COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEER

STREAM; PROCESS ENGINEERING

PROPOSAL: RESEARCH METHOD AND PROJECT PROPOSAL (ChEg 5251)

TITLE: EXTRACT POTASSIUM CARBONATE FROM WASTE BANANA

PEEL

PREPARED BY ID NUMBER

1. Gebregergs Zeray 06296/10

2. Muzey Asbu 06758/10

3. Tekeste Weldeabrha 06972/10

4. Teklay Gebreslassie 06974/10

SUBMITED TO: INSTRUCTOR DR.Kiros

SUBMISSION DATE: 22/10/2016

ADIGRAT, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA

 EXTRACT POTASSIUM CARBONATE FROM WASTE BANANA PEEL. 2016

Executive summery/ Abstract

Several studies which are done on banana and other fruit has been show that some plant species
and fruit peels like banana peel contain alkali metals such as potassium, calcium, sodium and
Magnesium. These metals are present in form of various salts. When the plant matter or fruit peel
is subjected to heat, burnt in presence of air, the metals are oxidized to metal oxides. Carbon
dioxide produced during burning of banana peel, combines with potassium oxide to produce
potassium carbonate. Now a day’s potassium gains a world-wide domestic and commercial use
in the flat glass, chemical, pulp and paper sectors. It is also used for production of local soap and
traditionally used as a cleansing agent. The simplicity of potash chemistry and the easily
available local and improved potash production technology have lent the ash-derived potash a
promising future as a sustainable source of raw material for potash-based industries. The work
investigates ash of banana peel and leaching of potassium carbonate from ash as a potential
source for potassium carbonate. The production process essentially consist of storage tank, rotary
dryer operating at a temperature of 105 ᵒC for drying the feed, roll crusher which reduces the
husks into smaller sizes and a furnace operated at an elevated temperature to ensure proper ash.
The processor also consists of a reactor where leaching process is took place. It is the major
process involved in the production of caustic potash from banana peel is takes place. Then a
boiler is used to produce concentrated potassium carbonate. The water vapor leaving the
evaporator condenses in the condenser and is recycled to the boiler.

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Table of Contents
Executive summery/ Abstract.......................................................................................................................i
List of figure...............................................................................................................................................iii
List of table.................................................................................................................................................iii
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem..................................................................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of Research.....................................................................................................................2
1.3.1. General objectives.....................................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific objectives.....................................................................................................................2
1.4. Significance/Implications.................................................................................................................2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................4
2.1. Brief history of the domestication of Banana....................................................................................4
2.1.1. Different stages of maturation....................................................................................................4
2.2. Banana production in Ethiopia..........................................................................................................5
2.3 Composition of Banana.....................................................................................................................5
2.4 Banana peel.......................................................................................................................................6
2.5 Potassium Carbonate.........................................................................................................................6
2.6 Application Areas of Potassium Carbonate.......................................................................................8
2.7 Physical and Chemical Properties of Potassium Carbonate.............................................................10
2.7.1. Physical property.....................................................................................................................10
2.7.2 Chemical property....................................................................................................................10
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS...........................................................................................................11
3.1. Raw material collection, transportation and storage.......................................................................11
3.2 chemical and equipment..................................................................................................................11
3.3. Methodology...................................................................................................................................13
3.3.1. Production process...................................................................................................................13
4. WORK PLAN REPRESENTATION....................................................................................................15
5. BUDGET BREAK DOWN...................................................................................................................16
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................................17

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List of figure
Figure 1:Flow chart of manufacturing process............................................................................................8

List of table
Table 1: physical property.........................................................................................................................10
Table 2: Chemical properties of potassium carbonate...............................................................................10
Table 3: Schedule for work plan................................................................................................................15
Table 4: Budget scheduling plan...............................................................................................................16

