ROBOTICS

Index
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- PRINCIPLE
- WORKING
- APPLICATIONS
- FUTURE PROSPECTS
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION

Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that

includes electronics engineering, mechanical
engineering and computer science and so on. This
branch deals with the design, construction, use to
control robots, sensory feedback and information
processing. These are some technologies which will
replace humans and human activities in coming years.

These robots are designed to be used for any purpose but

these are using in sensitive environments like bomb
detection, deactivation of various bombs etc. Robots
can take any form but many of them have given the
human appearance. The robots which have taken the
form of human appearance may likely to have the walk
like humans, speech, cognition and most importantly
all the things a human can do. Most of the robots of today
are inspired by nature and are known as bio-inspired
robots. Robotics is that branch of engineering that deals
with conception, design, operation, and
manufacturing of robots.
Robotics can take on a number of forms. A robot might
resemble a human or be in the form of a robotic
application, such as robotic process automation, which
simulates how humans engage with software to perform
repetitive, rules-based tasks.
While the field of robotics and exploration of the potential
uses and functionality of robots have grown substantially
in the 21st century ,the idea certainly isn’t new.
The goal of most robotics is to design machines that can
help and assist humans. Many robots are built to do jobs
that are hazardous to people, such as finding survivors
in unstable ruins, and exploring space, mines and
shipwrecks. Others replace people in jobs that are
boring, repetitive, or unpleasant, such as cleaning,
monitoring, transporting, and assembling. Today, robotics
is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances
continue; researching, designing, and building new robots
serve various practical purposes.
Within mechanical engineering, robotics is the design
and construction of the physical structures of robots,
while in computer science, robotics focuses on robotic
automation algorithms. Other disciplines contributing
to robotics
include electrical, control, software, information, ele
ctronic, telecommunication, computer, mechatronic
,and materials engineering.

ROBOTIC ASPECTS
Robotics usually combines three aspects of design work
to create robot systems:
1. Mechanical construction
2. Electrical aspect
3. Programming aspect
Let’s know all the three aspects in detail,
• Mechanical Construction

A frame, form or shape designed to achieve a particular

task. For example, a robot designed to travel across
heavy dirt or mud might use caterpillar tracks. Origami
inspired robots can sense and analyze in extreme
environments. The mechanical aspect of the robot is
mostly the creator's solution to completing the assigned
task and dealing with the physics of the environment
around it. Form follows function.
• Electrical Aspects
Electrical components that power and control the
machinery. For example, the robot with caterpillar
tracks would need some kind of power to move the
tracker treads. That power comes in the form of
electricity, which will have to travel through a wire and
originate from a battery, a basic electrical circuit. Even
petrol-powered machines that get their power mainly
from petrol still require an electric current to start the
combustion process which is why most petrol-powered
machines like cars, have batteries. The electrical aspect
of robots is used for movement (through motors), sensing
(where electrical signals are used to measure things like
heat, sound, position, and energy status), and operation
(robots need some level of electrical energy supplied to
their motors and sensors in order to activate and perform
basic operations)
• Programming aspects

A program is how a robot decides when or how to do

something. In the caterpillar track example, a robot that
needs to move across a muddy road may have the
correct mechanical construction and receive the correct
amount of power from its battery, but would not be able
to go anywhere without a program telling it to move.
Programs are the core essence of a robot, it could have
excellent mechanical and electrical construction, but if its
program is poorly structured, its performance will be very
poor (or it may not perform at all). There are three
different types of robotic programs: remote control,
artificial intelligence, and hybrid. A robot
with remote control programming has a preexisting
set of commands that it will only perform if and when it
receives a signal from a control source, typically a human
being with remote control.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The history of robots has its origins in the ancient

world. During the Industrial Revolution, humans
developed the structural engineering capability to
control electricity so that machines could be powered
with small motors. In the early 20th century, the notion of
a humanoid machine was developed.

