LRFD Beam-Column Graphical Design Aid

WILLIAM J. KEIL

ABSTRACT Volume I, 2nd Edition). Design by trial-and-error is enlight-

ening through chance and discovery but this process does
graphical design aid is presented for beam-columns,
A members subjected to combined loading of axial
forces and bending moments, designed in accordance with
consume valuable time. A more precise method would
expedite the design procedure to repeat the task efficiently.
The scope of this article is to introduce and propose a
the American Institute of Steel Construction’s (AISC) 1993
simplified LRFD design aid for beam-columns. Wide-
LRFD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings. Design
flange shapes normally used as structural columns, with a
aids have been published in the AISC LRFD Manual of
combined loading of an axial compressive load and a
Steel Construction, 2nd Edition, addressing many facets of
strong-axis bending moment are addressed. This document
structural steel design. These include the beam tables,
recommends a new design approach and demonstrates how
beam charts, and column tables. However, meager infor-
to perform the required calculations. The proposed design
mation is available revealing how to design a beam-column
procedure utilizes a standard interaction diagram and vari-
accurately and quickly. The common method is entirely
ous conversion factors to efficiently design beam-columns.
based on an assumed axial load due to bending moments
The conversion factors are necessary for the linear transfor-
which is then used via trial-and-error to size a member from
mation of design conditions different from the graphical
the column (axial load only) design tables. There are vari-
standards.
ous problems with this method of design.
The proposed design procedure is derived from
This article presents an alternative design procedure
Equations H1-1a and H1-1b of the 1993 LRFD
based on the Equations H1-1a and H1-1b of the 1993 LRFD
Specification which define the interaction diagram for the
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings. The proposed
design of a beam-column (refer to Figure 1, which is iden-
design method consists of a standard set of graphs depicting
tical to Figure C-H1.1 in the 1993 LRFD Specification).
the interaction diagram for steel W-shapes commonly used
Any combination of axial load, Pu , and bending moment,
as column members. The diagrams are derived for struc-
Mu , that plots below or on the line indicates an acceptable
tural members subjected to axial compression and strong-
result. Any condition plotted above the member interaction
axis bending. This new procedure also utilizes a set of lin-
line is not adequate. Interaction diagrams have been devel-
ear transformation factors applied to design conditions dif-
oped for a compressive axial load and bending moment
ferent from the graphical standard. This method is advan-
tageous to design engineers because it facilitates the selec-
tion of a beam-column.

INTRODUCTION
The AISC LRFD Manual of Steel Construction, 2nd Edition,
provides aids for the designer of steel columns and beams.
The design of columns for axial loads only is precisely tab-
ulated for several shapes commonly used as columns. The
design of beams for strong-axis bending moments is accu-
rately tabulated and plotted for several shapes commonly
used as beams. However, a trial-and-error solution process
is suggested to design a beam-column, a member subjected
to combined axial load and bending moments (refer to
Preliminary Beam-Columns, Table 3-2, LRFD Manual,

William J. Keil, P.E. is structural engineer for BRPH

Architects-Engineers in Melbourne, FL. Fig. 1. Typical beam-column interaction curve per LRFD Specifications.

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 99

about the major axis. These design curves comply with Specification Chapter E. Likewise, the basis for the nomi-
AISC’s 1993 LRFD Specification. nal moment strength is defined in LRFD Specification
Chapter F.
DERIVATION OF THE DESIGN PROCEDURE Conservative assumptions of Cb = 1.0 and Lb = KLx , KLy
were selected to simplify the design standards. However,
A beam-column must conform to the interaction Equations
Lb = KL is unconservative for values of K less than one. For
H1-1a and H1-1b defined in LRFD Specification Chapter
example, if K is equal to 0.5 and L is equal to 40 ft, then the
H. The plot of both equations yields a continuous interac-
moment strength would be based on KL equal to 20 ft
tion diagram similar to Figure 1 for every member. This
instead of the correct value of 40 ft. The designer must be
graph is affected by the column member size, column end
aware of the magnitude of this assumption. Proper detail-
conditions, the unbraced length, and lateral-torsional buck-
ing of the structure to conform to the design calculations is
ling criteria.
essential.
The following derivation by example illustrates the
For every possible length there exists a similar interaction
author’s discovery process. Curves 1, 2, and 3 in Figure 2
diagram for the W14×61. In addition to an infinite number
are plotted with the assumption that the unbraced length is
of lengths, there are multiple end conditions that will affect
equal to the effective length. A single member, W14×61, is
the plotted diagram. The end conditions are incorporated
graphed with differing lengths and end conditions in Figure 2.
with the effective length factor, K, and it varies from 0.5 to
Curve 1 in Figure 2 depicts the interaction diagram for
2.10. The theoretical K values and their physical interpre-
the following conditions:
tation can be found in Table C-C2.1 on page 6-184 of the
Member Shape = W14×61
LRFD Specification. The member length will also control
Fy = 50 ksi φPn = 591 kips
what the plot looks like (see Figure 2 for affected points).
K =1.0 φMn = 361 kip-ft
An interaction diagram cannot be drawn for every member,
KLx , KLy , Lb = 12 ft
every end condition and every length because there are an
Cb = 1.0
infinite number of combinations. Therefore, a correlation
must be derived. The plots of Curve 2 and Curve 3 illustrate
The point of intersection of lines H1-1a and H1-1b can be
the graphical correlation.
algebraically derived once all the other variables are known.
Curve 2 in Figure 2 depicts the interaction diagram for
The basis for the nominal axial strength is defined in LRFD
the following conditions:
Member Shape = W14×61
Fy = 50 ksi φPn = 276 kips
K =1.0 φMn = 315 kip-ft
Lb = KL = 24 ft
Cb = 1.0

