U.S.

NAVAL ORDNANCE TEC- T STATION

AN ACTIVITY OF THE BUREAU OF NAVAL WEAPONS

J. I. HARDY, CAPT., USMI Wm. B. MCLEAN, PH.D.

Commondor Technical Director

N• Best Available Copy

BALLISTIC IINDBOO0,
by e. . -

R. B. Seelev "
and 3

Roy Dale Cole " ,

Aviation Ordnance Departrnent

C) J

DDC

NOTS TP 3902 i,.NOV

LN I I•

China Lake, Califcrnia

Aujrust 1965
NOTS TP 3902

FOREWORD

This report is a compilation of ballistic information on free-

fall ordnance in a form easily used by those engaged in fire control
system design, weapon design, or weapon system analysis.

The data is presented in the form of approximate solutions to the

equations of motion of particle ballistics; numerical data, including
ballistic tables, conversion factors, etc.; and nomographs from which
many variables of interest can be quickly obtained.

This work was carried out under Bureau of Naval Weapons WepTask
R-520-00 00l/216-1/FO18-02-03, Weapons System Analysis, and WepTask
RAVO 8NO01 216-1/S171-00-01, Combat Air Weapons System Development,
from February 1963 to March 1965.

This report was reviewed for technical accuracy by Dr. Marguerite

M. Rogers. Code 3503, U.S. NOTS, invites comments or suggestions con-
cerning this publication.

Released by Under authority of

N. E. WARD, Head WM. B. McLEAN
Aviation Ordnance Department Technical Director
31 March 1965

NOTS Technical Publication 3902

Published by ............................... Aviation Ordnance Denartmont

Vanuscript .................................................... 35!MS-216
Collation ................. Cover, 71 leaves, 3 dividers, abstract cards
First ....................................... . ?rirtin
25 copies
Security classification .................................... UNCLASSIFIED
 NOTS TP 3902

ABSTRACT

This handbook contains, in a v3riety of forms,

ballistic information on free-fall, unguided weapons of
all types, and is intended for use by those enpaved in
weapon design, fire control system design, and weapon
system analysis. The ballistic information i, pre-
sented in the form of ballistic trajectory equations,
tables, graphs, and nornographs, from which many tra-
Jec ory parameters of Interest can he quickly obtained
with accuracy sufficient for design and analysis
purvoaqes.
I

I 4
NO'rS TP 3902

ACKNOWLFDG."ENT
Acknac~yedý-yrmert is made to Rr~Ireiterqtein, Analu.sir, Branc:,
Develomrent Division I, for hi~r e.fforts in supply ingq the trajectory
prograr"3 ardli r"'ach of the rur-ertcal da4,ta presenzted in this report; and
to Hii~egary! Weinhnm-?t, AnalYs-.*.i Branch, Aircraft Project Divizion,
for her efforts in prwviding the scale mroduli and scale values for
indivic&aZ curvei representina, the variables from, the g~iven original
equations, ard also fýcr her ezuiac?,e,. an,. f1rsitarce in suporvtoing
contrarttor perronnel in conr~trctirgq and plot tinq7 the scales presentedi
in this report.

iv
 NOTS TP 3902

CONTENTS

I. i -roducti i.
n ........... .......................... . ..... 1
11. Ballistic Equto u a t i o ns..................... 1
A.Purpose, and Use of Ballistic Sections ........................ 1
B.Coordinate System and Nomenclatures .......................... 2
1. Coordinate System.............. .......................... 2
2. Nor.enclature ............................................. 3
C. Assumptions .................................................. 4
D. Equations of Motion, Differential PelationshipF, and Wind
Effects ...................................................... 5
1. Normal Equations of Motion ............................... 5
2. Differential Relationships ............................... 6
3. Wind Correction .......................................... 7
E. Solutions to Equations of Motion ............................. 7
1. Vacuum Case, D = n ....................................... 7
2. Series Solutions .................. ...................... 8
3. Closed Solutions ........................... ............. 13
4. Partial Derivative Equations .............................. 35
I11 . Numerical Data ................................................... 41
A. Conversion Factors and Constants............................. 41
B. Air Data Table ............................................... 41
C. Ballistic Drag Coefficient Functions for Various Bombs....... 44
D. Ballistic Tables for the Mk A3, w¶k 76, and HD-200 Bombs ...... 47
E. Ballistic Curves and Sensitivity Graphs ...................... 5Q
F. o.....................................I.... 85
Bomb Data.............
IV. Nomographs.... .................................................... 87
A. Ceneral Usage.... ............................................ 8
B. Vacuum Solutions ............................................... 94
C. Standard Drag Bombs .......................... ................. 100
D. Retarded Bombs ................................................ l1

Figures:
1. Coordinate System2............................................2
2-17. Ballistic Drag Functions ...... .................................. 15-30
18. Ballistic Drag Functior ......................................... 37
19. Ballistic Drag Coefficient Functions ........................... 45
20. Ground Range Versus Altitude................................... 60
21. Time of Flight Versus Altitude......................... ....... 61
22. Impact Angle Versus Altitude ................................ .. 62
23. Impact Velocitv Versus Altitude ................................ 63
24. Lead Angle Versus Altitude .................................... 64
25. Ground Range Sensitivity to Altitude Change Versus Altitude.. 65
26. Ground Range Sensitivity to Release Angle Change Versus Alti-
tude .......................................................... 66
27. Ground Range Sensitivity to Release Velocity Change Versus
Altitude ...................................................... 67

