamson synthesis which involves the reaction between an alkyl halide
and and an alkoxide ion. The reverse process involves the cleavage of ethers to give
back the original alkyl halide and the alcohol can be carried out by heating the ether
with HI at 373 K. ( Answer any 4 questions)
1. The mechanism of Williamson synthesis involves – A
(A) Nucleophilic substitution bimolecular
(B) Nucleophilic substitution unimolecular
(C) Electrophilic substitution bimolecular
(D) Electrophilic substitution bimolecular

2. Benzyl ethyl ether reacts with HI to form – C

(A) p-iodotoluene and ethyl alcohol.
(B) Benzyl alcohol and ethyl iodide.
(C) Benzyl iodide and ethyl alcohol.
(D) Iodobenzene and ethyl alcohol.
3. Allyl phenyl ether can be prepared by heating – B
(A) C6H5Br + CH2=CH-CH2ONa
(B) CH2=CHCH2Br + C6H5ONa
(C) C6H5CH=CHBr + CH3ONa
(D) CH2=CHBr + C6H5CH2ONa
4. Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is primary. In case of secondary B
and tertiary alkyl halides –
 (A) Steric hinderance is more.
(B) Elimination competes over substitution.
(C) C-X bond is stronger.
(D) Generation of electrophile is difficult.
5. Which of the following ethers are not cleaved by HI? D
(A) Dicyclohexyl ether
(B) Ethyl phenyl ether
(C) Di – tert – butyl ether
(D) Diphenyl ether
In2.alcohols, the oxygen of the –OH group is attached to carbon by a sigma (s ) bond formed by the overlap
of a sp3hybridised orbital of carbon with a sp3hybridised orbital
of oxygen. Figure given below depicts structural aspects of methanol, phenol and
methoxymethane.

1. The bond angle C-O-H in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral angle B
(109°28‘). It is due to –
(A) The attraction between C-O and O-H bond pairs.
(B) The repulsion between the unshared electron pairs of oxygen.
(C) The repulsion between neighbouring C-H bonds.
(D) The high electronegativity of oxygen.
2. In phenols, the –OH group is attached to ____ hybridised carbon of an aromatic D
ring.
(A) sp3
(B) sp
(C) dsp2
(D) sp2
3. The C – O bond length in phenol is slightly less than that in methanol. This is A
due to –
(A) Partial double bond character on account of the conjugation of unshared
electron pair of oxygen with the aromatic ring.
(B) Presence of heavier group (– phenol).
(C) Positioning of lone pair over oxygen in 3D space.
(D) sp3 hybridised state of carbon to which oxygen is attached.
4. The bond angle in ethers is slightly greater than the tetrahedral angle due to – B
(A) Presence of four electron pair around the oxygen.
(B) The repulsive interaction between the two bulky (–R) groups.
(C) Absence of O – H bond.
(D) The attractive interaction between the two bulky (–R) groups.
5. In methoxy methane, the oxygen atom is ____ hybridised. A
(A) sp3
(B) sp
(C) dsp2
(D) sp2
 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS(5 MARKS)

1. Write the formula of reagents used in the following reactions:

(i) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol
(ii) Hydroboration of propene and then oxidation to propanol.
(b) Arrange the following compound groups in the increasing order of their property indicated:
(i) p-nitrophenol, ethanol, phenol (acidic character)
(ii) Propanol, Propane, Propanal (boiling point)
(c) Write the mechanism (using curved arrow notation) of the following reaction:

Answer:
2. (a) Write the product(s) in the following reactions:

(b) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:
(i) Ethanol and Phenol
(ii) Propanol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol
Answer:

**************************************************************************
 Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic acids
MCQs

1. Which is the most acidic among the following?

a.) CF3COOH
b.) CHF2COOH
c.) CH2FCOOH
d.) CH3COOH
2. Vinegar is a dilute solution of
a.) Benzoic acid.
b.) Citric acid
c.) Acetic acid
d.) Oxalic acid
3. What is the name of the following reaction?

-COCl + H2 Pd/BaSO4 -CHO

a.) Stephen’s reaction.

b.) Rosenmund’s reduction.
c.) Etard’s reduction.
d.) Aldol condenstation.
4. Which of the following compound will give iodoform test?
a) CH3CHO
b) CH3OH
c) CH3 CH2 CHO
d) CH3COOH
5. Benzoic acid reacts with LiAlH4 to form:
a) Ethyl alcohol
b) Benzaldehyde
c) Benzyl alcohol
d) Picric acid
6. Heating of sodium benzoate with soda lime gives:
a) Benzoic acid
b) Benzaldehyde
c) Toluene
d) Benzene
7. Hydrolysis of an ester in alkaline medium is known as:
a) Saponification
b) Hydration
c) Esterification
d) None of these
8. The IUPAC name of crotonaldehyde:

a) Butanal
b) But-2-enal
c) 2-Methyl Butanal
d) None of these
9. Formalin is:
 a) Liquified formaldehyde
b) 40% solution of formaldehyde
c) 40% solution of formaldehyde in alcohol
d) 40% solution of formaldehyde in alcohol
10. Which of the following is stronger acid?
a) Phenol
b) Acetic acid
c) Ethyl alcohol
d) Nitric acid
11. Cannizzaro reaction is given by
a) Benzaldehyde
b) Acetaldehyde
c) Acetone
d) Propanal
12. Acetaldehyde reacts with chlorine to form
a) Chloral
b) Acetyl chloride
c) Chloric acid
d) Chloretone
13. Cannizzaro reaction is an example of
a) Substitution reaction
b) Elimination reaction
c) Addition reaction
d) Disproportionation reaction.
14. Composition of Tollen’s reagent is
a) Ammonical cuprous chloride
b) Ammonical cuprous oxide
c) Ammonical silver bromide
d) Ammonical solution of silver nitrate
15. Which of the following will not undergo HVZ reaction
a) HCOOH
b) CH3COOH
c) CH3CH2COOH
d) CH3 CH2 CH2COOH

Assertion and reason type questions.

In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by the statement of reason . Choose
the correct answer from the following choices if

a)Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

b)Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion?

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement

d)Assertion is wrong statement, but reason is correct statement.

16. Assertion: Nitration of benzoic acid gives m-nitro benzoic acid
Reason : -COOH group increases electron density at ortho and para position.
17. Assertion: Formic acid reduces tollen’s reagent.
Reason: Tollen’s reagent is ammonical solution of silver nitrate.
18. Assertion: Fluoroacetic acid is weaker acid than acetic acid.
Reason: F is an electron withdrawing group which decreases the
acidic strength.
19. Assertion: Benzaldehyde undergoes cannizzaro reaction.
Reason : Bezaldehyde does not have any alpha hydrogen.
20. Assertion: Formaldehyde is a planar molecule.
Reason: The carbon atom in formaldehyde is sp2 hybridised.

1.a 2.c 3.b 4.a 5.c 6d 7a 8.b 9.b 10.d

11.a 12.a 13.d 14.d 15.a 16.a 17.b 18.d 19.a 20.a

2 Marks Questions

21. Write the equations involved in the following reactions.

a) Etard reaction.
b) Wolff kishner reduction reaction.

Ans a) Etard reaction: In this reaction Toluene is oxidised to form benzaldehyde

in the presence of chromyl chloride.

-CH3 CrO2Cl2 -CHO

b) Wolff kishner reduction reaction: In this reaction the carbonyl

compounds will undergo reduction in the presence of hydrazine and ethylene
glycol and KOH to form alkanes.

CH3CHO NH2-NH2 CH3CH=N-NH2 Glycol/KOH CH3CH3

22. Complete the following reactions

a) 2CH3COCl + (CH3)2Cd →
b) CH3CH2CHO Zn/Hg/Conc.HCl

Ans: a) 2CH3COCl + (CH3)2Cd → 2CH3COCH3 + CdCl2

b) CH3CH2CHO Zn/Hg/Conc.HCl CH3CH2CH3

 23. Write the reactions involved in the following reactions.

a) Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction.

b) Decarboxylation reaction.

Ans: a) Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction.: This reaction involves

halogenations carboxylic acids in the presence of red P to form ∝
ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑠.The carboxylic acid must have an ∝ -
hydrogen.