ANCIENT HISTORY
 In the 4th century BC the
mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a
mechanical bird he called "The Pigeon", which was

propelled by steam.
 In China the Cosmic Engine, a 10-metre (33 ft) clock
tower built by Su Song in Kaifeng, China, in 1088 CE,

featured mechanical mannequins that chimed the

hours, ringing gongs or bells among other devices.
Among the best documented automata of ancient
China are that of Han Zhile, a Japanese who moved to
China in the early 9th century.
A diagram of su song's book of 1092 CE showing the inner workings of his clocktower

 Among the first verifiable automation is

a humanoid drawn by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–
1519) in around 1495. Leonardo's notebooks,
rediscovered in the 1950s, contain detailed drawings
of a mechanical knight in armor which was able to
sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw.
MODERN HISTORY
 In 1938 Willard V. Pollard filed the first patent
application for such an arm, the "Position Controlling
Apparatus" with electronic controllers, pneumatic
cylinder and motors that powered six axes of

motion.
 In 1951 Walter published the paper A Machine that
learns, documenting how his more advanced
mechanical robots acted as intelligent agent by
demonstrating conditioned reflex learning.
 In 1941 and 1942, Isaac Asimov formulated
the Three Laws of Robotics, and in the process
coined the word "robotics"

In 1969 Mechanical Engineering student Victor

Scheinman created the Stanford Arm,
recognized as the first electronic computer-
controlled robotic arm because the Unimate's
instructions were stored on a magnetic drum.

 In 1981 Takeo Kanade created the first "direct-

drive arm" . The first of its kind, the arm's motors
were contained within the robot itself, eliminating
long transmissions.
 The P series is a series of prototype humanoid
robots developed by Honda between 1993 and
2000. They were preceded by the Honda E
series (whose development was not revealed to the
public at the time) and followed by
the ASIMO series, then the world's most advanced
humanoid

 In 2000s, the new generation of robots robots like

Robonaut 2 are the first humanoid robots in the
history of robotics, they are used in space to help
astronauts
 In 2017, Franka emika designed Panda, a robotic
arm that was accessible for everyone. it is a capable
power tool, affordable even for small businesses,
operable within minutes and made for human
interaction.

PRINCIPLES
The Three Laws of Robotics (often shortened to The
Three Laws or Asimov's Laws) are a set of rules
devised by science fiction author Isaac Asimov, which
were to be followed by robots in several of his stories.
The rules were introduced in his 1942 short story

"Runaround"
The three laws are:

1. A robot may not injure a human being or,

through inaction, allow a human being to come
to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human
beings except where such orders would conflict
with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long
as such protection does not conflict with the
First or Second Laws.
The principles of robotics include ethical
considerations for robot designers, builders, and
users. These priniples include:

 Safety : Robots should be designed to be safe and

to ensure that they don't exploit vulnerable users by
evoking emotional responses or dependencies.

 Responsibility : Humans are responsible agents,

not robots, and it should always be possible to
determine who is legally responsible for a robot.

 Laws : Robots should be designed to comply with

existing laws, fundamental rights, and freedoms,
including privacy.

 Orders : Robots should obey orders given to them

by humans, except when those orders conflict with
the first law.

 Harm : Robots should not be designed primarily to

kill or harm humans, except in the interests of
national security

 Existence : Robots should protect their own

existence, as long as this doesn't conflict with the
first or second law.
WORKING
You can think of the robot as a machine with a computer
application operating it. The components of the robot
form two large groups: hardware and software

HARDWARE
A robot’s hardware includes the body, motors, and
sensors.
1.BODY
 The body shape depends on the type of robot or the
application field. Some examples of a robot's body
include, humanoid robots, arms only, legs only
robots, and wheeled robots. The body is mostly
covered by metal, plastic or some other material
(such as carbon fibre) that protects the inside of
the robot. An important aspect of the protection is
that with every additional gram, the motors and
energy consumption must be adjusted

2.MOTORS

Motors move the robot and its parts. There are

several types of motors that are applied in robotics,
including bidirectional step motors, rotational
motors, pumps, and vibrating disks. If the robot
has a complex body, several motors have to be
synchronised. The synchronisation of the motors is
typically performed on a micro-scale. This means
that the control of the motors for particular actions,
 like taking one step ahead with the left foot or lifting
the right arm, is predefined. When the robot is
performing complex tasks, a sequence of these
predefined tasks is executed in a custom order –
thus, the robot goes from A to B, or grabs some
object and brings it to the target area.