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Bananas and plantains have been said to be the 4thlargest fruit crop of the world. The world
production is estimated to be 139 million tons, in which tropical Africa alone produces about 17
million tons of bananas annually. It has become a basic food crop for over 70 million people in
Africa. Over 50 species of Musa are in existence, in which the main group of edible bananas or
plantains is derived from Musa acuminate and Musa balbisiana. Potash has gained a world-wide
domestic and commercial use in the flat glass, chemical, pulp and paper sectors. (Onyegbado
CO, Iyagba ET, Offor OJ, 2002)It is also used for production of local soap, and traditionally used
as a cleansing agent. The simplicity of potash chemistry and the easily available local and
improved potash production technology, have lent the ash-derived potash a promising future as a
sustainable source of raw material for potash-based industries. (Babayemi JO, Adewuyi GO,
Dauda KT, Kayode AAA, 2011) Potassium carbonate is one of the most important inorganic
compounds used in industry even though it is as old as recorded history. Potash yield depends on
the type of plant material, the nature of soil where the plants grow and the efficiency of
extraction technology used, recorded 56.73±0.16% for cocoa pod, 43.15±0.13% for palm bunch,
16.65±0.05% for groundnut shell and 12.40±0.08% for sorghum chaff. Record 40 to 60% for
cocoa pod and, 2.77 to 26.88% for various African wood species (Taiwo, O.E. and F.A.O.
Osinowo,, 2001) .The potash content in the peels of some varieties of plantain and banana as
reported by ranged from 69.0 to 81.9% (of ash) and 4.7 to 9.6% (of dry peel). Beech wood ash
yields 20.69% potash. Some of alternate nomenclature that may be-used includes: PC, carbonate
of potash, pearl ash and carbonic acid, di-potassium salt and potcarb. In everyday chemical
technology, the choice between potassium and sodium carbonate is decided on K2CO3 the
economics or some desired physical / chemical property. As the fruits of the banana trees are
consumed at green, average ripe and ripe stages the amount of fruit waste from the peels is
expected to increase with the development of processing industries that utilize the green and ripe
banana. Like its pulp flour counterpart, banana peel flour can potentially offer new products with
standardized composition for various industrial and domestic uses. The peel of banana represents
about 40% of the total weight of fresh banana and has been underutilized. Various studies have

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been conducted to investigate banana peel, including the production of banana peel flour, the
effects of ripeness stage on the dietary fiber components and pectin of banana peels and the
chemical composition of banana peel, as influenced by the maturation stage and varieties of
banana.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Bananas are a tropical fruit from plants of the Musaceae family and are one of the most
consumed fruits in the world, representing an important fruit crop in tropical and sub-tropical
regions. The main banana residue is the fruit peel, which accounts for 30-40% of the total fruit
weight. Ethiopia is the country which produces banana annually 270,571.516 tones and from this
around 105,600 tones are the waste or banana peel. From this waste our country is not benefited.
If Potassium carbonate is produced it reduces currency used for importing potassium carbonate.
There are few industry uses for banana peels, and they are a major agricultural waste in different
regions of the world. After the banana pulp has been used, the peels are normally disposed
inappropriately. The aim of this project was to investigate the possibility of using and
transforming banana peel waste to valuable product, namely potassium carbonate (K2CO3)
White, water-soluble, deliquescent powder, insoluble in alcohol; used in brewing, ceramics,
explosives, fertilizers, and as a chemical intermediate.

1.3. Objectives of Research

1.3.1. General objectives

The primary objective of this research is to extract potassium carbonate from waste banana Peel.

1.3.2. Specific objectives

 Determine the physical characteristics of the potassium carbonate (extraction of alkali).
 Analysis and determine of Moisture Content (MC) and Dry Matter Content (DM)

1.4. Significance/Implications
The significance of this project is to investigate the possibility of using and transforming banana
peel waste to valuable product, namely potassium carbonate (K2CO3) White, water-soluble, De-
liquescent powder, and insoluble in alcohol; used in brewing, ceramics, explosives, fertilizers,
and it is used as a chemical intermediate.

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The main significance of the project is:-

 To satisfy the increasing demand of the population

 To transfer technology
 To decrease the cost of imported potassium carbonates.
 To create job opportunity
 To protect the environment from banana peel waste &there by generating financial
revenue from waste To estimate the economic cost &profit of the plant

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Brief history of the domestication of Banana
The banana is an edible fruit, botanically a berry, produced by several kinds of large herbaceous,
flowering plants in the Genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called
plantains. The fruit is variable in size, color, and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved,
with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or
brown when ripe. The fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant. Almost all
modern edible parthenocarpic (seedless) bananas come from two wild species –Musa acuminata
and Musa balbisiana. The scientific names of most cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa
balbisiana, and Musa × paradisiacal for the hybrid Musaacuminata × M. balbisiana, depending
on their genomic constitution. The old scientific name Musa sapientum is no longer used.