CH3COOH Cl2/Red P CH2Cl COOH Cl2/Red P CHCl2 COOH Cl2/Red

P CHCl2 COOH

b)Decarboxylation reaction:In this reaction a carboxylic acid will react

NaOH /Cao to form alkane.

CH3COONa + NaOH Cao CH4 + Na2CO3

24. Give reasons for the following

a) Why chloro acetic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid?
b) Why aldehydes are more reactive than ketones?

Ans: a) Chloro acetic acid is a stronger acid as compared acetic acid due to
the presence of an electron withdrawing group Cl which has –I Inductive
effect.Due to –I effect the electrons are withdrawn more easily from O-H bond.

b)Aldehydes are more reactive as compared to ketones due to the presence

of less steric hinderance across the carbonyl carbon,While in case of ketones due
to the presence of two alkyl groups there is greater steric hinderance.Lesser the
steric hinderance greater will be the reactivity of the carbonyl compounds.

25. Write the equations involved in the following.

a) Aldol condensation.
b) Cannizzaro reaction.

Ans: a) Aldol condensation: In this reaction two molecules of an aldehyde or

ketone will undergo self condensation reaction in the presence of aqueous alkali
to form 𝛽 − Hydroxy aldehyde or 𝛽 − Hydroxy Ketone.

CH3CHO + CH3CHO NaOH CH3CHOHCH2 CHO ∆

CH3CH=CH CHO + H2O

b)Cannizzaro reaction: In this reaction those aldehydes or ketone which do

not have any ∝ hydrogen will undergo self condensation reaction inn the
presence of concentrated alkali 40% NaOH or KOH to form an alcohol and
sodium or potassium salt of carboxylic acid.

-CHO 40% NaOH -CH2OH + --COONa

26.Explain the mechanism of a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group of an

aldehyde or a ketone.
 27. Write the reagent required for the following reactions

a) CH2=CH-CH2OH ? CH2=CH-CHO

b) CH3CH2-COOH ? CH3CH2-CONH2
.
Ans: a) CH2=CH-CH2OH PCC/CrO3 CH2=CH-CHO

b) CH3CH2-COOH NH3 CH3CH2-CONH2

28. Why aromatic carboxylic acids do not undergo Friedal Crafts reaction?

Ans: Aromatic carboxylic acids do not undergo Friedal Crafts reaction

because –COOH group present in the carboxylic acids is an electron
withdrawing group which decreases the electron density on the benzene ring
deactivate the benzene ring.This results in to the bonding of AlCl3 with
carboxylic group.hence aromatic carboxylic acids do not undergo Friedal Craft
reaction.

29. Why do aldehydes and ketones undergo large number of nucleophillic

addition reaction?

Ans: Aldehydes and ketones undergo large number of nucleophillic addition

reactions due to the greater electronegativity of the oxygen as caompared to
carbon. The carbon atom is electrophillic in nature due to the greater
electronegativity of the oxygen.As a result the carbonyl compound is readily
attacked by a nucleophile.

30. What is the composition of Fehling’s solution? What type of compounds

give this test?
Ans: Fehling’s solution is deep blue colour solution which is the mixture of
two solutions Fehling’s solution A and Fehling’s solution B.
Fehling’s solution A is the deep blue aqueous solution of copper(II) Sulphate
Fehling’s solution B is a clear solution of potassium sodium tartarate.

Aliphatic Aldehydes , Formic acid, alpha hydroxy ketones will give this test
as they can be easily oxidised to carboxylic acids.Formic acid also give this test
as it can be oxidised to CO2 and H2O.

31.Give the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with Grignard’s reagent.

CH3CHO + CH3MgBr→ CH3CHOHCH3 + Mg(OH)Br

CH3COCH3 + CH3MgBr→ (CH3 )2COHCH3 + Mg(OH)Br

 32.Formaldehyde and Benzaldehyde will give cannizzaro reaction while
acetaldehyde contains same CHO group but it does not undergo
cannizzaro reaction.

Ans: The main important condition for a molecule to undergo cannizzaro

reaction is it should have any alpha hydrohen. The carbonyk compounds which
doo not have any alpha hydrogen will undergo cannizzaro reaction to form an
alcohol and sodium or potassium salt of correspondin carboxylic acid.

33. Why the boiling point of carboxylic acids is greater than the alcohols?

Ans: Carboxylic acids will have greater boiling point as compared to alcohols
due to the presence of more stronger Hydrogen bonding in the carboxylic
acids.The H- Bonding in the carboxylic acids is stronger as compared to the
alcohols due to the presence of more stronger CO carbonyl group.

34. Complete the following reactions.

a) =O + NH2OH →

b) CH3CHO + HCN →

Ans: a) =O + NH2OH → =NOH

b) CH3CHO + HCN → CH3CH-OH

CN

35. Carry out the following conversion:

a) Toluene to benzaldehyde
b) Acetaldehyde to 3- Hydroxy butanal

Ans: a)Toluene to benzaldehyde

---CH3 CrO2Cl2 --CHO

b)Acetaldehyde to 3- Hydroxy butanal

CH3CHO + CH3CHO NaOH CH3CHOHCH2 CHO

3 marks Questions

36. Arrange the following:

(i)Ethanal, Propanal, Butanal, Butanone (increasing order of reactivity towards nucleophilic
addition reaction)
(ii) Propanal, Propanone, Propanol (increasing order of boiling point)
 (iii) p – tolualdehyde, Benzaldehyde, p- nitrobenzaldehyde,Acetophenone,( increasing order of
reactivity)
Ans. (i)Butanone< Butanal<Propanal<Ethanal
(ii)Propanal < Propanone < Propanol
(iii) Acetophenone <p – tolualdehyde < Benzaldehyde < p- nitrobenzaldehyde

37. Give the structures of

(a) 3- Phenyl propanoic acid
(b) 2- Methyl cyclopentane carboxylic acid.
(c) 2,4,6- Trinitro benzoic acid.
Ans:

(a) (b) (c)

38. Identify the products A,B and C in the following.

CH3CHO O A PCl5 B (CH3)2Cd C

Ans: CH3CHO O CH3COOH(A)

CH3COOH(A) PCl5 CH3COCl(B)

CH3COCl(B) (CH3)2Cd CH3COCH3 ( C)

39.How will you carry out the following conversions?

a) Toluene to Benzoic acid.
b) Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde
c) Ethyl Benzene to Benzoic acid.

Ans:a) Toluene to Benzoic acid.

---CH3 KMnO4 ---COOH

b) Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde

---COOH + SOCl2 → -COCl H2/Pd/BaSO4

--CHO

c) Ethyl Benzene to Benzoic acid.

--CH2CH3 KMnO4 ---COOH

40. An organic compound A with molecular formula C8H16O2 is hydrolysed

with dil.sulphuric acid to give a compound B and an alcohol C.The
oxidation of C with Chromic acid produce B. C on its dehydration with
conc H2SO4 forms but-2-ene as major product.Write the chemical reactions
involved.
 Ans: The compounds B and C contains same number of carbon atoms
A must be an ester.

CH3CH2 CH2 CH2O OC CH2 CH2 CH3 (A) → CH3CH2 CH2 COOH (B) +

CH3CH2 CH2 CH2OH (C)

CH3CH2 CH2 CH2OH (C) Conc.H2SO4 CH3CH= CH CH3

41. How can you convert the following:

a) Ethanal into ethanoic acid

b) Ethanal into ethanol
c) Ethanoic acid into ethanol
𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 /𝐻 +
Ans.(a) CH3CHO→ CH3COOH
𝐿𝑖𝐴𝑙𝐻4
b) CH3CHO → CH3CH2OH
𝐿𝑖𝐴𝑙𝐻4
(c) CH3COOH → CH3CH2OH

42.Write the products formed when CH3CHO reacts with

a) HCN
b) NH2OH
c) CH3CHO in the presence of NaOH

a) CH3CHO + HCN → CH3CH-CN

OH
b) CH3CHO + H2NOH → CH3CH=NOH

c) 2 CH3CHO + NaOH→ CH3CHOH CH2CHO

43. Carry out the following conversion:

a) Toluene to benzoic acid
b) Acetaldehyde to ethanol
c) Acetic acid to acetic anhydride
Ans:
a)
---CH3 KMnO4 ---COOH

b) Acetaldehyde to ethanol
CH3CHO LiAlH4 CH3CH2OH

c) Acetic acid to acetic anhydride

2CH3COOH ∆ (CH3CO)2O +H2O

44.Carry out the following conversion:

a) Methanol to acetic acid
b) Acetaldehyde to pyruvic acid.
c) Acetic acid to Ethanol.
Ans:
a)Methanol to acetic acid
 CH3OH SOCl2 CH3Cl KCN CH3CN 2H2O CH3 COOH

b) Acetaldehyde to pyruvic acid.

