NNPC FSTP Technicians

Mathematics

Course Code:
 Module 4

GEOMETRY
 Module 4 – GEOMETRY

• DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANGLES

• Angles at a point
• In this sketch, the four angles together
make one complete turn, so they must add
up to 3600: x + 900 + 1100 + 1150 = 3600
x + 3150 = 3600 :. x = 450
 Angles on one side of a straight line

In this sketch, the three adjacent angles together

make a straight line, so they must add up to 1800:
230 + x + 480 = 1800
x + 710 = 1800
x = 1090
 Vertically Opposite angles

When two straight lines cross one another, they

form four angles (a, b, c, d).
Angles a and c are the same size and angles b and d
are the same size.

c
b a
d

We can show this without doing any measuring as follows:

a and b are angles on a straight line
so a + b = 1800;
b and c are angles on a straight line
so b + c = 1800;
It follows that a + b = b + c and hence a = c.
 PARALLEL LINES

• Def: line that do not intersect.

B
• Illustration:
A D
l
m C

• Notation: l || m AB || CD

p. 129
 PERPENDICULAR LINES

• Def: Lines that intersect to form a right

angle. m

• Illustration:
n

• Notation: m ⊥ n

• Key Fact: 4 right angles are formed.

p. 79
 Transversal

• Def: a line that intersects two lines at

different points
t
• Illustration:

p. 131
 Vertical Angles

• Two angles that are opposite angles.

t
∠1 ≅ ∠ 4
1 2
3 4
∠2 ≅ ∠ 3
5 6 ∠5 ≅ ∠ 8
7 8 ∠6 ≅ ∠ 7
 Angles associated with
parallel lines
Parallel lines are straight lines that are always
the same distance apart. The lines are in the
same direction. In diagrams, you mark parallel
lines with matching arrow heads.
 Corresponding angles (or F angles)

The transversal and the parallel lines form pairs of

corresponding angles, as shown in the diagram below.
This means that, in

In the diagrams, a = b, c = d, e = f and g = h.

 Alternate angles (or Z angles)

The transversal and the parallel lines also form

pairs of alternate angles. In these diagrams, w
and x are alternate angles, and so are y and
1150. So w = x and y = 1150.
 Vertical Angles

• Find the measures of the missing angles

125 °
? °
125
55
? °
55 °
 Supplementary Angles/
Linear Pair
• Two angles that form a line (sum=180°)

t
∠1+∠2=180 ∠5+∠6=180
1 2
∠2+∠4=180 3 4
∠6+∠8=180
∠4+∠3=180 5 6
∠8+∠7=180
∠3+∠1=180 7 8 ∠7+∠5=180
 Supplementary Angles/
Linear Pair
• Find the measures of the missing angles

108?° 72 °
108
? °
180 - 72
 Corresponding Angles

• Two angles that occupy corresponding

positions.
t

Top Left Top Right ∠1 ≅ ∠ 5

1 2

3 4
∠2 ≅ ∠ 6
Bottom Left Bottom Right
∠3 ≅ ∠ 7
Top Left 5 6 Top Right ∠4 ≅ ∠ 8
7 8
Bottom Left Bottom Right
p. 131 & 143
 Corresponding Angles

• Find the measures of the missing angles

145 ° 35 °

? °
145
 Alternate Interior Angles
• Two angles that lie between parallel lines
on opposite sides of the transversal
t

1 2

3 4
∠3 ≅ ∠ 6
∠4 ≅ ∠ 5
5 6
7 8

p. 131 & 143

 Alternate Interior Angles

• Find the measures of the missing angles

82 °
98 ° ?82 °
 Alternate Exterior Angles
• Two angles that lie outside parallel lines
on opposite sides of the transversal
t

1 2

3 4
∠2 ≅ ∠ 7
∠1 ≅ ∠ 8
5 6
7 8

p. 131 & 143

 Alternate Exterior Angles

• Find the measures of the missing angles

120 °

60 ° ? °
120
 30
Consecutive Interior Angles
• Two angles that lie between parallel lines
on the same sides of the transversal
t

1 2

3 4
∠3 +∠5 = 180
∠4 +∠6 = 180
5 6
7 8

p. 131 & 143

 Consecutive Interior
Angles
• Find the measures of the missing angles

135 °
180 - 135
?45 °
 Circle Geometry and
Terminology

A
• The segment
joining the center
O
of a circle to a
point on the
circle.

• Example: OA
• A chord that A

passes through
the center of a O

circle.
B

• Example: AB
 Chord

B
• A segment joining
two points on a
C
circle
A

• Example: AB
• Secant
A

• A line that
intersects the
circle at exactly O

two points.
D

• Example: AB B
 Tangent
B

• A line that
C
intersects a circle
A
at exactly one
point.

• Example: AB
 Central Angle
A

• An angle whose B

vertex is at the C

center of a circle.

• Example: Angle
ABC
• Inscribed Angle • An angle whose
vertex is on a
B
A
circle and whose
sides are
determined by
C
two chords.