Curve 3 in Figure 2 depicts the interaction diagram for

the following conditions:
Member Shape = W14×61
Fy = 50 ksi φPn = 276 kips
K =2.0 φMn = 315 kip-ft
Lx , Ly = 12 ft
Lb = KL = 24 ft
Cb = 1.0

Notice that the last two conditions plot identically. Since

both portions of the interaction diagram are straight lines, a
simple linear transformation can be used to convert any
length and end condition to a selected graphical standard.
Curve 3′ illustrates the interaction diagram for the
W14×61 if the unbraced length is not equal to the effective
length.
Curve 3′ in Figure 2 depicts the interaction diagram for
the following conditions:
Fig. 2. Interaction diagram plots. Member Shape = W14×61

100 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

 Fy = 50 ksi φPn = 276 kips moment when a member’s effective length is not equal to 12
K = 2.0 φMn = 361 kip-ft ft. The general form of the equation for the moment capac-
Lx , Ly = 12 ft ity factor is:
Lb = 12 ft
Cb = 1.0 φbMn(KL = 12 ft) = BLM × φbMn(KL ≠ 12)

Take note that the maximum axial load remains the same In general, the conversion factor, BLM, for a member’s dif-
as Curve 3 and therefore the axial portion of the point of ferent effective length is defined as:
intersection of Equations H1-1a and H1-1b remains the
BLM = [φbMn(KL = 12 ft)] / [φbMn(KL ≠ 12 ft)]
same. However, the flexural strength for the member plot
for Curve 3′ has increased resulting in a shift in the curve. Hence, if a member does not have L = 12 ft or K = 1.0
As long as KL is greater than Lb, the standard interaction then two linear transformations are required: 1) for the axial
graphs will be conservative. If KL is less than Lb, then the load conversion due to the different effective length and 2)
standard interaction graphs will be unconservative. In order for the bending moment conversion due to the deviation of
to simplify the design procedure, the assumption that the the member’s effective length from the graphical standard.
limiting effective length, KL, is equal to Lb was used to con- Since the conversion factors are based on the individual
struct the interaction diagrams. member’s axial and flexural strength, a set of initial design
As with all design aids there are assumptions that are approximations was created (see Appendix B). These
included in the derivation of the method. The basic assump- approximations are an average of the exact values (see
tions for the construction of the standard column interaction Appendix D) and allow the use of the design aid without
curves are: previously knowing the member size, except for a target
• the material is A992 steel; group size such as W14.
• the member is subjected to axial compression and As can be determined from the list in Appendix D, the
strong-axis bending only; values of BKL and BLM vary within each group size. The
• the member graphs are derived with K = 1.0 and L = lighter members of each group size vary by a greater mar-
12 ft; gin than the heavier members of a group. So the lighter
• the flexural strength of the section is based on Lb = KL members were ignored when computing the average for the
and Cb = 1.0; and design approximations of BKL and BLM. The design approx-
• the point of intersection of Equations H1-1a and imations may be utilized for all member weights listed even
H1-1b is derived algebraically from the other known if it was not included in the average calculation of the
values. design approximation. The design approximations for
With the above correlation, a set of conversion factors is W14s includes members weighing 90 pounds per linear foot
defined that is used to perform the linear transformations. (plf) to 730 plf. The design approximations for W12s
Two conversion factors are necessary because the end con- includes members weighing 53 plf to 336 plf. The design
dition and the length affect the axial strength and the length approximations for W10s includes members weighing 49
of the member affects the flexural strength. Conversion fac- plf to 112 plf. All W8s and W6s listed are included in the
tors were calculated for 50 ksi steel. Additional factors may calculation of the design approximations.
be calculated by using the equations discussed below. The author must caution the designer to confirm that the
The end conditions and the length affect the axial design conditions, such as the effective slenderness ratio
strength. Therefore, to use an interaction diagram with K = and the lateral-torsional buckling criteria, for the graphical
1.0 and L = 12 ft a conversion factor is needed for a mem- standards, K = 1.0, L = 12 ft, and Fy = 50 ksi, are maintained
ber that does not have K = 1.0 and L = 12 ft. The general at the differing condition requiring the transformation. In
form of the equation is: other words, verification that the effective slenderness ratio
remains below 200 and that the section maintains the same
φcPn(KL = 12 ft) = BKL × φcPn(KL ≠ 12 ft)
lateral-torsional buckling criteria must be calculated for the
In general, the conversion factor, BKL, for a different actual conditions. Furthermore, the unbraced length, Lb,
effective length due to the end condition and length is shall be considered equal to the effective length, KL.
defined as: Review Appendix E to see a listing of conditions where the
slenderness ratio would be exceeded for each conversion.
BKL = [φcPn(KL = 12 ft)] / [φcPn(KL ≠ 12 ft)] In summary, the tabulated values are for shapes typically
used as columns; however, this graphical approach may be
The length of the member affects the flexural strength. applied to all shapes provided that adherence to the graphi-
Therefore, a conversion factor is needed for the bending cal standards is maintained. The additional interaction dia-

