Mastering Sentence

Structure: From
Basics to Advanced
Teaching and Assessment in Grammar

Submitted by :
Ellaijah Palayar & Chimmer Nelle Celeste
Submitted to :
Mrs. Ederlyn Medallada
Objectives
Cognitive
Students will be able to identify different sentence types (declarative,
interrogative, imperative, exclamatory), differentiate between subject
and predicate, and understand the role of clauses and phrases in
sentence structure.

Affective
Students will develop an appreciation for the diversity of sentence
structures and their impact on communication. This awareness will help
students recognize how different sentence types contribute to the tone,
clarity, and expressiveness of writing and speech.

Physchomotor
Students will apply their understanding by constructing various
sentence types, identifying parts of sentences (subject, predicate,
clauses, phrases), and improving their writing and speaking abilities
through proper sentence usage.
 Discussion of the Topic

Sentences serve as the foundation of

communication in any language.
They are classified into four main
types based on their function.
Recognizing and using these
sentence types effectively can
enhance the clarity, persuasiveness,
and impact of both written and
spoken communication.
Discussion of the Topic

1. Declarative Sentence
A declarative sentence makes a statement. It is the
most common type of sentence and is used to convey
facts, opinions, or information. Declarative sentences
always end with a period.

Purpose : To provide information or state an idea

clearly.

Example: The sun rises in the east.

In this example, the sentence simply states a fact.

Additional Explanation: Declarative sentences are used

in both formal and informal settings. They can express
opinions (e.g., I think summer is the best season) or
simple observations (e.g., The cat is sleeping).
Declarative sentences are the building blocks of
essays, reports, and everyday conversation.
Discussion of the Topic

2. Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence asks a question and seeks
information from the reader or listener. Interrogative
sentences always end with a question mark.

Purpose : To gather information or inquire about

something.

Example: What time is the meeting?

This sentence asks for specific information about time.

Additional Explanation: Interrogative sentences can

take various forms, such as yes/no questions (e.g., Are
you coming to the party?), wh- questions (e.g., Why is
she late?), and alternative questions (e.g., Do you want
tea or coffee?). They are essential for interaction and
dialogue in communication.
Discussion of the Topic

3. Imperative Sentence
An imperative sentence issues a command, request, or
instruction. It can express a direct order or a polite
request, and it usually begins with a verb. Imperative
sentences can end with either a period or an
exclamation mark, depending on the tone.

Purpose : To direct someone to do something or give

advice.

Example: Please close the window.

This sentence makes a polite request.

Additional Explanation: Imperative sentences can be

strong commands (e.g., Stop talking!), polite requests
(e.g., Pass the salt, please), or advice (e.g., Stay
hydrated). In imperative sentences, the subject is often
implied and is usually "you" (e.g., (You) Take out the
trash).
Discussion of the Topic

4. Exclamatory Sentence
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion or
excitement. It conveys feelings such as surprise,
happiness, anger, or amazement, and always ends with
an exclamation mark.

Purpose : To convey strong emotion or emphasize an

idea.

Example: Wow, that was an amazing performance!

This sentence expresses admiration and excitement.

Additional Explanation: Exclamatory sentences are

more common in informal speech or creative writing,
such as novels, speeches, and dialogue. They are used
sparingly in formal writing. The use of the exclamation
mark helps convey the intensity of the emotion, making
the message more impactful (e.g., What a beautiful day!
or I can’t believe this!).
Discussion of the Topic

B. Subject & Predicate

Sentences are made up of
two main parts: the subject
and the predicate. Both are
essential to form a complete
sentence that expresses a
clear idea.
Discussion of the Topic

Subject
The subject of a sentence tells who or what the sentence
is about. It typically consists of a noun, pronoun, or
noun phrase. The subject can be singular or plural,
depending on how many people or things are involved.

Purpose: To identify the main focus or topic of the

sentence.

Example: The dog barked loudly.

In this sentence, the dog is the subject because the
sentence is about the dog.

Additional Explanation: Subjects can be more complex

than just a single noun. They can include adjectives,
articles, or even entire phrases, forming a noun phrase
(e.g., The young girl with the red hat). Subjects can also
be implied, especially in imperative sentences (e.g., [You]
Close the door).
Discussion of the Topic

Predicate
The predicate of a sentence tells what the subject does
or what is done to the subject. It includes the verb and,
often, other elements like objects or modifiers that
provide additional information.

Purpose: To describe the action or state of the subject.

Example: The dog barked loudly.

In this sentence, barked loudly is the predicate because
it describes what the subject (the dog) is doing.

Additional Explanation: Predicates can be as simple as a

single verb (e.g., She runs) or more complex, including
direct objects, indirect objects, and complements (e.g.,
He gave her the book). In this case, gave her the book is
the complete predicate. Complex predicates provide
more information about the subject's actions or state.
Discussion of the Topic

C. Clauses & Phrases

In addition to subjects and
predicates, understanding
clauses and phrases is
essential for analyzing and
constructing sentences.
These elements contribute to
sentence variety and
complexity.
Discussion of the Topic

Clause
A clause is a group of words that contains both
a subject and a predicate. Clauses are divided
into two main types:

2. Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a

complete sentence because it expresses a
complete thought.

