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R Matrix

In R, a two-dimensional rectangular data set is known as a matrix. A matrix is created with

the help of the vector input to the matrix function. On R matrices, we can perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division operation.

In the R matrix, elements are arranged in a fixed number of rows and columns. The matrix
elements are the real numbers. In R, we use matrix function, which can easily reproduce the
memory representation of the matrix. In the R matrix, all the elements must share a
common basic type.

Example
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 matrix1<-matrix(c(11, 13, 15, 12, 14, 16),nrow =2, ncol =3, byrow = TRUE)
matrix1

Output

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 11 13 15
[2,] 12 14 16

History of matrices in R
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The word "Matrix" is the Latin word for womb which means a place where something is
formed or produced. Two authors of historical importance have used the word "Matrix" for
unusual ways. They proposed this axiom as a means to reduce any function to one of the
lower types so that at the "bottom" (0order) the function is identical to its extension.

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Any possible function other than a matrix from the matrix holds true with the help of the
process of generalization. It will be true only when the proposition (which asserts function
in question) is true. It will hold true for all or one of the value of argument only when the
other argument is undetermined.

How to create a matrix in R?

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Like vector and list, R provides a function which creates a matrix. R provides the matrix()
function to create a matrix. This function plays an important role in data analysis. There is
the following syntax of the matrix in R:

matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow, dim_name)

data

The first argument in matrix function is data. It is the input vector which is the data
elements of the matrix.

nrow

The second argument is the number of rows which we want to create in the matrix.

ncol

The third argument is the number of columns which we want to create in the matrix.

byrow
The byrow parameter is a logical clue. If its value is true, then the input vector elements are
arranged by row.

dim_name

The dim_name parameter is the name assigned to the rows and columns.

Let's see an example to understand how matrix function is used to create a matrix and
arrange the elements sequentially by row or column.

Example

#Arranging elements sequentially by row.

P <- matrix(c(5:16), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE)
print(P)

# Arranging elements sequentially by column.

Q <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = FALSE)
print(Q)

# Defining the column and row names.

row_names = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
ccol_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")
 R <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(row_names, col_name
s))
print(R)

Output

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 6 7
[2,] 8 9 10
[3,] 11 12 13
[4,] 14 15 16

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 3 7 11
[2,] 4 8 12
[3,] 5 9 13
[4,] 6 10 14

col1 col2 col3

row1 3 4 5
row2 6 7 8
row3 9 10 11
row4 12 13 14
Accessing matrix elements in R

Like C and C++, we can easily access the elements of our matrix by using the index of the
element. There are three ways to access the elements from the matrix.

1. We can access the element which presents on nth row and mth column.
2. We can access all the elements of the matrix which are present on the nth row.
3. We can also access all the elements of the matrix which are present on the mth column.

Let see an example to understand how elements are accessed from the matrix present on
nth row mth column, nth row, or mth column.

Example

# Defining the column and row names.

row_names = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
 ccol_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")
#Creating matrix
R <- matrix(c(5:16), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(row_names, col_name
s))
print(R)

#Accessing element present on 3rd row and 2nd column

print(R[3,2])

#Accessing element present in 3rd row

print(R[3,])

#Accessing element present in 2nd column

print(R[,2])

Output

col1 col2 col3

row1 5 6 7
row2 8 9 10
row3 11 12 13
row4 14 15 16

[1] 12
 col1 col2 col3
11 12 13

row1 row2 row3 row4

6 9 12 15

Modification of the matrix

R allows us to do modification in the matrix. There are several methods to do modification
in the matrix, which are as follows:
Assign a single element
In matrix modification, the first method is to assign a single element to the matrix at a
particular position. By assigning a new value to that position, the old value will get replaced
with the new one. This modification technique is quite simple to perform matrix
modification. The basic syntax for it is as follows:

matrix[n, m]<-y

Here, n and m are the rows and columns of the element, respectively. And, y is the value
which we assign to modify our matrix.

Let see an example to understand how modification will be done:

Example

# Defining the column and row names.

row_names = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
ccol_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")
 R <- matrix(c(5:16), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(row_names, col_name
s))
print(R)

#Assigning value 20 to the element at 3d roe and 2nd column

R[3,2]<-20
print(R)

Output

col1 col2 col3

row1 5 6 7
row2 8 9 10
row3 11 12 13
row4 14 15 16

col1 col2 col3

row1 5 6 7
row2 8 9 10
row3 11 20 13
row4 14 15 16

Use of Relational Operator

R provides another way to perform matrix medication. In this method, we used some
relational operators like >, <, ==. Like the first method, the second method is quite simple to
use. Let see an example to understand how this method modifies the matrix.

