ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communication

Assignment 1 Solutions
Q1 Solution:

(1) The AMPS is a duplex system.

Given the total bandwidth 50MHz; No. of channel 832

50 ×106
Bw = = 60 KHz
832
For each forward and reverse channel: 30 KHz

(2) Given the number of voice channel (v.c.): 832-42=790

The number of control channel (c.c.): 42
3 c.c. per cell
For the 7-cell reuse case, divide the v.c. into 7 sets, so the possible allocation of v.c. can
be 113 or 112. The allocation of c.c. can be diversified as long as at least 3 c.c. are
assigned to each cell.
When TDMA is adopted, number of simultaneous users can be 112*6=672, and
113*6=678

(3) For an ideal hexagonal cellular, we have the following formula:

D = R 3N
where R is the major radius of a each hexagon

For 7-cell reuse: D = R 3 × 7 = 21R = 4.58 R

For 4-cell reuse: D = R 3 × 4 = 12 R = 3.46 R

Q2 Solution:

D −n 3N R − n
P0 = Pt ( ) = Pt ( )
d0 d0
where Pt is the transmit power in base station
D is the distance to the certre of the nearest co-channel cell
R is the major radios of a cell
Given Pt=1mW, d0=1m, n=3, N1=7, N2=4
For 7-cell reuse:

3N1 R − n
Pt ( )
d0
10 lg < −100dBm
1mW

⇒ R > 470.1m
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ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communication

For 4-cell reuse:

3N 2 R − n
Pt ( )
d0
10 lg < −100dBm
1mW

⇒ R > 621.9m

Q3 Solution:

Assume the time duration of a slot is T, then the transmitted data amount of one user
is 48.6kbps*2T. According to the rule of TDMA, the node needs to wait for another 4
slots time until the beginning of next transmission. So, the time a node used is 2T+4T.
The data rate for each user:
(48.6kbps*2T)/(2T+4T)=16.2 Kbps

Q4 Solution:

Given d0=1km, Pr=1mW

d −n
Pr = P0 ( )
d0
(1). Free space (n =2)
Pr(2 km) = 0.25 mW = -6.02dBm
Pr(5 km) = 0.04 mW = -13.98dBm
Pr(10 km) = 0.01 mW = -20dBm
Pr(20 km) = 0.0025 mW = -26.02dBm

(2). n=3
Pr(2 km) = 0.125 mW= -9.03dBm
Pr(5 km) = 0.008 mW = -20.97dBm
Pr(10 km) = 0.001 mW = -30dBm
Pr(20 km) = 0.000125 mW = -39.03dBm

(3). n=4
Pr(2 km) = 0.0625 mW = -12.04dBm
Pr(5 km) = 0.0016 mW = -27.96dBm
Pr(10 km) = 0.0001 mW = -40dBm
Pr(20 km) = 6.25 pW = -52.04dBm

(4) 2-ray ground reflection:

t t Gr λ c 3 × 108 m / s 1
2
PG
Pr = , λ= = = m
(4π ) 2 d 2 L f 1800 MHz 6

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ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communication

Given Gt=Gr=0dB=1, d=1km, assume L=1

Ö Pt = 5.68 MW

To calculate the receiving power at different distances, we adopt the following formular:

ht2 hr2
Pr = PG
t t Gr ,
d4
where Pt = 5.68 Mw，Gt=Gr=0dB=1，hr=3m, ht=40m.

Pr(2 km) = 5 mW= 6.98dBm

Pr(5 km) = 0.13 mW = -8.86dBm
Pr(10 km) = 8.18 μW = -20.87dBm
Pr(20 km) = 0.5112 μW = -32.91dBm

Q5 Solution:

To avoid ISI, coherent bandwidth should be greater or equal to signal bandwidth.

1
= (Δf )c = 25kbps and Tm ≥ 10δ T
Tm
1
δT ≤ Tm = 4μ s
10

Q6 Solution:

Given λ = c/f c= 3x108/860x106 = 0.349 m; v = 100x103/60 = 1666.67 m/s

v
Doppler shift is given as : f d = cos θ
λ

We have the max. fd exists for θ = 0 and min. fd exists for θ =π.

f max = fc + fd = 860 x 106 + 1666.67/0.349 Hz = 860 MHz + 79.63 Hz

f min = fc - fd = 860 x 106 - 1666.67/0.349 Hz = 860 MHz – 79.63 Hz

The Doppler spectrum is sketched below:

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ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communication

S(f)

f
fc-fd fc fc+fd

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ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications 11/27/200
8

In-class Test 1 Solution

1. Draw the signal constellation diagram of QPSK modulation. If the

information bits are Gray encoded, denote the bits sequence each symbol
represents in the diagram. (3 marks)

2. How many modulation symbols are there in 16QAM? Given the symbol
duration Ts as 1 second, how long does it need to transmit an information bit
sequence of 100 bits using QPSK and 16QAM symbols modulations,
respectively? (4 marks)

16QAM has 16 modulation symbols

For 16QAM system: log 2 16 = 4 bits form a symbol

Given the symbol duration Ts=1sec.