The term "banana" is also used as the common name for the plants which produce the fruit. This
can extend to other members of the genus Musalike the scarlet banana (Musa coccinea), pink
banana (Musa velutina) and the Fe'i bananas. It can also refer to members of the genus Ensete,
like the snow banana (Enseteglaucum) and the economically important false banana
(Enseteventricosum). Both genera are classified under the banana family, Musaceae. (Kevin,
2003)

2.1.1. Different stages of maturation

As the banana develops, the peel acts as housing for chlorophyll that is manufactured as a result
of the direct sunlight required to grow the fruit. As the interior fruit reaches peak condition, the
green peel that had been absorbing all that sunlight begins to undergo a chemical change that
helps to mellow the fruit. As a result, the interior of the peel releases nutrients into the fruit that
enhance the sweetness. At the same time, the peel begins to lose chlorophyll content and changes
from green to yellow. During this transformation, the peel itself begins to deteriorate, leaving
behind only a thin covering that can be peeled away from the mature fruit with ease. Since
bananas ripen quickly, it does not take long to go from a bitter green banana to a sweet yellow
banana. (Kevin, 2003)

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According to the desired use, banana and plantain are consumed or locally processed at various
stages of maturation which have been classified from stage 1, green skin, to stage 7, yellow skin
with black spots. (al. E. , 2010)

Mature green banana especially plantain is very rich in starch and is one of the promising
substitutes for the starch industry. (al. E. , 2010)

Ripening determines the essential appearance and taste qualities of dessert bananas when
consumed fresh with bright yellow-colored skin, flavors, consistency of pulp and starch-sugar
transition. Ethylene is used as a catalyst for triggering a climacteric change. The fruit is then
delivered for consumption. The ripening classification defines 7 stages by color index. At stages
1 to 3, banana is not usually eaten like fruit because it is green, very hard, astringent and rich in
starch. At stage 7, banana is overripe and muddy. (al. E. , 2010)

2.2. Banana production in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, the major banana producing regions are Southern, Oromia, Tigray and the Amhara
regions. During the 2010/2011 production season about 31,885.86 hectares of land has been
covered with banana and the estimated annual production was about 270571.516 tones. And the
potential yield of banana is greater than 70 t ha-1 year-1 at research level. It is the most
important cash crop in some parts of Southern Ethiopia, and also some places in northern
Ethiopia especially in western Zone Tigray. In addition to, banana production is also familiar in
Gedeo Zone of Southern Ethiopia. (al. A. , 2011)

2.3 Composition of Banana

The biochemical composition of banana fruits depends on the cultivar, a biotic factors such as
climate, cultivation method and nature of the soil. (.Juliana W. Sauls. Home Fruit Production--
Banana.)The below table show representative levels of nutrients and minerals that can be found
in the sweet banana. The banana fruit contains relatively high levels of potassium. Vitamin A
content is generally low in the commercially grown „Cavendish‟ and „Lady Finger‟ varieties but
some of the Fe‟i banana cultivars grown in Micronesia contain high levels of vitamin A. (Del
Mar Verde Mendez, C., Forster, M.K., Rodriguez-Delgado, M.A., Rodriguez-Rodriguez,
E.M.,Romero, C.D., (2003).)

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2.4 Banana peel

Banana peels are agricultural waste that discarded all over the as useless material. They cause
waste management problems although they have some compost and cosmetics potentiality.
(Englberger, L., Darton-Hill, I., Coyne, T., Fitzgerald, M.H., Marks, G.C., (2003).)

Besides that, banana peels have absorbent potentiality. (Foy, J.M., Parratt, J.R, (1960)) It is very
useful for purification and refining processes. Banana peel has absorption capabilities for some
elements and ions in liquid or solution. (Moller, M., Kayma, M., Vieluf, D., Paschke, A.,
Steinhart, H. (, 1998)) Banana peel has absorption capacities to remove chromium from
wastewater, copper, and also some dyes.

Unfortunately, the benefits of banana peels are not popular as many people still do not realize
about. (Sanchez-Monge, R., Blanco, D., Collada, C., Aragoncillo, S., (1999).)Banana peels are
readily available, low cost, and environment friendly bio-material. These agricultural wastes are
also inexhaustible, cheap and non-hazardous, and are specifically selective for heavy metals and
can be easily disposed by incineration. (Barre, A., Peumans, W.J., Menu-Bouaouiche, L., Van
Damme, E.J.L., May, G.D.,Herrera, A.F. VanLeuven F., Rouge, P., (2000).)

In addition, its content in ascorbic acid exerts an inhibitory effect against bacteria. Moreover, the
banana processing industry generates a huge amount of solid wastes, which are dumped in land-
fills, rivers, oceans and unregulated dumping grounds. Therefore, their reutilization would help
to diminish the pollution problems caused by their disposal. (Koshte, V.L., van Dijk, W., van der
Stelt, M.E., Aalberse, R.C., (1990).)