HCN
CH3CHO CH3CHOHCN H2O CH3CHOHCOOH

c) Acetic acid to Ethanol.

CH3CHO LiAlH4 CH3CH2OH

5 Marks Questions

45. a) Give chemical test to distinguish between following pair of compounds

i) Ethanoic acid and Phenol
ii) Ethanoic acid and Methanoic acid
iii) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate
b) What is cannizzaro reaction? Explain
Ans:
S. NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION 1 OBSERVATION 2
i) Sodium Ethanoic acid gives Phenol doesnot give brisk
bicarbonate test brisk effervescence effervescence
ii) Tollen’s test Methanoic acid gives Ethanoic acid does not gove
silver mirror silver mirror
iii) Sodium Benzoic acid gives Ethyl benzoate does not give
bicarbonate test brisk effervescence brisk effervescence

b) What is cannizzaro reaction? Explain.

Ans.(a) It is a reaction between two molecules of aldehydes having no alpha hydrogen atom in a
basic medium. One molecule gets oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid and the other gets
reduced to the alcohol.

46. Explain the followings-

i) Carboxylic acids have higher boiling point than corresponding alcohols.
ii) Chloroacetic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.
iii) pKa value for methanoic acid is smaller than ethanoic acid.
iv) Nitration of benzoic acid gives meta substituted product.
v) Methanoic acid does not give HVZ reaction.
Ans
i) Carboxylic acids have greater extent of hydrogen bonding in them. Due to the presence of strong
intermolecular H-Bonding carboxylic acids have high boiling point.
ii) Due to - I effect of chlorine. Chloro group is an electron withdrawing group which will withdraw
the electron density and facilitate the removal of H+ ion.
iii) Methanoic acid is stronger acid than ethanoic acid. Lesser the pKa value greater will be the acidic
strength.
iv) Nitro group is electron withdrawing group hence meta directing in nature.
v) Methanoic acid does not have alpha hydrogen.
47. a) Write the products formed when benzaldehyde reacts with the following reagents :

(b)Givereasons:
(i) Oxidation of propanal is easier than propanone.
(ii) α-hydrogenofaldehydesandketonesisacidicin nature.
Ans: (a)

b) (i) The ease of oxidation of aldehydes as compared to ketones is due to the difference in their
chemical structure. The aldehydes contain H-C=O bond and cleavage of C-H bond is easier as
compared to C-C bond.

(ii) The acidity of hydrogen atom in aldehydes and ketones is due to the presence of the carbonyl
group (C=O) in their chemical structure and resonance and resonance stabilization of carbanion
formed.
48. a) Define the following reactions with equation –
(i) Clemmenson reduction reaction
(ii) Aldol condensation )
(iii)Rosenmund reaction.
b) Distinguish the following pair of compounds
i)Propanal and Propanone
ii)Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone

Ans a)(i) Clemmenson reduction reaction

CH3CH2CHO Zn/Hg/Conc.HCl CH3CH2CH3

(ii) In the aldol reaction, two carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-
hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone. The dehydration reaction then removes water to form a
conjugated enone.

(iii)The Rosenmund reaction is a hydrogenation process where molecular hydrogen reacts with the
acyl chloride in the presence of catalyst – palladium on barium sulfate to form benzaldehyde.
 b) Ans.(i) Propanal gives a silver mirror or greyish ppts on oxidation by Tollen’s reagent but
propanone does not.
CH3CH2CHO +2[Ag(NH3)2]++ 3 OH- → CH3CH2COO-+2Ag ↓+ 2H2O +4NH3
(ii)Benzaldehyde gives a silver mirror or greyish ppt.on oxidation by tollen’s reagent but but
acetophenone does not.
C6H5CHO +2[Ag(NH3)2]++ 3 -OH C6H5COO- +2Ag ↓+ 2H2O +4NH3
Aceto phenone gives Iodoform test while benzaldehyde does not give.

Case Based Question (4 Marks)

49. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, where COOH refers to the carboxyl
group, and R refers to the rest of the molecule to which this group is attached. In this carboxyl
group, there exists a carbon which shares a double bond with an oxygen atom and a single bond
with a hydroxyl group. A carboxylic acid’s general formula is R-COOH, where COOH denotes
the carboxyl group and R denotes the remainder of the molecule to which this group is linked.
There is a carbon in this carboxyl group that has a double connection with an oxygen atom and
a single bond with a hydroxyl group.The carboxylate ion, produced from the removal of a
proton from the carboxyl group, is stabilized by the presence of two oxygen atoms (through
which the negative charge can move). Some common examples of carboxylic acids include acetic
acid (a component of vinegar) and Formic acid. Benzoic acid is a compound comprising a
benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.

Answer the following questions-

a) Why does benzoic acid not undergo Friedel-Craft reaction ?
Ans. – COOH group in C6H5COOH is an electron withdrawing group which deactivates the benzene
ring. Hence electrophilic substitution becomes difficult.

b) Give simple tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds. (i)
Benzaldehyde and Benzoic acid
Ans-Add NaHCO3 , benzoic acid will give brisk effervescence whereas benzaldehyde will not give
this test.
c) Give reasons for the following :
(i) Why pka of F-CH2 COOH is lower than that of Cl–CH2 COOH
(ii) Carboxylic acids are stronger acids than phenols.
Ans- (i) Stronger –I effect of fluorine due to its small size and greater electronegativity makes F-CH2
COOH to be stronger acid than Cl–CH2 COOH and less pka
(ii) Dispersal of –ve charge on carboxylate ions than phenoxide ion.
50. Aldehydes and ketones can be easily oxidised to carboxylic acids using a variety of oxidising
agents. These reagents can be chromic acid, chromium trioxide, permanganate or silver oxide.
You have already read about oxidation with some of these reagents. Silver ions selectively
oxidise —CHO group. This forms the basis of Tollen’s test. It involves the addition of a mixture
of aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous ammonia which is known as Tollen’s reagent to the
carbonyl compound. Tollen’s reagent contains [Ag(NH3)2]+ complex ion. If an aldehyde is
 present, it gets oxidised to the carboxylic acid whereas the Ag +I ions are reduced to form silver
metal which gets deposited on the walls of the test tube and this gives a mirror like shining
appearance.

Answer following questions-

a). Benzaldehyde gives a positive test with Tollen’s reagent but not with Fehling’s and Benedict
solutions. Why ?
Ans- It is due to stronger oxidizing nature of Tollen’s reagent as compared to Fehling and Benedict’s
solution and cannot oxidise benzaldehyde to benzoic acid.
b) Write a test to differentiate between pentan-2-one and pentan-3-one.
Ans- The iodoform test can distinguish Pentan-2-one and pentan-3-one.
c). Carry out the following conversions:
(i) Benzaldehyde to acetophenone
(ii) Acetaldehyde to butan-1-ol
Ans-

ii) CH3CHO + CH3CHO NaOH CH3CHOHCH2 CHO ∆

CH3CH=CH CHO + H2O

LiAlH4
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

*************************************************************************
 Amines
MCQs

1. Methyl amine is:

a) Slightly acidic.
b) Less basic than ammonia.
c) More basic than ammonia?
d) Neutral.

2.Amides may be converted into a amines by the reaction.

a) Perkin reaction
b) Claisen reaction.
c) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction.
d) Gattermanns reaction.

3. Secondary amines can be prepared by.

a) Reduction of nitriles.
b) Reduction of amides
c) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction.
d) Reduction of isocyanide.

4. The amine that cannot be prepared by Gabriel. phthalamide synthesis is.

a) Benzylamine.
b) Isobutyl amine.
c) Aniline.
d) Tertiary butylamine.