• Example: Angle
ABC
 Quadrilaterals

• A quadrilateral is a polygon with 4 sides, 4 vertical

and 4 interior angles.
• Here is quadrilateral ABCD. What is the sum of its 4
interior angles? You can find the answer to this
question by drawing the line from A to C. (This is
called a diagonal of the quadrilateral).
• Angle sum of ABC = 1800.
• Angle sum of ADC = 1800.
• Hence, angle sum of the quadrilateral ABCD is 1800 +
1800 = 3600.
• The angle sum of the quadrilateral is 3600.
Kinds of quadrilaterals
 Interior angle sum of a polygon
• All polygons can be split into triangles. The
sum of the interior angles of a polygon can be
found by calculating the sum of the angles of
the triangles within the polygon.
• A pentagon can be divided into 3 triangles.
• Angle sum of pentagon = 3 x 1800 = 5400.
• The sum of the interior angles of a polygon
with n sides is (n – 2) x 1800.
A heptagon can be divided into5 triangles.
Angle sum of a hexagon =5 x 1800 = 9000.
5

1
4
2
3
 Exterior angles
• If you make a side of a convex polygon longer, the
angle it makes with the next side is called an
exterior angle. An exterior angle + adjacent interior angle
= 180 . 0

a + b + c + d = 3600.
The exterior angle of a convex polygon add
up to 3600.
 Perimeter and area of two-
dimensional shapes

Polygons
• The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the
length of its sides.
• The area of a polygon is the size of its
surface, and is always expressed
• units squared, for example 15m2. You have
already learnt how to work out
• the area of some polygons. The table below
summarizes some of the
• properties of polygons, as well as the
formulae for the area of each polygon
 Circles
• The perimeter of a circle is also known as its circumference.
• Circumference of circle = π x diameter = πd or 2 πr
• Also remember that π = 22/7.
• The formula for the area of a circle also uses π (22/7). The
letter r stands for
• the radius of the circle. Remember that the radius is always
equal to half the
• length of the diameter.
• A = π x radius2 = π r2.
 Arcs and Sectors
• An arc is part of the circumference of a circle. The length
of the arc depends on the angle θ, which it subtends at
the centre O of the circle. The complete angle at O = 3600.
If this angle were divided into 360 equal angles of 10, each
would be subtended by an arc of the circumference.
• For an arc AB = θ/360 of the circumference.
• Hence, the formula is:
• Length of an arc θ/360 x 2 πr where θ = angle subtended
by the arc at the centre of the circle.
• The region bounded by an arc AB of a circle (with centre O) and
the two radii OA and OB is called a sector of the circle.
• AOB is the angle of the sector.
• If θ = 1800, the sector is a half circle – that is a semi – circle.
• If θ = 900, the sector is a quarter circle – that is a quadrant.
• Using a similar argument as we used for the arc length, we find
that the area of a sector is θ/3600 of the area of the circle.
• Hence, the formula is:
Area of a sector = θ/3600 x πr2 where θ is the angle of the sector.
 Solids

The 3-dimensional equivalent of a polygon is a

polyhedron – this is a solid
• whose surface consists of polygons.
The Cube
• The most common polyhedron is a cube. Its surface
consists of 6 squares.
• Each of these squares is called a face of the solid.
• Where two faces meet is a straight line called an
edge of the solid.
• A point where edges meet is called a vertex of the
solid.
 The cuboid
• A polyhedron whose surface consists of 6
rectangles is called a cuboid or rectangular
block. A cuboid has the same number of faces,
edges and
• vertices as a cube. That is, 6 faces, 12 edges
and 8 vertices.
The Prism
• A prism is a polyhedron which has 2 faces (the top
and bottom faces) which are identical polygons, with
their corresponding sides parallel.
• The other faces are usually rectangles, in
which case we call the solid a right prism.
• However, the faces could be parallelograms,
in which case the prism is ‘leaning over’. The
shape of the top and bottom faces is often
used to describe the prism – for example,
‘triangular prism’, ‘hexagonal prism’ and
‘Pentagonal prism’.
 Surface area and volume of solids
• A solid’s boundary consists of surfaces (called faces)
which may be planes (flat) or curved. The total area
of the faces is the surface area of the solid.
• Volume is the amount of space a solid or three-
dimensional shape takes up,and is measured in cubic
units. The units of volume are related to each other
and to the units of length.
 Cuboids:
Surface area of a cuboid
A cuboid has six faces and each of them is a rectangle. If
the length, breadth and height of the cuboid are l units, b
units and h units, respectively, then the
surface area is A square units, where A = 2lb + 2hb + 2hl.
• To find the surface area of any cuboid, you can calculate
the sum of the areas of each face.
•Alternatively, find the area of the net.
Volume of a cuboid
Suppose you have to find the volume of a cuboid which
has a length of 4cm, a breadth of 3cm and a height of 2cm.
Volume of a cuboid = length x breadth x height.
V = l x b x h where l = 4cm, b = 3cm, h = 2cm
v = 4cm x 3cm x 2cm = 24cm3.
END