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 101

grams may be plotted along with the curves in Appendix D. Example
The graphical design method is limited to a combined load-
Given the loading below, select the lightest W14 and
ing of an axial compressive force and a major-axis bending
W12:
moment because a graphical method for a column with
biaxial bending would require a three-dimensional graph, Pu = 3,400 kips K = 1.0
one axis for the axial load and one axis each for the orthog- Mu = 650 kip-ft L = 16 ft
onal bending moments. Fy = 50 ksi
Determine the design approximations for the W14 first
PROPOSED DESIGN PROCEDURE
(Appendix B):
This graphical design procedure for a steel beam-column is
BKL = 1.072
a precise method that incorporates the correct interaction of
BLM = 1.007
a compressive axial load and a bending moment according
Pu′ = BKL × Pu
to the LRFD Specification. The procedure is as follows:
= 1.072 × 3,400 = 3,640 kips
1. Given the effective length factor, K, and the member Mu′ = BLM × Mu
length, L, find the appropriate design approximations = 1.007 × 650 = 655 kip-ft
for BKL and BLM from Appendix B where:
Plot the point (Mu′, Pu′) = (655, 3,640) on the appropriate
BKL = axial conversion factor
graph in Appendix D.
BLM = bending moment conversion factor
Note: The tabulated design approximations deviate From the plotted point, proceed up and to the right across
less than 10 percent from the true values for the major- the page until the lightest W14 is found. Try W14×398.
ity of the shapes in a given group classification such as
Determine the exact values of BKL and BLM from
W14. Linear interpolation between the conversion
Appendix C:
factors is valid with the difference being less than 0.5
percent from the true value. BKL = 1.066
BLM = 1.002
2. Calculate Pu′ = BKL × Pu
Pu′ = BKL × Pu
Calculate Mu′ = BLM × Mu
= 1.066 × 3,400 = 3,620 kips
where:
Mu′ = BLM × Mu
Pu = factored axial load, kips
= 1.002 × 650 = 651 kip-ft
Mu = factored bending moment, kip-ft
Pu′ = transformed axial load, kips The transformed point plots to the left of the first point,
Mu′ = transformed bending moment, kip-ft therefore select W14×398 again.
3. Plot (Mu′, Pu′) on the appropriate graph in Appendix D To confirm the procedure, verify the result by using
and select a member whose interaction diagram lies Equation H1-1a:
above and to the right of the plotted point.
φPn = 4,300 kips via the column tables, Part 3, LRFD
4. Find the exact values of BKL and BLM from Appendix Manual, 2nd Edition.
C for the member selected. φMn = 2,997 kip-ft via Chapter F, Part 6, LRFD
Specification (December 1993).
5. Recalculate Mu′ and Pu′.
Interaction Calculation = 0.983
6. Replot (Mu′, Pu′) on the appropriate graph in Appendix
D to verify that the member selected is adequate. Use W14×398.
7. Confirm the selected member is adequate with the Determine the design approximations for the W12
applicable provisions of the AISC LRFD (Appendix B):
Specification.
BKL = 1.131
BLM = 1.031
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
By inspection of the graphs, the largest W12 is located
The following example demonstrates the application of the
down and to the left of the first plotted point. By inspection
proposed method. Note, the interaction calculation checks
of the design approximation tables, the BKL and BLM factors
use the actual unbraced length, Lb, to determine the bending
are greater for a W12 than a W14. Therefore, it can be con-
moment.
cluded that no adequate W12 section exists.

