PITTS MODERN SCHOOL, GOMIA

BOKARO(JH)

Certification
This is to certify that the project was done by Anirudh Kumar Sinha student of class
XII registration number 14441 and is in partial fulfilment of the Chemistry
examination 2022-23 certify that this project is done by him with his own efforts
and with guidance and supervision of the teacher.

I approve the project for submission as required for the partial fulfilment of the
higher secondary school certificate.

M K Upadhyay
Mr. Rajesh Yadav MK UPADHAYAY External Signature
(Chemistry Department) PRINCIPAL
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr. Rajesh Kumar as well as our principal Mr. MK Upadhyay
who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic Foaming Capacity of Soaps, which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.

I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to

acknowledge my depth to all my group members who have put these
ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into something concrete.

Any attempt at any level can't be satisfactorily completed without the

support and guidance of MY parents and friends.

I would like to thank my parents who helped me a lot in gathering

different information, collecting data and guiding me from time to
time in making this project, despite of their busy schedules, they gave
me different ideas in making this project unique.

Thanking you

Anirudh Kumar Sinha

XII C
 INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMMERCIAL PREPRATION
3. EXPERIMENT
4. OBJECTIVE & THEORY
5. PROCEDURE
6. OBSERVATION TABLE
7. RESULT
 INTRODUCTION

Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and
oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon
chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the functional group.

A soap molecule a tadpole Shaped structure, whose ends have different polarities.
At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e.,
insoluble in water but oil soluble.

At the other end is the short polar carboxyl ate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water
soluble but insoluble in oil and grease. Long Hydrocarbon Chain Hydrophobic End
Hydrophilic end when soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution that is
colloidal in nature. Agitating attends to concentrate the solution on the surface and
causes foaming. This helps the soap molecules make unimolecular film on the
surface of water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a soap
molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the dirt (fat or oil
with dust absorbed in it).
The short polar end containing the carboxylate ion, face the water away from the
dirt. A number of soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease in clustered
structure called 'micelles’, which encircles such particles and emulsify them.
Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains Calcium
and magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to produce insoluble
carbonates of higher fatty acids. This hardness can be removed by addition of
Sodium Carbonate.
 COMMERCIAL PREPERATIONS
Modern plants have continuous processes. The oils are purified, blended and then
mixed with sodium hydroxide solution very rapidly. The mixture is passed into a
heated reaction chamber where saponification occurs. The glycerol is more
valuable than the soap and most of it is recovered. Some is left in the soap to make
it smooth and soft. After saponification the soap and glycerol mixture is usually
passed on to a rotating disc contact or RDC where the mixture is passed down a
column and is washed with a counter-current of sodium chloride solution. Soap is
not very soluble in salt water and separates out. Glycerol stays in solution which is
known as lye. The washed soap is then further treated with sodium chloride
solutions and centrifuge to give soap at the required concentration.
 Fat in soap
Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats sodium tallow ate is derived
from fat, soap can also be made of vegetable oils as palm oil and the product is
typically softer.

An array of saponification and fats aroused in the process of chest only with
coconut Palm oil to provide different qualities for example only for oil provides info
coconut oil provides lots of leather wild coconut and farmers provide hardness
Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an event. Unsaponifiable oils and fats that
do not yield so headed for further benefits.

PREPARATIONS OF SOAPS
In Cold Process and Hot process soap making it may be required the cold process
of making take place at the sufficient temperature set of a story the fat big used
process can be used right away because the early and fat saponified quickly at the
higher temperature used in hot process soap making. Cold process of making
required measurements of alkali and mouse and computing the ratio using
saponification charts to answer that the finished product is mild and skin friendly.

HOT PROCESS: -
Hot process uses an external heat source to bring the soap to gel phase, where it is
then poured into the mold. This is contrary to cold process, which does not use
external heat; the heat is internally generated during saponification and the soap
may or may not go into gel phase.
COLD PROCESS: -
Saponification is a chemical reaction provoked by mixing a fat (oils, butters, etc.)
with a strong base (for solid soap, the strong base is sodium hydroxide lye, for liquid
soap the strong base is potassium hydroxide, also known as potash).

his reaction creates two elements: glycerin and soap! A cold processed soap is
ready the moment all the lye has been chemically transformed and there is none
of it left. In order for all the lye to be transformed into soap, the oils or butters are
used in excess to be sure that all the lye is transformed. The leftover fatty acid is
what we call surgras. Surgras, is a French word that translates into exactly what it
is: the excess fat. Surgras is known for its nourishing, softening and protecting the
skin.

EXPERIMENT
Soap samples of various brands are taken and their capacity with the next foaming
capacities said to be heavy tails capacities in notice sample taken separately and
their foaming capacity is observed best cleaning capacity the test request to be
done with distilled water as well as with the test of soap on distilled water give the
actual strength of the cleaning capacity request to be done with distilled water as
well as Ca2+, Mg2+ capacity.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the foaming capacity of various soaps.
THEORY
The foaming capacity of soaps upon the nature of the shop and its concentration
this may be compared by equal having the same concentrations which saves the
same amount of time used during disappears gradually the time taken to disappear
in equal sample is determined the longer the time take it for the form today
disappear elite sample is determined the longer time taken for the disappearance
of the given sample offshore of greater is its foaming capacity cleaning action.

REQUIREMENTS
• FIVE 100mI conical flask
• 5 test tubes100 ml measuring cylinder
• test tube stand
• weighing machine
• stopwatch

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
• 4 different of Soap sample
• distilled water
• tap water.
Procedure
1. Take 5 100ml conical flasks add number 1....2345 p put60 table of water in each
flask and add 8 grams of soap.
2. 2. Warm the contents to get a solution.
3. Take 5 test tubes add 1 ml of soap solution to 3 ml of water
4. Repeat the process for each soap solution in different test.
5. Close the mouths of the test-tube and vigorously for a minute do the same for
all test tubes and with equal force.
6. Start the timer immediately and not is the rate of 2 mm froth.

OBSERVATION

Test tube Volume of Volume of Time taken for

no./Soap Soap Solution Water added disappearance

1. Dove 8 ml 16ml 11’42”

2. Lux 8 ml 16ml 3’28”

3. Santoor 8 ml 16ml 15’32”

4. Cinthol 8 ml 16ml 9’40”

RESULT

The cleansing capacity of soaps taken is in the order:

SANTOOR>DOVE>CINTHOL> LUX

From these experiments we can infer that santoor has the highest foaming capacity
in other words highest cleaning capacity, Lux on the other hand is found to be have
least amount of time taken for disappearance of the foam produced and thus is
said to be have least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity.