PHYSICS

(042)

(2024-2025)
SUBMITTED TO :
SUBMITTED BY :
MR. BRAJENDRA SINGH
ADITYA AHIRWAR
[P.G.T PHYSICS]
XII-A SCIENCE
K.R. EDUCATION
Exam Roll No :-
CENTRE
KANPUR-21
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ADITYA AHIRWAR of class
XII-A has successfully completed physics file
under my guidance.

He has taken proper care and shown utmost

sincerity in completing this project.

I certify that this file is up to my expectations and as

per the guidelines issued by CBSE board.

(Signature) (Signature)
MR. BRAJENDRA SINGH DR. ARCHANA MISHRA
[P.G.T PHYSICS] [PRINCIPAL]
K.R EDUCATION CENTRE K.R EDUCATION CENTRE

(Signature)
EXAMINER’S SIGN
 I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my physics
teacher, MR. BRAJENDRA SINGH and MR. RAJESH KUMAR, for
their invaluable guidance, encouragement, and support
throughout this project. Their expertise and advice were
crucial in helping me complete this work successfully.

I am also deeply thankful to our Principal, DR. ARCHANA

MISHRA for providing a supportive learning environment and
the resources required to undertake this project.

Additionally, I extend my gratitude to my family and friends

for their encouragement and assistance, which motivated me
to give my best effort.

NAME : ADITYA AHIRWAR

CLASS : XII-A
S.NO. TOPICS

1. INTRODUCTION
➢ COULOMB
➢ COULOMB’S LAW
2. EXPERIMENT
➢ OBJECTIVE
➢ MATERIAL REQUIRED
➢ THEORY
➢ PROCEDURE
➢ OBSERVATION
➢ CALCULATIONS
➢ RESULT
➢ PRECAUTIONS
Coulomb graduated in November 1761
from École royale du génie de Mézières.
Over the next twenty years he was
posted to a variety of locations where
he was involved in engineering -
structural, fortifications, soil mechanics,
as well as other fields of engineering.
His first posting was to Brest but in
February 1764 he was sent to
Martinique, in the West Indies, where he was put in charge of building
the new Fort Bourbon and this task occupied him until June 1772.

On his return to France, Coulomb was sent to Bouchain. However, he

now began to write important works on applied mechanics and he
presented his first work to the Académie des Sciences in Paris in 1773.
In 1779 Coulomb was sent to Rochefort to collaborate with the
Marquis de Montalembert in constructing a fort made entirely from
wood near lle d'Aix. During his period at Rochefort, Coulomb carried
on his research into mechanics, in particular using the shipyards in
Rochefort as laboratories for his experiments. Upon his return to
France, with the rank of Captain, he was employed at La Rochelle, the
Isle of Aix and Cherbourg. He discovered an inverse relationship of the
force between electric charges and the square of its distance, later
named after him as Coulomb's law.

In 1785 Augustine de Coulomb investigated the attractive and

repulsive forces between charged objects, experimentally formulating
what is now referred to as Coulomb's Law: "The magnitude of the
electric force that a particle exerts on another is directly proportional
to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them." Mathematically, this
electrostatic F acting on two charged particles (q1, q2) is expressed as

where r is the separation distance between the objects and k is a

constant of proportionality, called the Coulomb constant, k = 9.0 x 109
N m2/C2. This formula gives us the magnitude of the force as well as
direction by noting a positive force as attractive and a negative force as
repulsive. Noting that like charges repel eachother and opposite
charges attracting each other, Coulomb measured the force between
the objects, small metal coated balls, by using a torsion balance similar
to the balance used to measure gravitational forces.
To estimate the charge induced on each of the two identical styro
foam (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use
of coulomb's law.
r
q1 F21 F12 q2

F21 r F12
q1 q2

➤ Small size identical balls (pitch or soft plastic)