102 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

 CONCLUSION the Design of Steel Columns,” Journal of the Structural
Division, ASCE, Vol. 85, No. ST7, September, pp. 75-111.
A graphical design aid for beam-column members has been
presented. By utilizing a standard set of graphs conforming Monasa, Frank and Snyder, John K (1981), “Generalized
to the interaction Equations H1-1a and H1-1b and conver- Design of Columns Subjected to Combined Axial Load
sion factors, most members can be designed accurately and and Bending Moment,” Engineering Journal, AISC,
efficiently. The conversion factors allow many design con- Vol.18, No. 1, First Quarter, pp. 8-21.
ditions to be made equivalent to the graphical standards and Myers, Greg, AutoLISP program for member plots.
facilitate the selection of a beam-column. This design Salmon, Charles G. and Johnson, John E. (1990), Steel
method is advantageous to design engineers performing Structures Design and Behavior, 3rd ed., Harper & Row,
hand calculations or checking computer program results New York.
because it expedites the design of a complex framing mem-
Sokal, Iqbal S., Duan, Lian and Chen, Wai-Fah (1989),
ber. Some advantages associated with this design proce-
“Design Interaction Equations for Steel Members,”
dure are it reduces the number of calculations required
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 115,
thereby reducing design time and cost and it is a more pre-
No. 7, July, pp. 1225-1243.
cise method based on the LRFD Specifications instead of an
equivalent axial load equation involving trial-and-error. Uang, Chia-Ming, Wattar, Samar W., and Leet, Kenneth M.
(1990) “Proposed Revision of the Equivalent Axial Load
REFERENCES Method for LRFD Steel and Composite Beam-Column
Design,” Engineering Journal, AISC, Fourth Quarter,
AISC (1994), LRFD Manual of Steel Construction, 2nd ed., pp. 150-157.
American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
United States Steel (1969), Column Design Curves,
AISC (1995), ASD Manual of Steel Construction, 2nd rev., Pittsburgh, PA.
9th ed., American Institute of Steel Construction,
Chicago, IL.
APPENDIX A—NOTATION
Austin, Walter J. (1961), “Strength and Design of Metal
Beam-Columns,” Journal of the Structural Division, φb = resistance factor for flexure
ASCE, Vol. 87, No. ST4, April, pp. 1-32. φc = resistance factor for compression
BKL = axial conversion factor for effective length, KL, not
Bjorhovde, Reidar, Galambos, Theodore V., and Ravindra,
equal to 12 ft
Mayasandra K. (1978), “LRFD Criteria for Steel Beam-
BLM = bending conversion factor for effective length, KL,
Columns,” Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE,
not equal to 12 ft
Vol. 104, No. ST9, September, pp. 1371-1387.
Cb = bending coefficient dependent upon the moment gra-
Chen, Wai-Fah and Zhou, Suiping (1987), “Cm Factor in dient between bracing points.
Load and Resistance Factor Design,” Journal of Fy = specified minimum yield stress of the steel type
Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 113, No. 8, August, being analyzed, ksi
pp. 1738-1754. K = effective length factor for a prismatic member
Cheong-Siat-Moy, Francois and Downs, Tom (1980), l = unbraced length of member, in.
“New Interaction Equation for Steel Beam-Columns,” L = unbraced length of member, ft
Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 106, No. Lb = laterally unbraced length of member, ft
ST5, May, pp. 1047-1061. Lp = limiting laterally unbraced length of member for full
Duan, Lian and Chen, Wai-Fah (1989), “Design Interaction plastic bending capacity, ft
Equation for Steel Beam-Columns,” Journal of Lr = limiting laterally unbraced member length for
Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 5, May, inelastic lateral-torsional buckling, ft
pp. 1225-1243. m = coefficient for converting bending to an approximate
equivalent axial load in columns subjected to com-
LeMessurier, W. J. (1976), “A Practical Method of Second
bined loading conditions
Order Analysis: Part 1—Pin Jointed Systems,”
Mn = nominal flexural strength, kip-ft
Engineering Journal, AISC, Vol. 13, No. 4, Fourth
Mu = required flexural strength, kip-ft
Quarter, pp. 89-96.
Mu′ = transformed required flexural strength, kip-ft
LeMessurier, W. J. (1977), “A Practical Method of Second Pn = nominal axial strength (compression), kips
Order Analysis: Part 2—Rigid Frames,” Engineering Pu = required axial strength (compression), kips
Journal, AISC, Vol. 14, No. 2, Second Quarter, pp. 49-67. Pu′ = transformed required axial strength (compression),
Massonnet, Charles (1959), “Stability Considerations in kips