2.5 Potassium Carbonate

Potash is the common name for various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in
water-soluble form. In some rare cases, potash can be formed with traces of organic materials
such as plant remains, and this was the major historical source for it before the industrial era. The
name derives from "potash," which refers to plant ashes soaked in water in a pot. Today, potash
is produced worldwide at amounts exceeding 30 million tons per year, mostly for use in
fertilizers. Various types of fertilizer-potash thus comprise the single largest global industrial use
of the element potassium. Potassium carbonate serves a wide range of end use markets. The
potassium carbonate market is quite diverse since it is utilized innumerous applications. The
functionality characteristics of this chemical allow it to be used in major area such as specialty
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glass, ceramics, potassium silicate, pharmaceuticals, food, detergents and cleaners, photographic
chemicals, agricultural, gas purification, rubber additives, polymer catalysts, potassium
bicarbonate, cement, and textiles. (Englberger, L., Darton-Hill, I., Coyne, T., Fitzgerald, M.H.,
Marks, G.C., (2003).)

Commercial Production method

Potassium carbonate is manufactured in a fluidized bed reactor. This results in a product that is
anhydrous, making it unnecessary to perform any further processing to eliminate hydrated water
(calcining). The process starts with potassium chloride and through an electrolytic conversion of
the KCl salt, potassium hydroxide (caustic potash, KOH), chlorine (Cl2) and hydrogen (H2) are
produced.

Liquid caustic potash and carbon dioxide are the only raw materials required for producing
potassium carbonate. The dry potassium carbonate can easily be dissolved in water to form a
liquid solution. Typically, a 47% solution is recommended as this capitalizes on the highest
concentration with the lowest freezing point (3°F). This minimizes handling problems during
colder weather. (Englberger, L., Darton-Hill, I., Coyne, T., Fitzgerald, M.H., Marks, G.C.,
(2003).)

The reactions are:

2 KCl + 2 H2O → 2 KOH + Cl2 + H2

2 KOH + CO2 → K2CO3 + H2

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Raw brine electricity

Cl2

Brine treatment Chlor- alkali cells

Recycle

Decomposer
KOH solution
Warm co2

H2

Fine
Fluidized bed reactor dryer

Granular K2CO3

Water
Dissolving system
Oversize
Screener

47% K2CO3

Dry K2CO3

Figure 1:Flow chart of manufacturing process

2.6 Application Areas of Potassium Carbonate

Food Industry

When potassium carbonate is mixed with water, there is an exothermic reaction that causes it to
heat up. This process causes a rise in temperature but is not a suitable for heating something up
because the reaction only lasts for a short time. Potassium carbonate dehydrate is a suitable

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electrolyte replacement when used in generators and other devices that run on the electrolyte
solution processes. It is a much safer alternative to potassium hydroxide, which is used more
frequently in batteries and other applications. Potassium carbonate can be used in food
production. A common Asian cuisine that uses potassium carbonate is grass jelly. A neutral
tasting mint-like herb is generally used to prepare it. (Kanazawa, K., Sakakibara, H., (2000).)

Laboratory

Potassium carbonate is a suitable replacement for calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate when
used as a drying agent in the lab. It is not a good replacement if the material that needs to be
dried is acidic. Potassium carbonate is used to maintain the anhydrous (without water) conditions
possible when used in a way that will not react with other reactants or any products that are
formed from the processing of said reactants. Potassium carbonate can also be used to dry
ketones, alcohols, and amines before they are distilled. (Foy, J.M., Parratt, J.R, (1960))

Fire Extinguisher/Retardant

Potassium carbonate can be used in extinguishers to our high heat flame fires (such as oil fires
and other types of class B fires). The chemical acts as a fire suppressant/fire proof coating and is
very useful for extinguishing and preventing the spread of fire. It can be used in both liquefied
(aqueous) and dry states in fire extinguishing. It is two times more effective than baking soda on
oil and gas based fires. (Foy, J.M., Parratt, J.R, (1960))

General Usage

Potassium carbonate can be used to produce soaps, glasses, and china porcelain. (Foy, J.M.,
Parratt, J.R, (1960))

2.7 Physical and Chemical Properties of Potassium Carbonate

2.7.1. Physical property

Table 1: physical property

Particle size Typically material is between 18 and 80 mesh for granular and through
325 mesh for ground material

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Bulk density 1202-1346 kg/m3 /(granular, varies by grade) 16.78 kg/m3 (extra fine