➤ Physical balance or electronic balance
➤ Half meter Scale
➤ Cotton thread
➤ Stand
➤ Glass rod (or plastic rod)
➤ Silk cloth (or woolen cloth)
The fundamental concept in electrostatics is electrical charge. We are
all familiar with the fact that rubbing two materials together - for
example, a rubber comb on cat fur produces a "static" charge. This
process is called charging by friction. Surprisingly, the exact physics of
the process of charging by friction is poorly understood. However, it is
known that the making and breaking of contact between the two
materials transfers the charge. The charged particles which make up
the universe come in three kinds: positive, negative, and neutral.
Neutral particles do not interact with electrical forces. Charged
particles exert electrical and magnetic forces on one another, but if the
charges are stationary, the mutual force is very simple in form and is
given by Coulomb's Law:

where F is the electrical force between any two stationary charged

particles with charges q1 and q2(measured in coulombs), r is the
separation between the charges (measured in meters), and k is a
constant of nature (equal to 9x109 Nm²/C² in Sl units).
The study of the Coulomb forces among arrangements of stationary
charged particles is called electrostatics. Coulomb's Law describes
three properties of the electrical force:

1. The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance

between the charges, and is directed along the straight line that
connects their centers.
2. The force is proportional to the product of the magnitude of the
charges.
3. Two particles of the same charge exert a repulsive force on each
other, and two particles of opposite charge exert an attractive
force on each other.

Like charges repel each other

Opposite charges attract each other

Most of the common objects we deal with in the macroscopic (human-

sized) world are electrically neutral. They are composed of atoms that
consist of negatively charged electrons moving in quantum motion
around a positively charged nucleus. The total negative charge of the
electrons is normally exactly equal to the total positive charge of the
nuclei, so the atoms (and therefore the entire object) have no net
electrical charge. When we charge a material by friction, we are
transferring some of the electrons from one material to another.

Materials such as metals are conductors. Each metal atom contributes

one or two electrons that can move relatively freely through the
material. A conductor will carry an electrical current. Other materials
such as glass are insulators. Their electrons are bound tightly and
cannot move. Charge sticks on an insulator, but does not move freely
through it.

A neutral particle is not affected by electrical forces. Nevertheless, a

charged object will attract a neutral macroscopic object by the process
of electrical polarization. For example, if a negatively charged rod is
brought close to an isolated, neutral insulator, the electrons in the
atoms of the insulator will be pushed slightly away from the negative
rod, and the positive nuclei will be attracted slightly toward the
negative rod. We say that the rod has induced polarization in the
insulator, but its net charge is still zero.
 Electrons
flow to the
earth via wire

Ground

Neutral sphere A negative rod nearby (+) & (-) With rod nearby the negative end With rod away, the (+)
may be discharged distribute eventually

Let the force between two stationary charges be F

The weight of the ball

W=mg
The restoring force on each ball
=mg sinθ
From the diagram in the right
In triangle ACB
sinθ = x/2L
Let the charge on each ball is
q1=q2=q
Then at equilibrium
mg sinθ = kq q/ x2

kq2
= mg x/2L =
x2
mgx2
=> g =
2Lk
1) Weight the mass of each identical pitch balls by balance and note
down it.
2) Tie the balls with two silk or cotton threads and suspend at a point
on a stand or a rigid support. Measure the length of threads by
half meter scale. The length of threads should be equal. Note
down the length.
3) Rub the glass rod with silk cloth and touch with both balls
together so that the balls acquired equal charge.
4) Suspend the balls freely and the balls stay away a certain distance
between the balls when they become stationary. Note down the
distance.
5) Touch any one suspended ball with other uncharged third ball and
takes the third ball away and repeat the step 4.
6) Touch other suspended ball with other uncharged fourth ball and
takes the fourth ball away and repeat the step 4.
1) Mass of each bass,(m) = 0.1g
2) Radius of each ball (r) = 10mm
3) Length of each thread (l) = 150cm

S.NO Charge on ball A Charge on ball A Distance between the balls

(coulomb) (coulomb) -X (cm)
1. 0 0 0
2. 5.3 X 10⁻¹⁹ 5.3 X 10⁻¹⁹ 2
3. 5.3 X 10⁻¹⁹ 5.3 X 10⁻¹⁹ 1.5
4. 2.6 X 10⁻¹⁹ 5.3 X 10⁻¹⁹ 1.1

By using the relation:

Q = [mgx³/2Lk] ½
Calculate charge on each case:

The charge on each ball = 5.3 X 10⁻¹⁹ C

1. The suspended balls should not be touched by any conducting

body.
2. Rub the glass rod properly with the silk cloth to produce more
charge.
3. Weight the mass of the balls accurately