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 103

 APPENDIX B—DESIGN APPROXIMATIONS OF BKL AND BLM

104 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

APPENDIX C—BKL AND BLM VALUES (50 ksi)

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 105

 APPENDIX C—BKL AND BLM VALUES (50 ksi) (cont’d)

106 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

APPENDIX C—BKL AND BLM VALUES (50 ksi) (cont’d)

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 107

 APPENDIX C—BKL AND BLM VALUES (50 ksi) (cont’d)

108 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

 APPENDIX D—STANDARD GRAPHS OF INTERACTION DIAGRAMS
(Pu in kips, Mu in kip-ft)
Pu

Pu
8600

8500 6200

8400 6100

W
8300 6000

14
x6
5900

65
8200

8100 5800

5700
8000
5600

W
7900

14
x6
5500

0
7800

5
5400
W

7700
14

W
x7

5300

14
30

7600

x5
5200

05
7500
5100
7400
5000
7300
4900
7200
4800
7100
4700
7000

W
4600
W

W
14

14
14

x4
6900
x6

x5
55
4500
65

0 0
6800

W
4400

14
x4
6700 4300

26
W

W
6600
14

4200

14
x6

x3
05

6500

98
4100
W
14

6400 4000
x3
W

70
14

W
14
x5

6300 3900
x3
50

42

6200
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700
100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

Mu Mu

Pu Pu

6600 3800

W
14
6500 3700

x5
0 0
6400 3600

6300 3500

W
14
6200 3400

x4
55
6100 3300

6000 3200
W
14
x4

5900 3100
62

5800 3000
W
W

5700 2900
14
14

x3
x3

2800
9

5600
42

14

8
x3
W
W

5500 2700
7
14

0
12
x7

x3

5400 2600
30

05

12
x3

2500
36

5300
W
12

W
x2

12

5200 2400
5

x2

W
2

14

2300
9

5100
x3
11

5000 2200
W
14
W

4900 2100
x2
14
W

83
x2
W

14
14

2000
5

4800
x2

7
W1
x6

3
2x
6

3
19
5

4700 1900
0

W
14
x2

4600 1800
11
W

12
W1
14

x2
2x
W

1700
x6

4500
W
17
14

30
14
0
05

x1

x1
14

76

93
x1 W14 52

4400 1600
W1
59 x1

2x
W1

21

1500
2x

4300
45
1

1400
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700
1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

3200

3300

3400

Mu Mu

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 109

 APPENDIX D—STANDARD GRAPHS OF INTERACTION DIAGRAMS (cont’d)
(Pu in kips, Mu in kip-ft)

Pu Pu

W
14
4800

x7
4200

30
4100 4700

W
14
4600

x6
4000

65
3900 4500

3800 4400

3700 4300

3600
W
14 4200
x6
3500 4100
0 5

3400 4000

3300 3900

3800
W

3200
14
x5

3100 3700
05

3000 3600

2900 3500

2800 3400

W
3300
W

2700

14
14

x7
x5

3200

30
2600
00

3100

W
2500

14
x6
2400 3000

65
W
14

2300 2900
x4
W

55
14

2800
x4

2200
26

2100 2700
W
14

W
14

2600
x3

2000
x6
98

0
W

2500
5

1900
14
x3
70

2400
3400

3500

3600

3700

3800

3900

4000

4100

4200

4300

4400

4500

4600

4700

4800

4900

5000

5100
1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

3200

3300

3400

Mu Mu

Pu

2400
Pu
2300
W
14

2400

W
x5

2200

14
5

2300
0

x7
30
2100
2200
W

2000
2100
14
x6
W

65

1900
14

2000
x4
W

55

1800
14

1900
x4

14
26

x5

1700 1800
00

W
14

1600 1700
x6
05

1500 1600
W

W
14

14

1500
x3

1400
x5
9
W

50
8
14

1300 1400
x3
70

1300
1200
W
W

14
14

1200
x5

1100
x3

00
42

1100
1000
W

1000
W

12
14

900
x3
x3

900
3
11

800
800
700
700
600
600
W12

500
500
x3

400
05
W14

400
300
x

300
283
W1

W1

200 200
4x

4x4
W12

257

100 100
55
x279

0 0
1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

3200

3300

3400

3400

3500

3600

3700

3800

3900

4000

4100

4200

4300

4400

4500

4600

4700

4800

4900

5000

5100

Mu Mu

110 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

 APPENDIX D—STANDARD GRAPHS OF INTERACTION DIAGRAMS (cont’d)
(Pu in kips, Mu in kip-ft)

