CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2024/2025

TUTORIAL 1: - An Overview of Thermodynamics

Q1: Complete the table below:
System Type Exchanges matter Exchanges energy
Open Yes / No Yes / No
Closed Yes / No Yes / No
Isolated Yes / No Yes / No

Q2: A bowl of soup is kept in a refrigerator overnight. It is said that the soup is in thermal equilibrium with the air in
the refrigerator. The statement is according to which law of thermodynamics?
(a) The third law of thermodynamics
(b) The second law of thermodynamics
(c) The first law of thermodynamics
(d) The zeroth law of thermodynamics
(e) The universal law of thermodynamics

Q3: Which of the following statement is incorrect?

(a) At constant pressure, h = u + Pv
(b) The thermodynamic symbol for internal energy is U.
(c) Enthalpy is a state function.
(d) For an endothermic process, the enthalpy H is negative.
(e) If the work done by the system is greater than the heat absorbed by the system, Q is negative.

Q4: At a constant temperature, an ideal gas is compressed from 6.0 liters to 4.0 liters by a constant external pressure
of 5.0 atm. Calculate the amount of work is done on the gas.
(a) w = +10 liter atm
(b) w = -10 liter atm
(c) w = +30 liter atm
(d) w = -30 liter atm
(e) The answer cannot be calculated.

Q5: A system suffers an increase in internal energy of 80 J and at the same time has 50 J of work done on it. Calculate
the heat change of the system.
(a) +130 J
(b) +30 J
(c) -130 J
(d) -30 J
(e) 0 J

Q6: What is the change in the internal energy of a system when a total of 150.00 J is transferred by heat from the
system and 159.00 J is done by work on the system?

Q7: Suppose 40.00 J of energy is transferred by heat to a system, while the system does 10.00 J of work. Later, heat
transfers 25.00 J out of the system, while 4.00 J is done by work on the system. What is the net change in the
internal energy of the system?

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2024/2025

Q8: A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a
paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the
cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does
100 kJ of work on the fluid.
Determine the final internal energy of the fluid (Neglect the energy stored in
the paddle wheel).

Q9: A piece of ice at 0.0°C and 101.3 kPa absorbed 6.01 kJ of heat from the surroundings. It is given that the molar
volumes of ice and water at 0°C are 1.97 x10-5 m3 and 1.80 x10-5 m3, respectively. Calculate ΔH and ΔU for the
melting of ice at 0.0°C.

Q10: Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 80 MW.

If the rate of waste heat rejection to a nearby river is 50 MW, determine
the net power output and the thermal efficiency for this heat engine.

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2024/2025

TUTORIAL 2:
(a) The Basic Modes of Heat Transfer (Part I)

Qa1: A 10 cm thick block of ice with a temperature of 0 °C lies on the upper surface of 2400 cm2 slab of stone. The
slab is steam-exposed on the lower surface at a temperature of 100 °C.
Find the thermal conductivity of stone if 4000 g of ice is melted in one hour given that the amount of heat
transferred through the ice is 1.34 x 106 J.

Qa2: A polystyrene foam ice box has a total area of 0.950 m2 and walls with an average thickness of 2.50 cm. The
box contains ice, water, and canned beverages at 0oC. The inside of the box is kept cold by melting ice. It is
given that the latent heat of melting of ice at 0°C is 334 J/g and thermal conductivity of ice is 0.010 J/s.moC.
How much ice melts in one day if the ice box is kept in the trunk of a car at 35oC?

Qa3: An aluminium pan has a bottom that is 0.800 cm thick and 14 cm in diameter. It is placed on an electrical
element on a stovetop to boil water. The boiling water is evaporating at the rate of 1 g/s. Given that the
thermal conductivity of the aluminium pan, k = 220 J/s⋅m⋅°C and the necessary heat of vaporization of water
= 2256 J/g.
What is the temperature difference across through the bottom of the pan?

Qa4: Find the thermal diffusivity of water considering the density as 997 kg/m3, specific heat capacity as 4184
J/kg⋅K, and thermal conductivity, 0.607 W/m⋅K.

Qa5: An insulated metal rod with a length of 80cm and a diameter of 0.5 cm. In an experiment, one end of the rod
is held at 120oC, while the other end is placed in an ice bath keeping its temperature 0oC. It takes half an hour
for 6810J of energy to get transferred from one end of the rod to the other, melting half the ice in the bath.
Suggest the type of metal this rod is made of.
Given that:
Material Lead Steel Brass Aluminium Copper Silver
Thermal conductivity, k (W/m.K) 34.7 50.2 109 205 385 406

(b) The Basic Modes of Heat Transfer (Part II)

Qb1: White potatoes (k = 0.49 W/m· oC) that are initially at a uniform temperature
of 20oC and have an average diameter of 10 cm are to be cooled by
refrigerated air at 5oC flowing at a velocity of 1 m/s. The average heat
transfer coefficient between the potatoes and the air is experimentally
determined to be 19.1 W/m2·oC. Calculate the initial rate of heat transfer
from a potato.

Qb2: A 6.7 m uninsulated steam line crosses a room. The outer diameter of the steam line is 0.46 m, and the outer
surface temperature is 137.8°C. The convective heat transfer coefficient for the air is 56.8 W/hr-m2-°C. Calculate
the heat transfer rate from the pipe into the room if the room temperature is 22.2°C.

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2024/2025

Qb3: A room is initially at the outdoor temperature of 25°C. After a period of

time, a large fan that consumes 200 W of electricity when running is
turned on. It is given that the overall heat transfer coefficient, U = 6
W/m2 · °C and the exposed surface area of the room, A = 30 m2, and Ti
and To are the indoor and outdoor air temperatures, respectively.
Determine the indoor air temperature when steady operating
conditions are established.

Qb4: If an object has an area of 1 m2, an emissivity of 0.67, a temperature of 100 °C, and an environment of 0°C.
Calculate the amount of heat transferred by the object.

Qb5: Glass bottles may be prevented from breaking on filling with hot pasteurized juice when their temperature is
close to that of the juice being filled.
The bottles are rapidly heated by passing through a chamber that has top, bottom, and side walls heated by
natural gas. The glass bottles may be considered as an object completely surrounded by a radiating surface.
The glass bottles have an emissivity of 0.94, a mass of 155 g each, a specific heat of 1256 J/(kg · K), and a surface
area of 0.0219 m2. If the glass bottles are to be heated from 15.5◦C to 51.6◦C in 1 minute, calculate the
temperature of the walls of the chamber to achieve this average heating rate when the glass is at the midpoint
of the temperature range (33.6◦C).

Qb6: Consider steady heat transfer between two large parallel plates at constant
temperatures of T1 = 290 K and T2 = 150 K that are L = 2 cm apart. Assuming the
surfaces to be black (emissivity ε = 1), determine the rate of heat transfer
between the plates per unit surface area assuming the gap between the plates
is (a) filled with atmospheric air, (b) evacuated, (c) filled with fiberglass
insulation, and (d) filled with super insulation having an apparent thermal
conductivity of 0.00015 W/m· °C.
It is given that the thermal conductivities are k = 0.01979 W/m⋅°C at -50°C for
air, and k = 0.036 W/m⋅°C for fiberglass insulation.