Example 1

# Defining the column and row names.

row_names = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
ccol_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

R <- matrix(c(5:16), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(row_names, col_name

s))
 print(R)

#Replacing element that equal to the 12

R[R==12]<-0
print(R)

Output

col1 col2 col3

row1 5 6 7
row2 8 9 10
row3 11 12 13
row4 14 15 16

col1 col2 col3

row1 5 6 7
row2 8 9 10
row3 11 0 13
row4 14 15 16

Example 2

# Defining the column and row names.

row_names = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
ccol_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

R <- matrix(c(5:16), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(row_names, col_name

s))
print(R)

#Replacing elements whose values are greater than 12

R[R>12]<-0
print(R)

Output
 col1 col2 col3
row1 5 6 7
row2 8 9 10
row3 11 12 13
row4 14 15 16

col1 col2 col3

row1 5 6 7
row2 8 9 10
row3 11 12 0
row4 0 0 0

Addition of Rows and Columns

The third method of matrix modification is through the addition of rows and columns using
the cbind() and rbind() function. The cbind() and rbind() function are used to add a column
and a row respectively. Let see an example to understand the working of cbind() and rbind()
functions.

Example 1

# Defining the column and row names.

row_names = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
ccol_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

R <- matrix(c(5:16), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(row_names, col_name

s))
print(R)

#Adding row
rbind(R,c(17,18,19))

#Adding column
cbind(R,c(17,18,19,20))

#transpose of the matrix using the t() function:

 t(R)

#Modifying the dimension of the matrix using the dim() function

dim(R)<-c(1,12)
print(R)

Output

col1 col2 col3

row1 5 6 7
row2 8 9 10
row3 11 12 13
row4 14 15 16

col1 col2 col3

row1 5 6 7
row2 8 9 10
row3 11 12 13
row4 14 15 16
17 18 19

col1 col2 col3

row1 5 6 7 17
row2 8 9 10 18
row3 11 12 13 19
row4 14 15 16 20

row1 row2 row3 row4

col1 5 8 11 14
col2 6 9 12 15
col3 7 10 13 16

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12]
[1,] 5 8 11 14 6 9 12 15 7 10 13 16
Matrix operations
In R, we can perform the mathematical operations on a matrix such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, etc. For performing the mathematical operation on the matrix,
it is required that both the matrix should have the same dimensions.

Let see an example to understand how mathematical operations are performed on the
matrix.

Example 1

R <- matrix(c(5:16), nrow = 4,ncol=3)

S <- matrix(c(1:12), nrow = 4,ncol=3)

#Addition
sum<-R+S
print(sum)

#Subtraction
sub<-R-S
print(sub)
 #Multiplication
mul<-R*S
print(mul)

#Multiplication by constant
mul1<-R*12
print(mul1)

#Division
div<-R/S
print(div)

Output

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 6 14 22
[2,] 8 16 24
[3,] 10 18 26
[4,] 12 20 28

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 4 4 4
[2,] 4 4 4
[3,] 4 4 4
[4,] 4 4 4

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 45 117
[2,] 12 60 140
[3,] 21 77 165
[4,] 32 96 192

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 60 108 156
[2,] 72 120 168
[3,] 84 132 180
[4,] 96 144 192
 [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 5.000000 1.800000 1.444444
[2,] 3.000000 1.666667 1.400000
[3,] 2.333333 1.571429 1.363636
[4,] 2.000000 1.500000 1.333333

Applications of matrix
1. In geology, Matrices takes surveys and plot graphs, statistics, and used to study in different
fields.
2. Matrix is the representation method which helps in plotting common survey things.
3. In robotics and automation, Matrices have the topmost elements for the robot movements.
4. Matrices are mainly used in calculating the gross domestic products in Economics, and it also
helps in calculating the capability of goods and products.
5. In computer-based application, matrices play a crucial role in the creation of realistic seeming
motion.

(a). In the given code, the rectangled line of code is mentioned wrong. (In the How to
create a matrix in R? section)

Here is the corrected line of code; replace it with the above line of code:

col_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

(b). The line of code is mentioned wrong in the given image: (In the Accessing matrix
elements in R section).

Replace the above line of code with the following corrected code:

col_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

(c). The line of code is mentioned wrong in the given image: (In the Assign a single
element section).

Replace the above line of code with the following corrected code:
 col_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

(d). The line of code is mentioned wrong in the given image: (In the Use of Relational
Operator section).

Replace the above line of code with the following corrected code:

col_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

(e). The line of code is mentioned wrong in the given image: (In the Use of Relational
Operator section).

Replace the above line of code with the following corrected code:

col_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

(f). The line of code is mentioned wrong in the given image: (In the Addition of Rows and
Columns section).

Replace the above line of code with the following corrected code:

col_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

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