Pu
Pu
1420

W
14

12
2400

x1

x1
1400

59

70
2300
1380
2200
1360
2100

W
2000 1340
W

14
14

x1
x7

1900 1320

45
30

1800
1300
W
14

1700
x6

1280
65

1600
1260

W1
1500

2x
W
1240

15
14
1400

x1

2
32
1300 1220

1200 1200

1100
1180
1000
1160

W
900

W1
14
1140

x1

2x
800

20

13
W1

6
1120
700

2x
12
W1
W1

0x1

0
600 1100
4x6

12

W
05

14
500 1080

x1
09
400
1060 W
14
x9
300 9
1040

W1
200

2x
1020

10
W1

100

6
2x
96

0 1000
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280
4600

4700

4800

4900

5000

5100

5200

5300

5400

5500

5600

5700

5800

5900

6000

6100

6200

Mu
Mu

Pu Pu

W
1420 1420

12
W
W

x2
14
12

52
1400 1400

x2
x2

33
10
W

1380 1380
14

14
x1

x2
93
W

11

1360 1360
12
x1
90

1340 1340

1320 1320
W
W

12
14

x2
x1

1300 1300
30
76

1280
W

1280
12
x2

1260 1260
10

1240 1240
W

1220
14

1220
x1
93

1200 1200

1180 1180

1160 1160

1140 1140

1120 1120
W
14

1100 1100
x1
54

1080 1080
W1
2
x1

1060 1060
52

1040 1040
W

W
W

14

14
14

W
12

x1

x1
12

1020
x1

1020
x1

59

7
x1
3

70

6
2

90

1000 1000
300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

480

500

520

540

560

580

580

600

620

640

660

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

860

Mu Mu

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 111

 APPENDIX D—STANDARD GRAPHS OF INTERACTION DIAGRAMS (cont’d)
(Pu in kips, Mu in kip-ft)
Pu Pu
1420 1420

1400 1400

1380 1380

W
12
x2
1360 1360

79
W
14
1340 1340

x2
57
1320 1320

W
12
W

x3
1300
12

1300

05
x2

W
52

14
1280 1280

x2
8
W

3
14

1260 1260
x2
33

1240 1240

1220 1220

1200 1200

1180 1180

W
12
1160 1160

x2
79
W
14
1140 1140

x2
57
1120 1120

1100 1100

1080 1080
W
12
x2

1060 1060
30
W
14
x2

1040 1040
11

1020 1020

1000 1000
880

900

920

940

960

980

1160

1180

1200

1220

1240

1260

1280

1300

1320

1340

1360

1380

1400

1420

1440
1000

1020

1040

1060

1080

1100

1120

1140

1160

Mu Mu

Pu Pu

W1
1420 1000

2 x1
36
1400 980
W

W
14

14
x1

1380 960

x1
09

20
1360 940
W1
2
1340 920 x1
20
W

1320 900
12
x3

1300 880
36
W

W1
14

1280 860
2
x3

x8
11

1260 840

1240 820
W1

1220 800
2 x7

W1

1200
9

780
0x8
8

1180 760
W1
0

1160 740
x7

W1
7

1140 720
x1
12
W

1120 700
14

W
x8

W1
W

14

1100 680
W1

2
12

W
0

x9
14
x3

x1
2

9
W

x6

x9
0

00
W

1080
14

660
5

0
14

W1
x2

x7
83

2
W

1060
4

640
x1
14
x6

06
8

1040 620
W1
2

W1
x7

1020 600
2
2
W1

x9
0x6

6
8

1000 580
0

20

40

60

80
1460

1480

1500

1520

1540

1560

1580

1600

1620

1640

1660

1680

1700

1720

1740

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

Mu Mu

112 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

 APPENDIX D—STANDARD GRAPHS OF INTERACTION DIAGRAMS (cont’d)
(Pu in kips, Mu in kip-ft)
Pu Pu