3.CENSORS

Sensors are used to collect data about the

environment, which can then be processed by the
computer so it can understand the environment and
perform actions accordingly. A wide range of sensors can
be built into robots, including cameras, microphones,
pressure sensors, thermometers, humidity meters,
position sensors, speed sensors, location sensors,
and tactile sensors, to name just a few.
 4.ENERGY

Energy is needed by the robot – without it, the robot cannot move
or think, which literally means running algorithms on the
computer. The energy source is usually electricity, from the
electrical network through wires, from a built-in battery, or from
solar power. Sometimes robots are operated by gas. The
purpose of the robot usually defines which option is better.

SOFTWARE
Software controls the robot. Without software, the robot won't be
able to operate. In many cases, the robot's software has
parameters that can be set, for example with a smartphone
application or with a dedicated input device, like buttons.
The software can be a built-in "hard-wired" solution that cannot
be changed later. Older or simpler robots usually utilise this
approach. In more enhanced solutions, the software can be
updated or upgraded remotely through the internet. The owner
of the robot might not even notice the upgrade. Being able to
remotely update or upgrade the software helps the developer of
the robot to introduce new functionalities.

APPLICATIONS

In the modern world of technology, robotics has captured

the imagination of the human mind. It is defined as the
intersection of science and engineering. Robots are
revolutionizing how we live, work, and interact. Now we
will explore the widespread applications of robotics
across various sectors and their impact on society

1.MANUFACTURING AUTOMATION:
 Robots have revolutionized tasks that are repetitive
or require precision beyond human capability.
Collaborative robots, or cobots, have emerged as
a subset of industrial robotics, working alongside
humans to improve production workflows.

2. HEALTHCARE
Intelligent robots in healthcare accelerate surgical
processes and patient outcomes. AI robots perform
various tasks on hospital premises, from the distribution of
equipment and patient assistance to performing surgical
procedures.
Surgical robots are becoming frontier technology. For
example, the Mako robot of Stryker is a surgical assistant
that helps surgeons in hip and knee replacement. It
combines 3D imagining, smart robotic arms, and real-
time data collection to reconstruct the bone structure
and highlight areas of interest. The system is installed in 35
countries and has completed 1 Million+ successful
procedures. AI robots can also assist patients' recovery by
monitoring vitals, delivering medication, and tending to
their needs. Futronics has developed an AI ecosystem for
the healthcare industry that handles patient monitoring and
care.
3.MILITARY ROBOTS
Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-
controlled mobile robots designed
for military applications, from transport to search &
rescue and attack.

These robots aid military tasks and operations including

surveillance, bomb disposal and search-and-rescue
missions. They're specifically designed to operate in
unknown terrains. Flying robot drones are brought into
play for a close watch in the present time’s modern
armed force. In the future robotic airplane and
automobiles could be employed to transmit petroleum,
bullets, bombs, etc or clear minefields

4.SPACE EXPLORATION
 The two main types of robots in space can be
classified as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
and remote manipulator systems (RMSs.)

• ROVs include rovers, which explore the surface of

celestial bodies, landers operated from a stationary
point, and unmanned spacecraft such as satellites and
probes. Although these devices are remote, some
degree of control is performed by human operators at
mission control on Earth. In the future, humans could
control robots in space from stations orbiting the moon,
for example
• An RMS is commonly used in manufacturing and industry.
Essentially, it is a robotic arm that can articulate as well as a
human limb, and can be manually controlled or operated
 remotely. RMS’s have been used extensively in space
exploration, such as on shuttles and the International Space
Station, to perform mission-critical tasks.