5. Cyclohexylamine and aniline can be distinguished by.

a) Hinsberg reagent test.

• Carbylamine test.
b) Bromine water test.
c) BeilsteinsTest.

6. Ethan-1- amine reacts with nitrous acid to form.

a) Ethanol.
b) Ethanamide.
c) Nitro ethane.
d) None of these.

7.Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with hypophosphorous acid to give.

a) Phenol.
b) Chlorobenzene.
c) Benzene.
d) Nitrobenzene.
8. On treating aniline with nitrous acid and HCl at 0 to 50C gives.

a) An alcohol.
b) Diazonium Salt.
c) Aniline hydrogen chloride.
d) Nitro Aniline.

9.The reaction of diazonium salt with Cu/HCl is known as:

a) Perkin reaction
b) Claisen reaction.
c) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction.
d) Gattermanns reaction.

10.Ethylamine undergoes oxidation in the presence of KMnO4 to give.

a) Acid
b) Alcohol.
c) Aldehyde.
d) Carboxylic acid.

11.The pkb value is highest for.

a) Paramethoxy aniline.
b) Para chloro aniline.
c) para Nitro aniline.
d) Paramethyl aniline.

12.Which of the following amine cannot be prepared by Gabriel Phthalimide synthesis?

a) Isobutyl amine.
b) Tertiary Butylamine
c) Benzyl amine
d) Aniline.

13. Which of the following will not show coupling reaction with benzene diazonium salt?

a) Phenol
b) Benzene
c) Aniline
d) Benzyl alcohol

14.Which of the following reagent can be used to convert ethanamide into methylamine?

a) P2O5
b) Conc. H2SO4
c) NaOH + Br2
d) NaoH/CaO

15. Conversion of benzene diazonium salt into fluro benzene by using HBF4 is known as:

a) Sandmeyer’s reaction.
b) Coupling reaction.
c) Balz Schieman reaction.
 d) Hunsdiecker’s reaction.

16. Assertion: Aliphatic primary amines can be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.

Reason: Aryl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution with anion formed by phthalamide.

17. Assertion: N Ethyl benzene sulphonamide is soluble in alkali.

Reason: The hydrogen attached to the nitrogen in sulfonamide is a strongly acidic.

18. Assertion: Acetylation of aniline gives a mono substituted product.

Reason: Activation effect of NHCOCH3 group is more than that of amino group.

19. Assertion: -NH2 group is ortho and para directing in electrophilic substitution reaction.

Raeson: Aniline cannot undergo Friedel crafts reaction.

20. Assertion. Diethyl amine is more basic than triethylamine in aqueous solution.

Reason. In the ethyl amine there is more steric hindrance and + I effect.

1.c 2.c 3.d 4.d 5.c 6.a 7.c 8.b 9.d 10.c
11.a 12.d 13.d 14.c 15.c 16.c 17.a 18.a 19.b 20.c

2 Marks Questions

21.Give the chemical equations for the following rections:

a) Carbylamine reaction

b) Gabriel, phthalimide synthesis.

Ans: a) Carbylamine reaction: In this reaction aliphatic or aromatic primary amines will react with
CHCl3 + KOH to form isocyanides with unpleasant odour.

R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → R-NC + 3KCl + 3H2O

CH3-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → CH3-NC + 3KCl + 3H2O

b) Gabriel, Phthalimide Synthesis:

22. Distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Primary, secondary and tertiary amines can be distinguished on the basis of Hinsberg’s reagent test

10 amines will react with Hinsberg’s reagent to form soluble ppts in NaOH

20 amines will react with Hinsber’s reagent to form insoluble ppt in NaOH

30 amines will not react with the Hinsberg’s reagent.

R-NH2 + C6H5SO2Cl→ R-NHSO2C6H5 + HCl

soluble in NaOH

R2 NH + C6H5SO2Cl→ R2 NSO2C6H5 + HCl

Insoluble in NaOH

23.Why are aryl amines less basic than alkyl amines?

Ans: Aryl amines are less basic as compared to the aliphatic amines.In case of aryl amines the electron
density on the nitrogen atom is delocalized throughout the aromatic ring. The lone pairs present on the
nitrogen atom are involved in resonance,hence less readily available for donation.

While in case of the aliphatic amines no delocalisation of the electron density on the nitrogen atom will
be there moreover R alkyl group attached will have + I effect which will increase the the electron
density on the nitrogen atom.

24. Explain the following.

a) Why is it difficult to prepare pure amine by ammonolysis of alkyl halide?

b) Why Gabriel phthalimide synthesis not preferred for preparing aromatic primary amines?

Ans:a) It is difficult to prepare pure amine by ammonolysis of alkyl halide because by the
ammonolysis of alkyl halides mixture of primary secondary and tertiary amines are formed.

R-X + NH3 R-NH2 R-X R2NH R-X R3N R-X R4N+X-

-HX -HX -HX -HX

The separation of these amines is very difficult so it is very difficult to prepare pure amine by using this
method.
b) For the preparation of aromatic amines by using Gabriel Phthalimide synthesis aryl halides are
required. The aryl halides donot undergo nucleophillic substitution reaction under normal conditions,
therefore the reaction does not occur and aromatic amines cannot be prepared by using Gabriel
phthalimide synthesis.

25. a) Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of basic strength:

C6H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C2H5NH2

b)) Arrange the following compounds in a decreasing order of pKb values:

C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C6H5NH2

Ans: a) C6H5NH2< C6H5NHCH3< C2H5NH2<(C2H5)2NH

b) C6H5NH2 >C6H5NHCH3 >C2H5NH2> (C2H5)2NH

26.Write equations for

(a) Gabriel phthalimide reaction
(b) Hofmann bromamide reaction
Ans:a)

b) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction:

R-CONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH → R-NH2 + 2KBr + K2CO3 + 2 H2O

CH3-CONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH → CH3-NH2 + 2KBr + K2CO3 + 2 H2O

27. Answer the following;

a) What is the composition of Hinsberg reagent?
b) Out of aniline and methylamine which one is more basic and why?
Ans: a) The composition of Hinsbergs reagent is benzene sulphonylchloride
C6H5SO2Cl
b) Methylamine will bestronger base than aniline because lone pair of electrons present on the
nitrogen are readily available for donation in case of methyl amine while in case of aniline lone pair of
electrons are involved in resonance.

28. Give a chemical test to distinguish between each of the following pairs of
compounds:
(a) Aniline and ethylamine
(b) Ethylamine and dimethylamine
: a) Azo-dye test
b) Carbylamine test-

29.Complete the following reaction equations:

(i) C6H5N2Cl + H3PO2 + H2O →
(ii) C6H5 CONH2 + Br2 (aq) + KOH →

Ans: ) C6H5N2Cl + H3PO2 + H2O →C6H6 + N2

(ii) C6H5 CONH2 + Br2 (aq) + 4KOH → C6H5NH2 + 2KBr + K2CO3 + 2H2O

30. Illustrate the following with an example of reaction in each case:

(i) Sandmeyer’s reaction
(ii) Coupling reaction.

Ans: (i) Sandmeyer’s reaction:In this reaction Benzene diazonium salt is treated with Cu2Cl2/HCl
to form haloarene.

(ii) Coupling reaction.

31. Write equation involved in diazotization? Why ice cold condition has to be maintained in the
diazotisation reaction of aniline?

Ans:
32. How will you carry out following conversions?

a) Methyl amine to methanol

b) Methylamine into ethyl amine.

Ans: a) Methyl amine to methanol

CH3NH2 + HNO2 → CH3OH + N2 + H2O

b) Methylamine into ethyl amine.

HONO SOCl2 KCN
CH3NH2 CH3OH CH3Cl CH3CN LiAlH4 CH3CH2NH2

3 Marks Questions

33.Complete the following reactions.

Ans:

34. Observe the following tableshowing boiling points of butane, isopropyl alcohol, 1°,2° and
3 ° amines. Answer the questions that follow based on table and related concepts.
 a)Arrange the amines shown in table in increasing order of boiling points.
b) Why amines have higher boiling point than alkanes of comparable molar mass?
c) Out of isopropyl alcohol and isopropylamine,which has higher boiling point and why?