W
1000 1000

12
W

x2
14

1
980 980

x1

0
93
W
14
960 960

x1
59
W
940 940

12
x1
920 920

07
W1

W
14
2
900 x1 900

x1
W

52

45
14

880
x1

880
32

860 860

840 840

W
14
x1
820 820

76
W
12
W
800 800

14

x1
x1

90
59
W1

780 780
2 x1

760
20

760

740 740

720 720
W1
W

700 700
14

2
x1
W
x1

14

36
09

W
680 680
x1

14

W
20

x1

12
660

45
660

x1
W1

70
2
640

x1
640

620 620 52
W

W
W1

14

14

600
x9

600
2

x1
x1

32

W1
06

0 x1
1 2
580 580
580

600

620

640

660

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

860
300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

480

500

520

540

560

580

Mu Mu

Pu Pu

1000 1000

W
W

12
14

x2
980
x2

980

79
33
W

14
12

x2
960 960
x2

57
52

940 940
W
12

920 920
x2
W

30
14

900
x2

900
11

880 880

860 860

840 840

820 820

800 800

780 780
W
14

760 760
x2
3 3

740 740
W

720
12

720
W

x2
12

5
x2

700 700
30

680
W

680
14
x2
W

660
11

660
14
x1
W

640 640
14

3
x1
W

76

620 620
12

W
x1

12
90

600
x2

600
10

580 580
1160

1180

1200

1220

1240

1260

1280

1300

1320

1340

1360

1380

1400

1420

1440
880

900

920

940

960

980

1000

1020

1040

1060

1080

1100

1120

1140

1160

Mu Mu

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 113

 Mu
12
Mu

0x1
W1 0 9
x9 2 x7
14 W1
W 59
280 860
x9
6 x1 70
2 2 14 x1
W1 00 x8 W 12
x1
840
14
260
0 W
W1 W 4
x7
14
240 820
W 8
x7
2
2 x5
x8
7
W1
2 W1
220 800
2
W1 45
APPENDIX D—STANDARD GRAPHS OF INTERACTION DIAGRAMS (cont’d)

x1 780
14
200
W
5
x6 0
180 760
2 x6
W1 0
0 x8
8 W1
W1 7 8 52 740
x7 x1
160
0 x6 2
W1 14 W1
W
5 140 720
x4
x6
8
x54 12
0 0 W
W1 W1 120 700
1
x6 x5
3 8 32
14 2 x4 x1
100 680
W
7 W1 14 9 14
x6 W x3 W
W8 8 W1
0 80 660
x5
W8 x48 0
0 W8 45 x4 0 9
x5 0x 0 W8 60 x1
640
12 W1 12x4 14
W 36 W
W 2 x1 20
x1
W1
40 620
9 14
0x4 5 1 W
W1 3 W8
x3
W8
x3 20 9
x5 x1 x9
W14
600
2
20
14 8 W1
(Pu in kips, Mu in kip-ft)

x2
W W1
0 x33
W8 0 580

580

560

540

520

500

480

460

440

420

400

380

360

340

320

300

280

260

240

220

200

180

160
580

560

540

520

500

480

460

440

420

400

380

360

340

320

300

280

260

240

220

200

180

160

Pu
Pu

114 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

Mu
Mu
32
x1
14
1740 W
0 9 580
36 x1
x1 14
2 W 20
W1 x1
1720 560
2
20 W1
x1
14
1700 540
W
1680 520
1660 500
57
1640 480
x2
14
W
05
1620 460
x3 8 3
12 x2
W 14 79
x2
1600
W
440
12 x9
9 06
W x1
14 2
1580 W W1 420
1560 400
9
x7
1540 380
2
x1
00 W1
0
W1
1520 360
1500 340
8
x9
6
x8
2 0x8
8 2 x6
W1 x7 14
W1
2 14 2 320
12
1480
x1 0 W x7
4 W1 W
0 x9 7 14 7
W1 14 2 x8 W 0 x7
W
W1 W1
1460 5
300
2 x6
W1

580

560

540

520

500

480

460

440

420

400

380

360

340

320

300

280

260

240

220

200

180

160
1000

980

960

940

920

900

880

860

840

820

800

780

760

740

720

700

680

660

640

620

600

580

Pu
Pu
 APPENDIX D—STANDARD GRAPHS OF INTERACTION DIAGRAMS (cont’d)
(Pu in kips, Mu in kip-ft)