5.AGRICULTURE

• Robots have a wide range of applications within the

agricultural industry from performing complex tasks such
as monitoring crops and measuring PH levels in the
soil, to simpler tasks of picking-and-packing fruits and
vegetables and planting seeds. Add to that automation
for ventilation systems and air control for livestock, milk
production and arable irrigation, and it is clear that
technology is the future for successful agriculture.
• Robots and automation are particularly important for
large, industrialised farms where there is a lot of land to
monitor and work as well as processing large amounts of
crops or produce.
6.UNDERWATER EXPLORATION

ROVs are underwater robots that are tethered to a

surface ship by a long power and communications cable
and controlled by pilots aboard the ship. Autonomous
underwater vehicles (AUVs) are underwater robots
that are not tethered but are instead controlled by a pre-
programmed onboard computer. Both types of vehicles
need specialized technology to overcome the challenges
of exploring the depths of the ocean. These challenges
include high pressure, low temperatures, darkness,
corrosion, and slow communication. Underwater
robots have emerged as pivotal tools in various sectors
for work that is considered too dangerous or expensive
for human divers.
7. ENTERTAINMENT

An entertainment robot is, as the name indicates, a

robot that is not made for utilitarian use, as in production
or domestic services, but for the sole subjective pleasure
of the human. It serves, usually the owner or his
housemates, guests, or clients. Robotic technologies
are applied in many areas of culture and entertainment.
Entertainment robots can also be seen in the context of
media arts where artists have been employing advanced
technologies to create environments and artistic
expression also utilizing actuators and sensors to allow
their robots to react and change about viewers.
 8.CUSTOMER SERVICE
Customer service robots are professional service
robots intended to interact with customers. These
robots come in humanoid and non-humanoid forms

and automate much of the most basic of tasks in

customer service. Like all robots, their value lies in labor
savings, efficiency and uptime.

Most customer service robots are used to assist

customers in finding an item or completing a task.
They’re being deployed in the retail industry to guide
customers around a store, as well as in the hospitality
industry. Customer service robots can be found in banks,
shopping malls, family entertainment centers and
more.
FUTURE PROSPECTS

 Robotics is one of the fastest-growing tech fields

and has many potential applications in the
future. Robots are becoming more integrated into our
daily lives and are expected to shape the future of
travel, work, and adventure.
 Thanks to improved sensor technology and more
remarkable advances in Machine Learning and
Artificial Intelligence, robots will keep moving from
 mere rote machines to collaborators with cognitive
functions. These advances, and other associated
fields, are enjoying an upwards trajectory, and
robotics will significantly benefit from these strides.
 We can expect to see more significant numbers of
increasingly sophisticated robots incorporated into
more areas of life, working with humans. Contrary to
dystopian-minded prophets of doom, these improved
robots will not replace workers. Industries rise and
fall, and some become obsolete in the face of new
technologies, bringing new opportunities for
employment and education
 That’s the case with robots. Perhaps there will be
fewer human workers welding automobile frames,
but there will be a greater need for skilled
technicians to program, maintain, and repair the
machines. In many cases, this means that employees
could receive valuable in-house training and
upskilling, giving them a set of skills that could apply
to robot programming and maintenance and
other fields and industries.

CONCLUSION

Today we find most robots working for people in

industries, factories, warehouses, and laboratories.
Robots are useful in many ways. For instance, it
boosts economy because businesses need to be
efficient to keep up with the industry competition.
Therefore, having robots helps business owners to be
competitive, because robots can do jobs better and
faster than humans can, e.g. robot can built,
assemble a car. Yet robots cannot perform every job;
today robots roles include assisting research and
industry. Finally, as the technology improves, there
will be new ways to use robots which will bring new
hopes and new potentials.

REFERENCEs

 Introduction to robotics (1986, John J Craig)

 Probabilistic Robotics ( 2005, Sebastian Thrun)
 Modern Robotics Mechanics, Planning, and
Control (2009) Lorenzo Sciavicco)
 Introduction to autonomous mobile robots (2004,
Roland Siegwart)
 Springer Handbook of robotics (2008, Oussama
khatib)