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Design of Footings Review

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50 views22 pages

Design of Footings Review

Uploaded by

Bij
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

DESIGN OF FOOTING

Prepared by: Engr. Prepared by: Andre


David Uriel JaysonAbad RCE
B. Bas
Types of Footing
Strip Footing
- also known as wall footings that display essentially
one-dimensional action, cantilevering out on each side
of the wall.

- Is a continuous strip of concrete that supports a


bearing wall.
Spread Footings
- are pads that distribute the column load in two
directions to an area of soil around the column.
Sometimes spread footings have pedestals, are
stepped, or are tapered to save materials.

is a square, rectangular, or circular slab of concrete that


supports an individual column. These are widely used
for columns with light load and are not closely spaced.
Combined Footings
- transmit the loads from two or more columns to the
soil. Such a footing is often used when one column is
close to a property line.

- Is a longer rectangular slab strip that supports two or


more individual columns.
Mat or Raft Foundation
- transfers the loads from all the columns in a building
to the underlying soil. Mat foundations are used when
very weak soils are encountered.

- Is a single thick mat or slab that supports the entire


structure. This kind of foundation is used where soil
strength is low or where column loads are large but
where piles or caissons are not used. For these types of
footings, the excavations are deep. The goal is to
remove an amont of earth approximately equal to the
building weight.
Pile Caps
- Are slabs of reinforced concrete
used to distribute column loads to group
of piles.
Soil pressure under footing

Footing on sand Footing on clay

- The sand near the edges of the - As the footing is loaded, the soil
footing tends to displace laterally under the footing deflects in a bowl
when the footing is loaded, causing shaped depression, relieving the
a decrease in soil pressure near the pressure under the middle of the
edges. footing.
Design Methods
1. Allowable Stress Design
- footing design is based on the allowable stresses 𝑃𝑠 - is the specified (unfactored) load
acting on the soil at unfactored or service loads. For acting on the footing. Section 2.4.1 of
a concentrically loaded spread footing, ASCE 7 gives an updated set of load
combinations for allowable stress
design [15-3].

෍ 𝑃𝑠 ≤ 𝑞𝑎 𝐴 𝑞𝑎 - is the allowable stress for the soil

𝐴 - area of footing in contact with soil


2. Limit-States Design
- Current estimates of values for shallow footings are as
follows:

Vertical resistance, ∅ = 0.5

Sliding resistance dependent on friction, with cohesion


equal to zero, ∅ = 0.8

Sliding resistance dependent on cohesion, with friction


equal to zero, ∅ = 0.6
Limit States for the Design of Foundations
1. Limit States Governed by the Soil
- Three primary limit states of the soil supporting an isolated foundation are;

1. A bearing failure of the soil under the footing.

2. A serviceability failure in which excessive differential settlement between


adjacent footings causes architectural or structural damage to the structure.

3. A bearing failure of the soil under the footing.


2. Limit States Governed by the Structure
- Three primary limit states of the soil supporting an isolated foundation are;

1. Flexural failure of the portions of the footing that project from the column
or wall.

2. Shear failure of the footing.

3. Bearing failure at member interfaces.

4. Inadequate anchorage of the flexural reinforcement in the footing.


Elastic Distribution of Soil Pressure under a Footing
The soil pressure under a footing is calculated by assuming linearly elastic action in
compression, but no tensile strength across the contact between the footing and the soil. If
the column load is applied at, or near, the middle of the footing, the stress, q, under the
footing is,

𝑃 𝑀𝑦
𝑞= ±
𝐴 𝐼
Where
P – vertical load, positive in compression
A – area of the contact surface between the soil and the footing
I - moment of inertia of this area
M – moment about the centroidal axis of the footing area
y – distance from the centroidal axis to the point where the
stresses are being calculated
a. Loads on footing b. Soil pressure distribution

c. Plan view showing Kern dimensions


Kern Distance
The moment, M, can be expressed as Pe, where e is the eccentricity of the load relative to
the centroidal axis of the area A. The maximum eccentricity e for which applies is that
which first causes q = 0 at some point. Larger eccentricities will cause a portion of the
footing to lift off the soil, because the soil–footing interface cannot resist tension. For a
rectangular footing, this occurs when the eccentricity exceeds,

𝑙 𝑏
𝑒𝑘 = , 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑘 =
6 6
Loads applied within the kern will cause compression over the entire area of the
footing.
Load and Resistance Factors for Footing Design
ACI Code load and resistance factors are given in ACI Code Sections 9.2 and 9.3. The
examples in this chapter are based on those load and resistance factors.
Gross and Net Soil Pressures

a. Self-weight and soil surcharge


b. Gross soil pressure
c. Net soil pressure
Development of Reinforcement
A footing may fail in shear as a wide beam, as shown in Fig. a or as a result of
punching, as shown in Fig. b. These are referred to as one-way shear and
two-way shear.
One-way Shear
A footing failing through one-way shear is designed as a beam.

𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑐 = 2𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝜆 = 1.0
𝑉𝑠 = 0
The inclined crack shown in Fig. a intercepts the bottom of the member about
d from the face of the column. As a result, the critical section for one-way
shear is located at d away from the face of the column or wall, as shown in
plan view in Fig. a.
Two-way Shear
The critical section for punching shear is at the face of the column, while the
critical loaded area is that lying outside the area of the portion punched
through the slab. To simplify the design equations, the critical-shear
perimeter for design purposes has been defined as lying d/2 from the face of
the column, as shown by the dashed line in Fig. b.
The length, 𝑏𝑜 , of this perimeter is:

𝑏𝑜 = 2 𝑐1 + 𝑑 + 2 𝑐2 + 𝑑

where c1 and c2 are the lengths of the sides of the column and d is the
average effective depth in the two directions.
END

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