Pu Pu

W
580 580

14
W

x2
12

33
x2
560 560

52
W
14
540 540

x1
93
520 520

W
12
500 500

x2
01
480 480

W
14

W14
x1
460 460
W

93
12

x211
x1

14

440 440
9

x1
0

76

420 420
W
W

14
12

400 400
x1
x1

59

W1
07

380 380

2x2
30
360 360

340 340

320 320

W12
x2
300 300

10
W14

280 280
x
145

260 260

240 240

220 220

200 200

180 180

160 160
1160

1180

1200

1220

1240

1260

1280

1300

1320

1340

1360

1380

1400

1420

1440
880

900

920

940

960

980

1000

1020

1040

1060

1080

1100

1120

1140

1160

Mu Mu

Pu Pu
W1

580 420
0x1
W1

12

560 400
0x1
W1

W
00
2x

14
540 380
87

x1
09
W1
520 360

2x
W

12
14
W1

0
x8

500 340
2
4x

W1
257

480 320
2x
96

460 300
W
W1

14
W

440 280
x9
2x
14

9
10
x7

6
4

420 260
W1
W1

2x

400 240
4x

14
72
233

x9
0
W1

380 220
W1

2x
79
2x

360
W1

200
279

W1 W12

0x8
0x7 x65

340 180
8
W
7

14

320 160
x6
8

300 140
W12

W
14

280
x6

120
x252

260 100

240 80

220 60
W10

200 40
x68
W12

180 20
x58

160 0
300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

480

500

520

540

560

580
1460

1480

1500

1520

1540

1560

1580

1600

1620

1640

1660

1680

1700

1720

1740

Mu Mu

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 115

 APPENDIX D—STANDARD GRAPHS OF INTERACTION DIAGRAMS (cont’d)
(Pu in kips, Mu in kip-ft)
Pu Pu

W
12
x1
07
420 420

W
400 400

14
x1
W

45
380 380
14
x1

W1
20

360 360

2x
15
W

2
14
340 340
W1

x1
2x

32
320
13

320

W1
6

4x1
300 300

59
280 280
W1

W1
14
2x

x1
12

260 260

4x1
09
0

76
240 240

220 220

200 200

180 180

W12
W14

x170
160 160

x145
140 140

120 120

W12
100 100

x190
W12
W1

80 80
4x9

x152
9

60 60
W12
x106

40 40

20 20
W 14
x132

0 0
580

600

620

640

660

680

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

860

880

900

920

940

960

980

1000

1020

1040

1060

1080

1100

1120

1140

1160
Mu Mu

Pu Pu

420 420

400 400

380 380

W14
360 360

W12

x257
340 340
x279
320 320

300 300

280 280
W1

260 260
2x2

240 240
30

W1

220 220
W14
4x2
W14

200 200
W12

11

x233
x193
x210

180 180

160 160
W12

140 140
x252

120 120

100 100

80 80
W14

60
x176

60

40 40
W1
4x2

20 20
11

0 0
11600

1460

1480

1500

1520

1540

1560

1580

1600

1620

1640

1660

1680

1700

1720

1740
1180

1200

1220

1240

1260

1280

1300

1320

1340

1360

1380

1400

1420

1440

Mu Mu

116 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

 APPENDIX D—STANDARD GRAPHS OF INTERACTION DIAGRAMS (cont’d)
(Pu in kips, Mu in kip-ft)

Pu Pu

W8

W1
x48
W

0x6
W1
160 160

12

W8

2x

0
x4

W1

53 4x5
x48
0

0x4

W
150 150

1
W8
W1

14
12

x58

x4

3
0x3

x4

8
140 140

W1
0
9

0x5

W8
130

4
130

W8

x67
x40
W8

120

W
120

12
x28

W1

x4
W8

0x4

W
110 110

12
x31

x5
W8

0
100
x24

100

90
W1
90

W1
0x3

W8

0x3
3

80
W6

W6

80

x40

9
x20

x25

W8

70
x35

70

W1
0x3
60 60

3
50 50

40 40

30 30 W8

20 20
x35

10 10

0 0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220
Mu Mu

Pu
W1

160
0x7
W1
0x6

7
W1

150
2x
8
W1

65
W1
2x
W1

2x
53

0x6

140
58
0

W
14

130
x6
1

120

110
W8x6

100
W
7

14
W

x5

90
14

3
x4
8

80

70

60

50

40
W12

30
x50

20
W10
x54

10

0
220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

Mu

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 117

 APPENDIX E—Kl/r VERIFICATIONS

Note: Shading indicates Kl/r greater than 200.

118 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000

 APPENDIX E—Kl/r VERIFICATIONS (cont’d)

Note: Shading indicates Kl/r greater than 200.

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / THIRD QUARTER / 2000 119