OBJECTIVES:

• Define endogenic processes;

• Discuss the different endogenic processes; and
• Explain how it affects the landforms.
 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

• What is the meaning of endogenic process?

• What are the different endogenic processes?
• How does it affect to the landforms we have today?
 ENDOGENIC PROCESS

• Endo means inside and genic means creation, origin or process in short these
are processes occurring inside the earth.
• These are processes occurring beneath the surface of the earth
• Classified into two: Slow Movements (diastrophism) and Sudden Movements
OVERVIEW ON THE ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
 SLOW MOVEMENTS:
EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENTS OROGENIC MOVEMENTS
• Vertical movements • Horizontal movement
• Mainly associated with the • Associated with the formation of
formation of continents and mountains
plateaus. • They bring a lot of disruptions to
the horizontal layer of strata leading
to a large structural deformation of
earth’s crust.
OROGENIC MOVEMENTS (FORCES OF COMPRESSION)

• Forces of compression are the forces which

push rock strata against a hard plane from one
side or from both sides.
• Most of the great mountain chains of the world
like the Himalayas, the Rockies (n. America),
the Andes (S. America), the Alps (Europe) etc.
are formed in this manner.
OROGENIC MOVEMENTS (FORCES OF TENSION)
• Under the operation of intense tensional forces, the rock stratum gets broken or fractured which
results in the formation of cracks and fractures in the crust.
• The displacement of rock upward or downward from their original position along such a fracture is
termed as faulting.
• Faulting results in the formation of well-known relief features such as Rift Valleys and Block
Mountains. (E.G. Vindhya and Satpura mountains)
• A rift valley is formed by sinking of rock strata lying between two almost parallel faults. (E.G.
Valley of Nile, rift valley of Narmada and Tapti )
• Rift valleys with steep parallel walls along the fault are called as Graben and the uplifted landmass
with steep slopes on both sides are called as Horst.
• The very steep slope in a continuous line along a fault is termed as Escarpment.
SUDDEN MOVEMENTS
• EARTHQUAKES
• VOLCANISM
EARTHQUAKE
•A sudden and violent shaking of the ground,
sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
• Focus or Hypocenter the point within the earth’s crust
where an earthquake originates.
• Epicenter the point vertically above the focus on the
earth’s surface.
• The Intensity of earthquake will be highest in the
epicenter and decreases as one moves away.
 EARTHQUAKE WAVES OR SEISMIC WAVES
Surface
waves:
-These
Body waves: waves move
-Travel only along the
in the earth
interior of surface.
the earth. -Considered
as the most
damaging
waves.
• Primary waves are the fastest • They arrive at the surface with some
body waves (twice the speed of s- time-lag after primary waves.
waves) and are the first to reach • They are slower than primary waves
during an earthquake.
and can pass only through solid
• They travel through solid, liquid materials.
and gaseous materials. • This property of s-waves led
seismologists to conclude that the
earth’s outer core is in a liquid state.
(The entire zone beyond 105o from the
epicenter does not receive S-waves).
 • These waves follow an elliptical
• This kind of surface waves causes
motion.
horizontal shifting of the earth during
an earthquake. • A Rayleigh wave rolls along the
• They have much slower than body ground just like a wave rolls across a
waves but are faster than Rayleigh. lake or an ocean.
• They move in left and right motion. • Because it rolls, it moves the ground
up and down and side-to-side in the
same direction that the wave is
moving.
MEASURING EARTHQUAKES
• Seismometers are the instruments which are SCALES USED:
used to measure the motion of the ground, • Mercalli Scale:
which including those of seismic waves The scale represents the intensity of
generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, earthquake by analyzing the aftereffects
and other seismic sources. like how many people felt it, how much
destruction occurred etc. The range of
• Seismograph is also another term used to mean intensity is from 1-12.
seismometer though it is more applicable to the
• Richter Scale:
older instruments.
The scale represents the magnitude of the
• Seismogram the recorded graphical output from earthquake. The magnitude is expressed in
a seismometer/seismograph. absolute numbers from 1-10. Each whole
number increase in Richter scale
represents a ten times increase in power of
an earthquake.
DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES
• There are two well-defined belts
where earthquakes frequently occur
– the Circum-pacific Belt and the
Mid-world Mountain Belt.
• About 68% of earthquakes in the
world occur in the circum-pacific
belt.
• 21% Mid-world mountain belt .
• 11% are from the other parts of the
world
VOLCANISM
➢ process by which solid, liquid and gaseous material escape from the earth’s interior to the
surface of the earth

• A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through which gases, molten rocks
materials (lava), ash, steam etc. Are emitted outward during an eruption
• Magma is the term used to denote the molten rocks and related materials seen inside
earth. A weaker zone of the mantle called asthenosphere, usually is the source of
magma.
• Lava -once this magma came out to the earth surface through the vent of a volcano.
• Therefore, lava is nothing but the magma on earth surface.
TYPES OF VOLCANO
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
• The lava that is released during volcanic eruptions on cooling develops into igneous
rocks.
• The cooling may take place either on reaching the surface or from the inside itself.
• Depending on the location of the cooling of lava, igneous rocks are classified as:

▪ Volcanic igneous rocks (extrusive igneous rocks):

Cooling of the rock occurs at the surface of the earth. E.G. Basalt, andesite etc.
▪Plutonic igneous rocks (intrusive igneous rocks):
Cooling takes place in the crust and not over the surface. E.G. Granite, gabbro, diorite
etc. Intrusive igneous rocks are classed into the following types according to their
forms.
DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOES
• Most of the volcanoes in the world are
found in three well defined belts:
• The Circum-pacific Belt (The Pacific
Ring Of Fire).
• The Mid-world Mountain Belt.
• The African rift valley belt.
• Most of the active volcanoes are found
in the pacific region which is thus
called as the pacific ring of fire
 ACTIVITY TIME
• Research at least 3 active fault lines and volcanoes here in the
Philippines and in other countries.
• State the name, location, and description of each fault line,
whereas to volcano state the name, location and type.

Instruction: Encode your answer in a short-sized bond paper or

you can do it handwritten.
Format: Font style: Arial; Font size: 12; Paper size: Short/ letter
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Attach your file on the next classwork.