Ans: a)CH3CH2CH2CH3< (CH3)3N <C2H5NHCH3< CH3(CH2)2NH2<CH3CH(OH)CH3

b)amines have H-bonding whereas alkanes have weak dispersion forces.

c) Isopropyl alcohol has higher boiling point because oxygen has higher electronegativity than
nitrogen so forms stronger H-bond.

35.Complete the following reactions

a) CH3-C≡ 𝑁 + 4[H]→?

b) CH3-CO-NH2 LiAlH4 ?

c) CH3-CO-NH2 +Br2 + KOH ?

Ans:
a) CH3-C≡ 𝑁 + 4[H]→ CH3-CH2NH2

b) CH3-CO-NH2 LiAlH4 CH3CH2NH2

c) CH3-CO-NH2 +Br2 + 4KOH CH3-NH2 + 2KBr + K2CO3 + 2 H2O

36. An aromatic compound JA’ of molecular formula C7H7ON undergoes a series of

reactions as shown below. Write the structures of A, B, C, D and E in the following
reactions

Ans:
37. What happens when :

(i) N-ethylethanamine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride.

(ii) Benzylchloride is treated with ammonia followed by the reaction with Chloromethane.

(iii) Aniline reacts with chloroform in the presence of alcoholic potassium hydroxide.

Ans:i) (CH3-CH2)2NH + C6H5SO2Cl→ (CH3-CH2)2NSO2C6H5 + HCl

N,N Diethyl benzenesulphonamide insoluble in NaOH will be formed

38. How are the following conversions carried out :

(i) Nitrobenzene to acetanilide

(ii) Methanol to Ethanoic acid
(iii) Benzene to Sulphanilic acid

Ans. (i)

ii)

iii)

39. An aromatic compound A on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating forms Compound
B. Which on heating with Br2 and KOH which forms a compound C of molecular formula
C6H7N.Write the structures and IUPAC names of the compounds A,B&C. Also write the sequence
of the reaction.

Ans: ---COOH + NH3→ ---CONH2 Br2 + KOH

A B

__NH2

C
A: Benzoic acid

B: Benzamide

C: Benzene amine

40. An aromatic compound A on heating with bromine and KOH forms a compound B of
molecular mass C6H7N which on reacting with. CHCl3 and alcoholic KOH produces a foul
smelling compound C. Write the structures and sequence of reactions of A,B,C.

---CONH2 Br2 + KOH --NH2 CHCl3 + KOH

A Benzamide B Aniline

---NC

Phenyl isocyanide.

5- MARKS QUESTIONS:

41. Account for the following:

(i) Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction.
(ii) Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic amines.
(iii) pKb of methylamine is less than that of aniline.
(iv) Aniline on nitration gives considerable amount of meta product along with ortho
and para
(v) Aniline is less basic than ammonia.
Ans:
(i) Aniline being a Lewis base, reacts with Lewis acid AlCl3 (catalyst) to form a salt. Due to
this N atom of aniline acquires positive charge and hence acts as a strong
deactivating group for further reaction.
(ii) The diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic amines
due to dispersal of the positive charge on the benzene ring. (Resonance)
(iii) In aniline due to resonance the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom are delocalized
over the benzene ring. As a result, the electron density on the nitrogen decreases. On the
other hand, in methyl amine +I effect of CH3 increases the electron density on the
nitrogen atom. Therefore, aniline is a weaker base than methyl amine and hence its pKb
value is higher than that of methyl amine
(iv) Aniline being basic, reacts with acid to form anilinium ion, which is meta directing.
(v) The lone pair of electrons on N in aniline are not readily available due to delocalization
with the benzene ring.

42. Arrange the following in the Decreasing order of given property indicated:
i. C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2 NH, ( C2H5)3N ( Basic strength in aqueous solution )
ii. C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2 NH, ( C2H5)3N ( Basic strength in gas phase )
iii. Aniline , p - Touidine & p nitro Aniline ( Basic strength)
iv. C2H5OH , (CH3)2NH, C2H5NH2 ( Boiling point)
v. C6H5CH2NH2, C6H5NHCH3, C6H5NH2 ( solubility order)
 Ans:
i. (C2H5)2 NH > ( C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2
ii. ( C2H5)3N >(C2H5)2 NH >C2H5NH2
iii. p - Touidine >Aniline> p nitro Aniline
iv. C2H5OH >C2H5NH2> (CH3)2NH
v. C6H5CH2NH2 >C6H5NH2> C6H5NHCH3

43. A colourless substance ‘A’ (C6H7N) is sparingly soluble in water and, when treated with
mineral acid, yields a water-soluble compound ‘B.’ When ‘A’ reacts with CHCl3 and
alcoholic potash, it emits an unpleasant odour due to the formation of compound ‘C.’ The
reaction of ‘A’ with benzene sulphonyl chloride produces compound ‘D,’ which is soluble
in alkali. ‘A’ forms compound ‘E’ with NaNO2 and HCI, which reacts with phenol in an
alkaline medium to produce ‘F’ orange dye. Identify compounds ‘A’ to ‘F’ in the above
reactions.
Ans:A = Aniline, B = Anilinium chloride, C = Benzeneisonitrile
D = N-phenylbenzenesulphonamide, E = Benzenediazonium chloride
F = Para Hydroxy Azobenzene
44. a) Write the structures of main products when benzene diazonium chloride
reacts with the following reagents:
i) H3PO2 + H2O
ii) CuCN/KCN
iii) H2O

(b) Arrange the following in the increasing order of their basic character in an
aqueous solution: C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N

(c) Give a simple chemical test to distinguish between the following pair of
compounds: C6H5─NH2 and C6H5─NH─CH3

Ans: i) C6H5N2Cl + H3PO2 + H2O → C6H6

ii) C6H5N2Cl + CuCN/KCN→ C6H5CN

iii) C6H5N2Cl + H2O → C6H5OH

b) C2H5NH2< (C2H5)3N <(C2H5)2NH,

c) C6H5N2Cl will give coupling reaction to form orange color dye

while C6H5─NH─CH3 will not give this test..

CASE BASED QUESTIONS: 4 Marks

45. Primary and secondary amines are engaged in intermolecular association due to hydrogen
bonding between nitrogen of one and hydrogen of another molecule. This intermolecular
association is more in primary amines than in secondary amines as there are two hydrogen atoms
available for hydrogen bond formation in it. Tertiary amines do not have intermolecular
association due to the absence of hydrogen atom available for hydrogen bond formation.
Observe the histogram showing boiling points of pentane, iso pentane, 1°,2° and 3 ° amines.
Answer the questions based on table and related concepts.
 (a) Why does CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 has higher boiling point than (C2H5)2NH and
C2H5N(CH3 )2?
(b) Why does ethanol have higher boiling point than ethanamine?
(c) Why amines are more basic than alcohol?
(d) Why are Primary amines more soluble in water than 2° and 3° amines?
OR
(d) Arrange the compounds shown in graph, increasing order of boiling points. Give reason.
Ans: (a) Primary amines have higher boiling point than other amines because they have
greater tendency to form intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
(b) Because of higher electronegativity of oxygen, ethanol form stronger hydrogen bond than
ethanamine hence ethanol has higher boiling point.
(c) Because Amines can easily donate electron pair due to less electronegativity of Nitrogen.
(d) Primary amines have higher solubility than other amines because they have greater
tendency to form intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
OR
(d) C2H5CH(CH3)2, <CH3 (CH2)3CH3<C2H5N((CH3)2 <(C2H5)2NH<C4H9NH2

46 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Amines are alkyl or aryl derivatives of ammonia formed by replacement of one or more
hydrogen atoms. Alkyl derivatives are called aliphatic amines and aryl derivatives are known
as aromatic amines. The presence of aromatic amines can be identified by performing dye test.
Aniline is the simplest example of aromatic amine. It undergoes electrophilic substitution
reactions in which - NH2 group strongly activates the aromatic ring through delocalisation of
lone pair of electrons of N-atom. Aniline undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions at ortho
and para positions to the -NH2 group that become centres of high electrons density. Thus, -
NH2 group is ortho and para-directing and powerful activating group

i). Cyclohexylamine and aniline can be distinguished by

(a) Hinsberg Reagent (b) Carbyl Amine reaction (c) Lassaigne Test (d) Azo dye test

ii). Which one of the following compounds gives dye test ?