100 bits
The transmit time for 100 bits is ×1sec = 25 sec
4 bits
For QPSK: 2 bits form a symbol
Given the symbol duration Ts=1sec.
100 bits
The transmit time for 100 bits is ×1sec = 50 sec
2 bits

3. Compare coherent detection and noncoherent detection. (3 marks)

Noncoherent detection is easy to implement; no need for pilot, higher transmission

efficiency

Coherent detection is more complicated than noncoherent detection because it needs

pilot to track the phase of carrier freq.

Coherent detection always provides better performance than noncoherent detection

ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications 11/8/2008

In-class Test 2 Solution

1. The following figure illustrates the GSM system architecture. Give the full
names of the function blocks denoted by 1, 2, 3. (3 marks)

1: BSC (Base Station Controller)

2: HLR (Home Location Register)
3: MSC (Mobil Switching Center)

2. When a MS is turned on, it has to synchronize itself to the network. Give the
full names of the logical channels the MS needs to accomplish the
synchronization in the frequency and time domains, respectively? (2 marks)

FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel)

SCH (Synchronization channel)

3. What is the principle of discontinuous transmission in GSM? What kinds of

benefits can be obtained from this technique? (5 marks)

Exploits the fact that a normal person speaks for only 40%of time.
– No transmission during silent period => a longer subscriber battery life
and less instantaneous radio interference
ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications 11/16/2008

In-class Test 3 Solution

1. In reverse link of IS-95, what kind of technique is employed to compensate

the long term channel variations caused by distance and shadowing? And what
is employed to compensate the short term channel variations caused by fast
fading? (4 marks)

Open loop power control aims to compensate the long-term channel variations
caused by distance and shadowing
– Principle: the MS closer to the BS needs to transmit less power as compared
to a MS that is farther away from the BS. The MS adjusts it’s transmit power
based on total power received in the forward link. If the received power is high
(low), the MS reduces (increases) its transmit power
– BS is not involved

Closed loop power control aims to compensate the short-term channel variations
caused by fast fading
– Provides correction to the open loop power control
– Quick response time 1.25ms
– Consists of two parts
inner-loop: keep the MS as close to its target SIR as possible
outer-loop: adjust the BS target SIR for a given MS

2. GPRS introduces packet switched services to GSM and the system

architecture should be modified. The BSC is upgraded by adding a packet
control unit (PCU). What is the main function of PCU? (3 marks)

PCU: differentiates data destined for the standard GSM network (or circuit switched
data) and for the GPRS network (or packet switched data)

3. Why can IS-95B provide higher data rate than IS-95A? (3 marks)

IS-95B uses, instead of one code channel, up to 8 code channels for high-rate data
transmission.
ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications 11/22/2008

In-class Test 4 Solution

1. What kinds of inter-cell operations are employed in WCDMA and IS-95,

respectively? (2marks)

WCDMA: asynchronous inter-cell operation, without requirement of GPS

IS-95: synchronous inter-cell operation, with requirement of GPS

2. Give the two terminal oriented design criteria of UE in WCDMA. (4 marks)

1. Maximize the terminal amplifier efficiency

2. Minimize the audible interference from the terminal transmission

3. What are the differences between the scrambling and spreading? (4 marks)

1. Scrambling is used on top of spreading

– does not change the signal bandwidth and symbol rate
– separate terminals or base stations from each other;
– use pseudo-noise (PN) codes
2. Spreading
– increase signal bandwidth
– separate channels from each other;
– use orthogonal codes (channelisation codes)
ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications 11/22/2008

In-class Test 5 Solution

1. Give the system bandwidth of WCDMA and cdma2000 1xRTT. What is the
difference between cdma2000 1xRTT and cdma2000 3xRTT (3marks)

WCDMA: 5MHz
cdma2000 1xRTT: 1.25MHz

cdma2000 1xRTT cdma2000 3xRTT

Downlink RF channel
Direct spread Multicarrier
structure
1.2288Mcps(downlink)
Chip rate 1.2288Mcps (downlink and uplink)
3.6864Mcps(uplink)

Orthogonal transit diversity Demultiplexing of carriers and

Transit diversity
Space-time spreading transmit using different antennas

2. What are common channels and dedicated channels? (2 marks)

1. Common Channels: carry information directed to one or more MS

2. Dedicated Channels: assigned to one and only one MS

3. In forward link of cdma2000, data channels are QPSK modulated while in

the reverse link, BPSK is employed. Why? (5 marks)

Compared to BPSK, QPSK has higher bandwidth efficiency and higher coding gain,
even though it is more sensitive to inaccurate carrier-phase recovery and has larger
SINR degradation.

In forward link, since carrier phase is estimated by higher powered F-PICH, QPSK
is better than BPSK.

In reverse link, dedicated pilot channel, code-multiplexed with data symbols,

limited transmit power, carrier-phase estimation error is large. So BPSK modulation
is adopted.