Melting point 891oc

solubility 112 gram in 100 grams of water at 20 0c

Appearance White, granular, free flowing

2.7.2 Chemical property

The production of a new substance may be signaled by a change in color or odor, appearance of
bubbles (gas), release of energy (light, sound, or heat), or formation of a precipitate.[9]

Table 2: Chemical properties of potassium carbonate

Reaction with acid Neutralizes acids exothermically to form salt plus water
Reaction with water Water easily form air and it dissolves in water
Reaction with metals React with certain metals (such as aluminum and zinc)to form
oxides or hydroxides of the metal and generate gaseous hydrogen.
flammability May generate flammable and /or toxic gases ammonium salt,
nitrides, halogenated organics, various metals, peroxides and hydro-
peroxides
combustion Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose
upon heating
Reaction with catalyst May serve as catalyst. react when heated above 840c with aqueous
solution of reducing sugar other than sucrose, to evolve toxic level
of carbon monoxides
Reaction with organic May initiate polymerization reactions in polymerizable organic
compounds compounds especially epoxides

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Raw material collection, transportation and storage
Banana peels will be collected from Adigrat city using plastic bags and transport to the
laboratory of chemical engineering.

3.2 chemical and equipment

Equipment that is used in the production of potassium carbonates

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Pre-Treatment and Preparation

1. Plastic Bags: Collecting and storing banana peels before processing.

2. Knife: Initially cutting peels into smaller pieces for easier drying and handling.

3. Oven Dryer: Removing moisture from the banana peels. This is crucial for efficient
combustion and potassium extraction.

4. Crusher: Grinding the dried peels into a finer powder, increasing surface area for extraction.

Extraction and Conversion

5. Shaker: Mixing the powdered peels with a solvent (likely water) to extract potassium. This
could be a simple flask and agitation or a more specialized shaker apparatus.

6. Weighing Balance: Accurately measuring the peels, solvent, and later, the potassium
carbonate product for yield calculations and process control.

7. Filter Paper: Separating the liquid extract (containing potassium) from the solid residue (spent
peels) after the extraction process.

8. Source of Heat (e.g., Bunsen burner, Hot Plate): Provides heat for evaporating the solvent
from the potassium-rich extract.

9. Flask: Container for heating and holding the potassium-rich extract during evaporation.

Calcinations and Purification

10. Furnace: Heating the dried, potassium-rich residue to high temperatures. This process
(calcinations) converts the potassium compounds into potassium carbonate (K2CO3).

11. Cylinder Measurement: Measuring the volume of liquids (solvents, extracts) during different
stages of the process.

12. PH Meter: Determining the pH of the potassium carbonate solution. This helps assess the
purity and adjust processing steps if needed.

Chemicals used

1. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl):

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 UNLIKELY for main potassium carbonate production: HCl is a strong acid, and directly
using it on banana peels would likely:
 Degrade organic matter in undesirable ways.
 Introduce chloride ions (Cl-), making it very difficult to isolate pure potassium carbonate
afterward.
 Possible niche uses:
 Pre-treatment: Highly diluted HCl might be used to remove surface contaminants
on peels, but this is not standard and risks peel degradation.
 Analytical purposes: HCl solutions are used in titrations to determine the amount
of potassium carbonate produced, but this is after the main production process.

2. Distilled Water (H2O):

 Essential for extraction: Distilled water is the most common and environmentally friendly
solvent for leaching potassium from banana peels.
 Its polar nature helps dissolve potassium salts.
 Purity is important to avoid introducing contaminants into the final product.

3. Ethanol (C2H5OH):

 NOT for potassium carbonate production itself: Ethanol is less effective than water in
dissolving potassium salts.
 Possible uses:
 Pre-treatment: Ethanol can be used to extract certain organic compounds
from peels before potassium extraction. This might:
 Remove pigments that could contaminate the final product.
 Recover valuable byproducts, making the overall process more efficient.
 Drying agent (alternative): While not as common as oven drying, ethanol can be used
to dehydrate peels via a solvent exchange process.

3.3. Methodology

3.3.1. Production process

Extraction of alkali procedure

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Banana peel wastes will be collect and sundry and later oven-dry at a temperature of 1050 Cfor
two days to ensure adequate removal of moisture from the sample. Then banana peel will be
drying very well. The charred banana peel will be further burn in a temperature controlled
furnace set at a temperature above 5000 C for proper ash which last for about 6 h. The ash
sample will be homogenize by crushing it between fingers and then sieve with analytical sieve to
obtain uniform particles size. About 20g of the ash will place in a 3 liter round bottom flask and
80 milliliter of distill water will be added while 100milliliter of HCl will be also poured. Then
the flask will be put on an electric heating mantle and boil continuously to about 1000 C for 4hr
then solid residues (alkali) will be obtained and it will dry and weigh. The extracted alkali will be
further purified by subjecting it to series of re-crystallization until the melting point of the
resulting white solid will be sharp.

Analysis methods

Moisture Content (MC) and Dry Matter Content (DM)

The moisture content will be determined using the method suggested by Miroslav and Vladimir
(1999). (Moisture And Dry Content Analysis by Miroslav and Vladimir (1999) and
MacNaughton, W.K., Wallace, J.L., (1989).)

intial weight of sample−weight of sample after drying

mosture content= ×100
intial weight of sample

weight of sample after drying

drying moisture content = ×100
intial weig h t of sample

weight of sample after drying∈gm

density of sample=
volume sample of ∈liter

Ash Content (AC)

A known weight (w3) of each oven-dried sample will be placed in a porcelain crucible and ash in
muffle furnace set at 500 C for 6 hours; it will be cooled in desiccators, and the final weight (w4)
will be determined using electronic balance.

weight of oven−dried sample (W 3)

as h content= ×100
final weight ashes

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weight of sample(W 5)
density of as h es=
volume of quantity of ashes

Ash-alkali extract of Na and K

The supposition that the ash-alkali extract is alkali hydroxide will have been brought about by
the explanation that K2O and/or Na2O is/are formed during the combustion of a plant material
and these dissolve in water during extraction to form hydroxides. But it may be saying that the
formation of K2O or Na2O will just result from the burning of pure metals (K or Na) in air; since
the K or Na in the plant material is bound in the organic matrix of the plant matter, the excessive
release of CO2 gas in the combustion system will rather favors the formation of carbonates of
these metals than their oxides. Since Plants contain alkali metals such as potassium, calcium,
sodium and magnesium. These metals are present in form of various salts. When the plant matter
is subjected to heat and burn in presence of air, the metals are oxidized to metal oxides. Carbon
dioxide produced during burning of carbonaceous matter, combines with potassium oxide to
produce potassium carbonate. Other products formed during burning, in presence of water vapor,
are potassium bicarbonate and potassium hydroxide.

These reactions can be expressed as:

K2O (s) + CO2 (g) K2CO3 (s)

K2CO3 (S) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + 2KHCO3 (s)

K2CO3 (s) + H2O (g) KOH an(s) + KHCO3 (s)

The ash obtained at lower temperatures will blackish in color, indicating incomplete combustion
due to unburned carbon. At higher temperatures more and more of carbon is oxidized to carbon
dioxide. As the temperature rises beyond 700o c, reduction in mass is also due to disintegration
of solid compounds, alkali metal salts, into gaseous components.

4. WORK PLAN REPRESENTATION

Table 3: Schedule for work plan

Action to be done Week number month

Raw material collection even week one October

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Purchasing

Purchasing of the specified equipment from working place Week two

Cleaning of all the purchased raw materials and equipment Week three

Make ready all the material and equipment Week four

Conduct the experiment by using our material and equipment Week one November

Evaluation of the process time, temperature and etc Week two

Trail two evaluation of the process variable on the desired product Week three
PC

Analysis phiso-chemical, color, moisture content and density Week four

difference between raw material and ash

Start up of writing the experimental data Week one December

Writing of all experimentally recorded data Week two

Starting up of preparing the final document Week three

The same progress as week 3 in December. Week four

Finishing of writing of documentation and showing the document to Week one January
advisor for giving any progress.

Writing an improvement of the document that we will gain any Week two
information from our advisor.

Printing of the final document Week three

Submitting of final document Week four

Presentation of final research will be held

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 EXTRACT POTASSIUM CARBONATE FROM WASTE BANANA PEEL. 2016

5. BUDGET BREAK DOWN

Table 4: Budget scheduling plan
Number item Unit quantity Unit price Total price
measurement
1 Raw banana kg 5kg 60 birr 300 birr
2 Distilled liter 5L 25 birr 125 birr
water
3 Hydrochloric milliliter 0.5 L 300 birr 150 birr
acid
4 Plastic bags Piece 5 10 birr 50 birr
5 A4 printing Piece 100 2 birr 200 birr
paper

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 EXTRACT POTASSIUM CARBONATE FROM WASTE BANANA PEEL. 2016

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