(a) Aniline (b) Methyl amine (c) Diphenyl amine (d) Ethyl amine

iii). Under which of the following reaction conditions, aniline gives p-nitro derivative as the
major product?
a) Acetyl chloride/pyridine followed by reaction with conc. H 2 SO4 + conc. HNO3 .
b) By reaction with conc. H2SO4 + conc. HNO3 .
c) Dil. HCl followed by reaction with conc. H2 SO4 + conc. HNO3 .
d) Reaction with conc. HNO3 + conc.H2SO4 .
iv). Why does Polyhalogenated product is obtained when aniline react with Bromine water.How
can para Bromo Aniline be obtained from aniline.
Ans.
i (d) ii.(a) iii) a
iv). Due to activating effect of NH2 group. Para bromo aniline can be obtained by acetylation
of aniline .

47.: Amines are basic in nature. The reaction of amines with mineral acids to form ammonium salts
shows that these are basic in nature. Amines have an unshared pair of electrons on nitrogen
 atom due to which they behave as Lewis base. Basic character of amines can be better
understood in terms of their Kb and pKb values as explained below:
pKb = –log Kb
Table relates various amines with pKb values. Study this table and answer the questions
related to table and studied concepts.
Compounds pKb
Ammonia 4.75
CH3NH2 3.38
(CH3)2NH 3.27
(CH3)3N 4.22
CH3CH2NH2 3.29
(C2H5 )2NH 3.00
(C2H5 )3N 3.25
C6H5NH2 9.38
C6H5NHCH3 9.30
C6H5N(CH3 )2 8.92
C6H5CH2NH2 4.70
p-nitro aniline 13.0
p- Toluidine 9.21
p-Anisidine 8.71

(i) On the basis of above data which one is the most basic in nature :
(a) p-nitro aniline(b) p- Toluidine
(c) p-Anisidine(d) Aniline
(ii) Arrange these compounds in increasing order of Basic strength.
(a) Aniline (b) Methyl Aniline (c) Dimethyl Aniline
(iii) Explain why pkb of Benzyl amine is less than that of Aniline?
Ans:
(i) c
(ii) Aniline < Methyl Aniline < Dimethyl Aniline .
(iii) Benzyl amine is aliphatic amine and is stronger base than aniline. In Aniline
delocalisation of electrons take place due to + R effect therefore, it is less basic. Stronger the
base and lesser the pkb value, therefore pKb of Benzyl amine is less than that of Aniline.

48. Attempts any five of the following questions :

(a) Aryl diazonium salts undergo reductive removal of the diazonium group in presence of weak
acids. Which product will be formed during this process?

(b) Write the chemical equation involved in the following reaction : Hofmann bromamide
degradation reaction .

(c) Two isomers, n- C4H9NH2 and (C2H5)2NH have molar mass of 73 each. Compare their boiling
point.

(d) Why is group of aniline acylated before carrying out nitration.

(e) Parul was given two test tubes.one of the test tube contained ethyl amine and the other
contained aniline.To distinguish between the two compounds,she adds a reagent X to both the test
tubes. She observes that in only one of the test tubes a yellow dye is formed.Identify the reagent X.
(f) Carry out the following conversion p-nitro toluene to 2-bromo benzoic acid.

(g) Identify the best reagent to convert nitrile to primary amine?

Ans: (a) Benzene

(b) CH3CONH2+Br2+4NaOH⟶CH3NH2+2NaBr+Na2CO3+2H2O

(c)The boiling point of n- C4H9NH2 is higher than that of (C2H5)2NH.

(d) To protect the lone pair of nitrogen.Direction nitration of aniline yields carries oxidation products in
addition to the nitro derivatives. Moreover, in the strongly acidic medium, aniline is protonated to form the
anilinium ion which is meta directing.

(e) Benzene diazonium chloride

(f)

(g) Na/C2H5OH OR LiAlH4

49. Amines are classified according to the number of carbon atoms bonded directly to the
nitrogen atom. Primary, secondary and tertiary amines have one, two and three alkyl groups
on the nitrogen atom respectively. The alkyl groups affect physical and chemical properties
of amines. We can distinguish among primary, secondary and tertiary amines by chemical
tests.
a) Which gas is produced when primary amines react with nitrous acid?

b) Write IUPAC name of (CH3)3N.

c) Write chemical equation for ammonolysis of alkyl halide. Why is it not advantageous to
prepare pure amines?

d) Give one example each for aliphatic and aromatic amines. Name the chemical test to
distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic amines.

Ans: a) Nitrogen gas.

b) N,N dimethylmethanamine.

c) RX + NH3 → RNH2 + HX
Mixture of amines is produced.
 d) CH3CH2NH2 is an aliphatic amine while Aniline is an aromatic amine

and bothe can be distinguished on the basis of Dye test.

50. Pihu was given two test tubes. One of the test tubes contained ethyl amine and the other
contained aniline. To distinguish between the two compounds, she adds a reagent X to both the
test tubes. She observes that in only one of the test tubes a yellow dye is formed.

(a) Identify the reagent X.

(b) Describe how this reagent is prepared and give a reason why it is not readily available in a
laboratory.

(c) Which of the two compounds forms the yellow dye?

(d) Draw the structure of the yellow dye formed.

Ans:(a) Benzenediazonium chloride

(b) Benzendiazonium chloride is prepared by adding sodium nitrite to a mixture of aniline in

hydrochloric acid at 0 °C - 5 °C.

Benzenediazonium chloride is very unstable and therefore is prepared and used immediately.

(c) Aniline reacts with the reagent to form the yellow dye

(d)

**********************************************************************************
 NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA SAMITI
HYDERABAD REGION
STUDY MATERIALS FOR LOW ACHIEVERS
CLASS : XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
UNIT : BIOMOLECULES
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Two among the three components of DNA are β-D-2-deoxyribose and a heterocyclic base . The third
Component is :
a) Adenine b) Phosphoric acid c) Sulphuric acid d) Uracil

2. Which of the following is correct about cellulose?

a) It is an important food material
b ) It has only α -glycosidic linkage between two D-glucose unit
c) It has only β -glycosidic linkage between two D-glucose unit
d) It is sweet in taste

3. If a native protein is subjected to physical or chemical treatment which may disrupt its higherstructure
without affecting primary structure then this process is called
a)Inversion b) Denaturation c) Renaturation d) Fermentation

4. Ring structure of glucose is due to formation of hemiacetal and ring formation between
a) C 1 and C 5 b) C 1 and C 4 c) C 1 and C 3 d) C 2 and C 4

5. Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

a ) Asparagine b) Glutamine c) Histidine d) Alanine

6. Which of the following amino acid is optically inactive?

a) Lysine b)Glutamine c)Serine d) Glycine

7. Glycosidic linkage is present in

a) Proteins b) Lipids c) Carbohydrates d) Nucleic acids

8. Which of the following is basic amino acid?

a) Lysine b) Valine c) Aspartic acid d) Glycine

9. Which of the following disaccharide is called invert sugar?

a) Lactose b) Maltose c) Sucrose d) All of these

10. Tertiary structures of proteins is given by

a) α-helix b) Folding of secondary structure
c) β --pleated sheets d) All of these
11. Glucose when reacted with acetic anhydride forms
a) Diacetate b) Hexa-acetate c) Pentacetate d) Tetra-acetate
12. Complementary bases present in RNA are
a) Uracil & Adenine : Cytosine & Guanine
b) Thymine & Adenine : Guanine & Cytosine
c) Adenine & Thymine : Guanine & Uracil
d) Adenine & Guanine : Thymine & Cytosine
13. Branched chain structure is shown by
a) Amylopectin b) Cellulose c) Amylose d) Maltose

14. The number of amino acids required to form a tripeptide bond are
a) Seven b) Two c) Six d) Three

15. Open chain structure of glucose does not give

a) Schiff‘s test b) Bisulphite addition product with NaHSO3
c) 2, 4 DNP test d) All of these

16. The two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differing only in the configuration of the
hydroxyl group at C-1 are called
a) Anomers b) Enantiomers c) Epimers d) Metamers