Example: She went to the store.

2. Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone as a

complete sentence because it does not express a
complete thought. It depends on an independent
clause to give it meaning.

Example: Because she was late.

Discussion of the Topic

Additional Explanation
Independent clauses are the backbone
of every complete sentence. They can
be connected to other clauses using
conjunctions to form compound or
complex sentences (e.g., She went to the
store, and he stayed home).

Dependent clauses, also known as

subordinate clauses, add additional
information but cannot form a sentence
on their own (e.g., Although it was
raining).
Discussion of the Topic

Phrase
A phrase is a group of words
that does not contain both a
subject and a verb. Unlike
clauses, phrases cannot stand
alone as complete sentences.
They function as parts of
speech within a sentence (e.g.,
nouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs).
Discussion of the Topic

Type of Phrases
Prepositional Phrases: Begin with a preposition
and describe relationships in time or space.

Example: In the morning, we went to the park.

Noun Phrases: Act as the subject or object in a

sentence.

Example: The small, brown dog wagged its tail.

Verb Phrases: Include the main verb and any

auxiliary (helping) verbs.

Example: She is running quickly.

IV. Assessment/Activities

Activity 1 (Easy): Identify the

Sentence Type
Instructions: Read each sentence and identify its type
(declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory).
Provide a brief explanation for your choice.

1. The cat is sleeping.

2. What time does the movie start?

3. Please close the door.

4. I can’t believe you won the lottery!

5. The meeting was canceled.

 IV. Assessment/Activities

Activity 2 (Average): Identify and Label

Subject, Predicate, Phrases, and
Clauses.
Instructions: For each sentence, underline the subject, circle
the predicate, and label any clauses and phrases.

1. The dog barked loudly.

2. She will join us if she finishes her work.

3. The man with the hat is reading a book.

4. After the rain stopped, we went outside.

5. The cat under the table is sleeping.

IV. Assessment/Activities

Activity 3 (Difficult): Definitions and

Fill-in-the-Blanks
Instructions: Provide the definitions for each term and then complete the
sentences by filling in the blanks with the correct terms. Label the parts you
add.

1. Sentence: A __________ is a group of words that expresses a complete

thought and contains both a __________ and a __________.

2. Phrase: A __________ is a group of words that functions as a single unit

within a sentence but does not contain both a __________ and a __________.

3. Clause: A __________ is a group of words that contains both a __________

and a __________. Clauses can be either __________ or __________.

4. Predicate: The __________ is the part of the sentence that tells what the
__________ does or what happens to the __________.

5. Subject: The __________ is the part of a sentence that tells who or what the
sentence is about. It usually consists of a __________, __________, or
__________ phrase.
IV. Assessment/Activities

Activity 1 : Answer Key

1. The cat is sleeping.
Type: Declarative
Explanation: This sentence makes a statement about the cat.

2. What time does the movie start?

Type: Interrogative
Explanation: This sentence asks a question about the movie's start time.

3. Please close the door.

Type: Imperative
Explanation: This sentence gives a polite command.

4. I can’t believe you won the lottery!

Type: Exclamatory
Explanation: This sentence expresses strong surprise and excitement.

5. The meeting was canceled.

Type: Declarative
Explanation: This sentence provides information about the meeting.
IV. Assessment/Activities

Activity 2 : Answer Key

1. The dog barked loudly.

Subject : The dog

Predicate : barked loudly

Clause : Independent

Phrase : None

2. She will join us if she finishes her work.

Subject : She

Predicate : will join us

Clause : Independent (She will join us), Dependent (if she

finishes her work)

Phrase : None
IV. Assessment/Activities

Activity 2 : Answer Key

3. The man with the hat is reading a book.

Subject: The man with the hat

Predicate: is reading a book

Clause: Independent

Phrase: Prepositional Phrase (with the hat)

4. After the rain stopped, we went outside.

Subject: We

Predicate: went outside

Clause: Independent (we went outside), Dependent (After the rain

stopped)

Phrase: Prepositional Phrase (After the rain stopped)

IV. Assessment/Activities

Activity 2 : Answer Key

5.The cat under the table is sleeping.

Subject: The cat under the table

Predicate: is sleeping

Clause: Independent

Phrase: Prepositional Phrase (under

the table)
IV. Assessment/Activities

1. Complete Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that

expresses a complete thought and contains both a subject
and a predicate.

2. Complete Sentence: A phrase is a group of words that

functions as a single unit within a sentence but does not
contain both a subject and a verb.

3. Complete Sentence: A clause is a group of words that

contains both a subject and a predicate. Clauses can be
either independent or dependent.

4. Complete Sentence: The predicate is the part of the

sentence that tells what the subject does or what happens
to the subject.

5. Complete Sentence: The subject is the part of a sentence

that tells who or what the sentence is about. It usually
consists of a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.
 V. References

• https://www.pearson.com/store/p/introduction-to-english-
grammar/P100000368121

• https://www.pearson.com/store/p/first-steps-in-academic-
writing/P100000366045

https://www.cambridge.org/elt/catalogue/book/grammar-
and-beyond/

• https://essaypro.com/blog/types-of-sentences

• https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/subject-vs-
predicate/

• https://byjus.com/english/phrases-and-clauses/