17. Glucose reacts with HCN to give

a) Saccharic acid b) n-hexane c) Cyanohydrin d) Gluconic acid

18. Which structure of proteins not involve in denaturation?

a) Primary structure b) Secondary structure
c) Tertiary structure d) Both Secondary structure and Tertiary structure

19. Cane sugar on hydrolysis gives

a) Fructose + Glucose b) Fructose + Fructose
c) Glucose + Glucose d) Glucose + Lactose

20. Enzymes in the living systems

a) Provide energy b) Provide immunity
c) Transport oxygen d) Catalyse biological reactions

21. Which of the following is not an amino acid?

a) Glycine b) Alanine c) Histidine d) Benzidine

22. Alpha-helical structure of protein is stabilized by

a) Peptide bond b) Dipeptide bond c) van der Waal‘s forces d) Hydrogen bond

23. Which functional groups of glucose interact to form cyclic hemiacetal leading to pyranose structure ?
a) Aldehyde group and hydroxyl group at C - 4
b) Aldehyde group and hydroxyl group at C - 5
c) Keto group and hydroxyl group at C - 4
d) Keto group and hydroxyl group at C – 5
24. Which of the following is correct about Hydrogenbonding in nucleotide .
a) A.T G.C b) A.G T.C c) G.T A.C d ) A.A T.T
25. Which amino acids are called non essential .
a) those which can be synthesized in the body.
b) those which have more amino groups as com-pared to carboxyl groups
c) those which have equal number of amino acid and carboxyl groups
d) None of these

ANSWERS
1 - b , 2 - c , 3 – b , 4 - a , 5 - c , 6 - d , 7 - c , 8 - a , 9 - c , 10 – b , 11 – c , 12 – d
13 - a , 14 – d , 15 – d , 16 – a , 17 – c , 18 - a , 19 – a , 20 – d , 21 – b , 22 - d , 23 - b , 24 – a
25 - a

ASSERTION – REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Directions: Each of the following questions contains an assertion followed by a reason. Read
them carefully and answer the questions on the basis of the followingoptions.

a) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation ofassertion.
b) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanationof the
assertion.
c) Assertion is true and the reason is false.
d) Assertion is false and the reason is true.

1. Assertion : D (+) Glucose is dextrorotatory in nature.

Reason : ‘D’ represents its dextrorotatory nature.

2. Assertion : Sucrose is a non reducing sugar .

Reason : Sucrose has glycosidic linkage.

3. Assertion : Except glycine all naturally occurring alpha amino acids are optically active.
Reason : Most naturally occurring amino acids have L configuration.

4. Assertion : Vitamin C can not be stored in our body.

Reason : Vitamin C is fat soluble and is excreted from the body in urine.

5. Assertion : Albumin is a globular protein .

Reason : Polypeptide chains coil around to give a straight chain.

6. Assertion :Two strands of DNA are complimentary but not identical.

Reason : Bonds are formed between specific pairs of bases.

7. Assertion : Enzymatic action is highly specific.

Reason : Enzymes are active at optimum condition.
8. Assertion : Glycine must not be taken through diet.
Reason : It is a non essential amino acid .

9. Assertion : Fructose is a keto hexose.

Reason : Fructose contain six carbon atoms including a keto group .

10. Assertion : Alanine is an acidic amino acid.

Reason : Alanine contain -NH2 group on the carbon bearing –COOH.

ANSWERS

1 - A , 2 – B , 3 – B , 4 – C , 5 - C , 6 – A , 7 – B , 8 – A , 9 - A , 10 - D

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ( 2 MARKS )

1. What are nucleic acids? Mention their two important functions.
Ans. Nucleic acids are biomolecules which are found in the nuclei of all living cells. They are
polymers composed of repeating units called nucleotides. Nucleic acids play a very vital
role in the transmission of the hereditary characteristics and the biosynthesis of proteins.

2. What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?

Ans. A nucleotide has their units–phosphate group, pentose sugar and a base, whereas
nucleoside has two units–pentose sugar and a base.

3. How do you explain the presence of an aldehydic group in a glucose molecule ?

Ans.Glucose reacts with hydroxylamine to form a monoxime and adds one molecule of
hydrogen cyanide to give cyanohydrin so it contains a carbonyl group which can be an
aldehyde or a ketone. On mild oxidation with bromine water, glucose gives gluconic acid
which is a six carbon carboxylic acid. Thus indicates that carbonyl group present in
glucose is an aldehydicgroup.

4. Amino acids behave like salts rather than simple amines or carboxylic acids. Explain.
Ans : This behavior is due to the presence of both acidic and basic groups in the same molecule.
In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group loses a proton and amino group accepts a proton to form
a zwitter ion.

5. Name two fat soluble vitamins, their sources and the diseases caused due to their deficiency
in diet.
Ans.Examples of fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A and D.
Their sources; A = Carrot, Papaya , Their deficiency in diet causes Xeropthalmia.
D = Milk,Sunlight, Egg , Their deficiency in diet causes Rickets

6. List two characteristic features of enzymes.

Ans. (i) Enzymes are highly specific for a particular reaction and for a particular substrate.
(ii) Very small amount of enzyme is required for the process of a reaction./ Highly active
at optimum temperature and pH.
7. Explain what is meant by a peptide linkage.

Proteins are the polymers of α-amino acids linked by amide formation between carboxyl and
amino group. This is called peptide linkage or peptide bond e.g.,Gly-Ala

8. Give the preparation of glucose from starch. Name the two components of starch.
Ans. Commercially glucose is obtained by hydrolysis of starch by boiling it with
dilute H2SO4at393 K under pressure. Components of starch are Amylose and
amylopectin.

9. Explain what is meant by the following: pyranose structure of glucose?

Ans. The six membered cyclic structure of glucose is called pyranose structure (α- or β-), in
analogy with heterocyclic compound pyran.The two pyranose structures of Glucose are
termed as ANOMERS.

10. Write the reactions showing the presence of following in the open structure of glucose :
i) a carbonyl group ii) Straight chain with six carbon atoms
Ans. i) Glucose react with NH2OH to give oxime, indicates the presence of Carbonyl group.
ii) Glucose when heated with HI gives n-hexane, indicates the presence of Straight chain
with six carbon atoms

11. Write the name of linkage joining (i) two monosaccharides and (ii) two amino acid units.
Ans: i) Glycosidic linkage ( - O - ) and ii) Peptide linkage ( - C O - N H - )

12. Write the reactions showing the presence of following in the open structure of glucose :
(i) A carbonyl group
(ii) a primary alcohol

1) Carbonyl group

ii) A primary alcoholic group.

On oxidation with Nitric acid (HNO3),glucose as well as gluconic acid both yield
a dicarboxylic acid (saccharic acid). This indicates the presence of a primary alcoholic group in
glucose.
 13. What type of protein is present in keratin ? Write the reactions showing the presence of
following in the open chain structure of glucose :
(i) five –OH groups (ii) a carbonyl group .
.
Ans: Keratin is a fibrous protein
i) Acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride gives glucose penta acetate which confirms the
presence of five-OH groups.

ii) Glucose add a molecule of hydrogen cyanide to form Cyanohydrin.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ( 3 MARKS )

1. What are the hydrolysis products of DNA ?
i) What happens when D-glucose is treated with Bromine water ?
ii) What is the effect of denaturation on the structure of proteins ?

Ans: i) Nitrogenous base, Pentose sugar and Phophoric acid.

(ii)Gluconic acid is formed
(iii) Primary structure remains intact whereas the higher order structures are destroyed.
2. Write chemical reactions to show that open structure of D-glucose contains the following :
(ii) Straight chain (ii) Five alcohol groups (iii) Aldehyde as carbonyl group
Ans: i )

ii)

iii)

3. Account for the following :

i) Carbohydrates are generally optically active.
ii) Hydrolysis of cane sugar is otherwise called inversion.
iii) Cellulose does not nourish to human.
Ans : i) As they contain asymmetric carbon atoms.
ii) Cane sugar or sucrose is dextrorotatory. Of the two products of hydrolysis, glucose is
dextrorotatory and fructose is laevo rotatory. The laevo rotatory power of fructose outweighs
the dextro rotatory power of glucose . Therefore the net effect is a change from dextro to laevo
hence called inversion.
iii) As human body does not contain the enzyme required to digest cellulose.
 4. i) Give any one property of glucose that cannot be explained by the open s t r u c t u r e .
ii) Compare amylose with amylopectin in terms of constituting structure.
iii) Why do amino acids show amphoteric behaviour ?

Ans: i) Glucose does give 2, 4-DNP test, Shiff's test and it does not form the bisulphite
addition product with NaHSO3
ii) Amylose is a linear polymer, whereas amylopectin is a branched chain
polymer
iii) Amino acids have amino (−NH2) group, basic in nature and accepts a
proton and - COOH group loses a proton forming a dipolar ion, called the Zwitter ion.

5. i) Which polysaccharide component of carbohydrates is commonly present in bread ?

ii) Write the two types of secondary structures of proteins.
iii) Give two examples of water soluble vitamins.

Ans: i) The main component of polysaccharide present in bread is starch.

ii) The most common types of secondary structures are the α helix and the β pleated sheet.
iii) Vitamin B and C

6. Amino acids may be acidic, alkaline or neutral, how does this happen ?
What areessential and nonessential amino acids? Name one of each type.

Ans: Amino acids may be acidic, basic, or neutral depending upon the relative number of
amino and carboxyl groups present in the molecule. An equal number of amino and carboxyl
groups makes it neutral, more amino than carboxyl groups makes it basic and morecarboxylic
groups as compared to amino groups make it acidic.

Essential Amino Acids: Amino acids which can't be created in our body but can only be
received from proper food or diet are called Essential Amino Acids.

Examples- Histidine, Isoleucine, Lysine.

Non- essential amino acids: Amino acids that can be created in our body itself are Non- essential
amino acids.
Examples- Glycine ,alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid.

7. Define following terms-

i) Invert sugar ii) Glycosidic linkage iii) oligosaccharides

Ans: i) Invert sugar:Sucrose is dexorotatory which on hydrolysis gives glucose and fructose.
This mixture is laevorotatary so it is called invert sugar.

ii) Glycosidic linkage: The oxide linkage formed by the loss of a water molecule when two
monosaccharides are joined together through oxygen atom is called glycosidic linkage.

iii) Oligosaccharides :Carbohydrates which gives 2 to 10 monosaccharide units on

hydrolysis.
Examples – Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
 8. i) Give one structural difference between amylose and amylopectin.
ii) Name protein and its shapes present in oxygen carrier in human body.
iii) Name two fat storing tissues in human body.

Ans: i) Amylose is a long unbranched chain polymer of α-D (+) glucose.

Amylopectin is a branched chain polymer of α-D glucose.
ii) Globular protein and its shape is spherical.
iii) Liver and adipose tissue.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

I. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Biomolecules are the organic compounds present as essential constituents of living

organisms in different cells, they include carbohydrate, proteins ,enzymes, nucleic acids, vitamins,
hormones etc. Glycosidic linkage and peptide bonds are two types of covalent bonds which can
be found in living systems. The formation of both these bonds involve removal of water
molecules. But the two bonds are different from each other and play a very important role in the
existence of living organisms on the earth. There are 13 vitamins known till today four of which
are fat soluble (A,D,E,K) and rest of which are water soluble.
Answer the following questions
(a) Name the linkage connecting monosaccharide units in polysaccharides. 1
(b) Name the vitamins that are stored in liver and adipose tissues. (any two) 1
(c) Differentiate between peptide linkage and glycosidic linkage. Give two points. 2
OR
What happens when glucose reacts with acetic anhydride ? What does it suggest
about the structure of glucose.
Ans:
(a) Glycosidic linkage.
(b) Vitamin A,D,E,K
(c) Peptide linkage is found between amino acids for their linkage, it is between -COOH
& -NH2 functional group forming –CONH- linkage.

Glycosidic Linkage-It links monosaccharide units and there is –O—linkage.

OR
It gives glucose pentaacetate which has five acetyl group in structure it suggests
presence of five - OH groups at different carbon atoms.

II. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose is the most
abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is mainly made by plants and
most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight,
where it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world. In
energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose for
metabolism is stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin, and in animals. as
glycogen. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form
of glucose is D-glucose, while L-glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts
and is less biologically active. Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an
aldehyde group, and is therefore an aldo hexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-
chain (acyclic) as wellas ring (cyclic) form. Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free
state in fruits and other parts of plants. In animals, glucose is released from the breakdown of
glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis.

Answer the following questions:

i) Glucose does not give 2, 4-DNP test and Schiff‘s test. Why ?
ii) What type of linkage is there is in amylopectin ?
iii) How do anomers differ from epimers ?
OR
iii) Write two function of carbohydrates in plants.
Ans:
i) Because glucose has a cyclic structure in which –CHO group is not free because it
forms a hemiacetal linkage with—OH group at C—5.
ii) Glycosidic linkage
iii) Anomers: Carbohydrates which differ in configuration at the glycosidic carbon
(i.e, C1 in aldoses and C2 in ketoses) are anomers.
Epimers: Carbohydrates which differ in configuration at any asymmetric carbon
atom other than glycosidic carbon are called epimers.
OR
iii) 1. They act as main source of energy and is reserve food material in plants
2. Cellulose act as the main material in the cell wall of plants.

III. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Nucleic acids are giant biomolecules made of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides
have three components: pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
The nucleic acids are of two major types: natural and synthetic nucleic acids. The natural nucleic
acids are the two known types: ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The
pentose sugar in RNA is ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose. The other difference is found in
the nitrogenous base component. While the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine are
identified in both DNA and RNA, thymine is found only in DNA, and uracil is found only in RNA

Answer the following questions:

1) What is nucleoside ?
2) Which nitrogenous base only found in DNA but not in RNA ?
3) What are the differences between DNA and RNA ?
OR
Why DNA is called master molecules?
 Ans :
1. It ia a combination of Pentose sugar and Nitrogeneous Base.
2. Uracil
3. DNA is deoxyribo nucleic acid. It is having double helical structure. The sugar unit present in
in DNA is β- D- 2-Deoxy ribose. The base units are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
RNA is Ribonucleic acid . It is single stranded . The sugar unit present in RNA is β-D-Ribose.
The base units are adenine, guanine,cytosine and uracil.

OR

Molecules of DNA are present in all organisms from viruses and bacteria to human beings.These
molecules control the functioning, growth and division of the cell.Genes present in the DNA are
also responsible for transfer of hereditary characteristics from parents to off springs.

IV. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

When a protein in its native form, is subjected to physical changes like change in
temperature or chemical changes like change in pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. Due to
this, globules unfold and helix gets uncoiled and protein loses its biological activity. This is called
the denaturation of protein. The denaturation causes change in secondaryand tertiary structures
but primary structures remain intact. Examples of denaturation of protein are coagulation of egg
white on boiling, curdling of milk, formation of cheese when an acid is added to milk.

a) What type of structure is possessed by the protein insulin ?

b) Which structure of proteins remains intact during the denaturation process?
c) What type of structure is α -helix and β-pleated structures of proteins?
OR
Why do amino acids have high melting points comparable to ionic solids?
Ans:
(a) Tertiary structure as it is a globular protein.
(b) Primary structure remains intact during the denaturation process.
(c) Secondary structure
OR

c) As they exists as Zwitter ion and have ionic species at lattice points which have
electrostatic attraction between them.
 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION ( 5 MARK )
1. (i) (a) What is the difference between native protein and denatured protein ?
(b) Which one of the following is a disaccharide ?
Glucose , Amylose , Maltose , Fructose
(c) Write the name of the vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood .
(ii) Define the following terms.
(a) Globular protein
(b) Nucleotide
Ans:
(i) (a) A protein with unique three dimensional structure and biological activity is called
native protein.
When a native protein is subjected to physical or chemical change its higher order
structures get destroyed and the protein loses its biological activity. The protein
thus formed is called denatured protein.
(b) Maltose
(c) Vitamin K
(ii) (a) A protein with spherical structure.
(b) It is the combination of a pentose sugar , Nitrogeneous base and phosphoric acid unit.

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