v
NOTS TP 3902

28. Ground Range Sensitivity to Drag Function Change Versus Alti-

tude ........................................................... 6$
29. Time of Flight Sensitivity to Altitude Change Versus Altitude
Versus Altitude.............................................. 6
30. Time of Flight Sensitivity to Release Angle Change Versus Alti-
tude................................ ............. . .......... 70
31. Time of Flight Sensitivity to Release Velocity Change Versus
A!titule....................................................... 71
32. Time of Flight Sensitivity to Drag Function Change Versus Alti-
tude ....... . . .. ................................. ......... 72
33. Impact Angle Sensitivity to Altitude Change Versus Altitude .... 73
34. Impact Angle Sensitivity to Release Angle Change Versus Alti-
tude.......................................................... 74
35. Impact Angle Sensitivity to Release Velocity Change Versus Alti-
tude........................ ......... ........................ 75
36. Impact Angle Sensitivity to Drag Function Change Versus Alti-
tude ............................................. 76
37. Impact Velocity Sensitivity to Altitude Change Versus Altitude. 77
38. Impact Velocity Sensitivity to Release Angle Change Versus Alti-
tude .............. ........... ................................ 78
39. Impact Velocity Sensitivity to Release Velocity Change Versus
Altitude ................................................. ..... 79
40. Impact Velocity Sensitivity to Drag Function Change Versus Alti-
tude ................................................... 80
41. Lead Angle Sensitivity to Altitude Change Versus Altitude....... 81
42. Lead Angle Sensitivity to Release Angle Change Versus Altitude. 82
43. Lead Angle Sensitivity to Release Velocity Change Versus Alti-
tude ................................................ ........ . 83
44. Sensitivity of Distance Normal to Line-of-Sight to Release Angle
Change Versus Altitude ................... .............. 84

Tables:
1. Differential Relationships ..................................... 6
2. Rallistic Function ,) as tnj Versus 2/3 pc KD X sec 0(kX sec 0). 31
3. Ballistic Function. 0 and tnt Versus 1/2 oc KD X sec 0(3/4 kX
sec 0) ........................ ...................... ....... 32
4. Ballistic Function IT and tn0T Versus oc KD X sec 0P(/2 kX
sec 0)........................................................ 33
5. Air Data ........... .............................................. 42
6. Ballistic Drag Coefficient Functions ............... 46
7. Ballistic Data fOr the Mk 83 Mod 2 and 3/E .................... 4r
8. Ballistic Data for the Mk 76 Mod 0 and 2/N .................... 52
9. Ballistic Data for the HD-200 .................................. 56
10. Bomb Data ..... ..................................... ... -....... . 86

vt
 NOTS TP 3902

I. INTRODUCTION

The ballistic equations and numerical data nresented in this hand-

book are intended for use by those engaged in weapon design, fire control
system design, and weapon system analysis. The first section, containing
ballistic equations, defines t;te coordinate system, gives the nomenclature,
and states the dssumpcions leading to the simplified equationt, ot mot~on
of particle ballistics. Approximate solutions to these equations of mo-
tion are then given in a variety of forms. The second section concern-
ing numerical data contains some useful conversion factors, ballistic
characteristics arid drag functions of some current weapons, trajectory
tables, and graphs and nomographs from which the desired information may
be easily extracted.

I1. BALLISTIC EQUATIONS

A. PURPOSE AND USE OF BALLISTIC SECTIONS

This section -ontains ballistic tralectory equations In a sufficient

variety of forms that, given a particular set of independent variables,
an unknown dependent variable can be computed. All of the equations,
with the exception of the vacuum ballistic equations, are fiirlv simple
approximations, and as such do not vield exact solutions. They could be
further refined and expanded to yield greater accuracy over a larver
range of Independent variables, but only at the expense of rapidly in-
creasing equation complexity. It is hoped a suitable balance between
accuracy and complexity has been attained to accomplish the purpose for
which this handbook is published.

To use the equations, the ballistic characteristics of the weapon or

shape in question must be known or assumed, i.e., its reciprocal ballis-
tic coefficient and its ballistic (or aerodynamic) drag coefficient. In
some instances, it is possible to reverse the procedure to determine the
approximate ballistic characteristics required of a weapon to cause it
to describe a desired trajectory for a given set of release conditions.

The user is again cautioned that the solutions herein are approxi-
mate. If accurate solutions are required, nimerical intepration of the
equation:- of motion on a high-speed digital computer is recommended.
N40TS TP 3902

B. COORDINATE SYSTEM AND NOMENCLATURE

1. Coordinate Syten.

The coordipate system used in the ballistic section of this report is

shown in Fig. l. In this system, whose origin (0, 0, ý) is the weapon
release point, Z lies along the direction of gravity, X is horizontal
and lies along the direction of the initial horizontal velocity component
of the weapon in the air masc, and Y is normal to the XZ plane, i.e.,
Z x X, giving a right-handed system. This XYZ system is stationary
in the air mass so that if wind exists, the coordinate system is moving
with respect to the ground.

It is convenient to define a coordinate system X'Y'Z' which is fixed

with respect to the ground, but which initially (at weapon release) coin-
cides with the XYZ system. This fixed system will be useful in accounting
for the effects of wind on the weapon trajectory.

UO

PC.'

U,4

FIG. 1. Coordinate System.

2
 NOTS TP 3202

2. Nomenclati're

Alt A2 , A3 Coefficients of terv.s in the series solutions of the

equations of motion
CDO Zero lift aerodynamic drag coefficient, a function of
Mach number
c Reciprocal ballistir coefficient equal to id 2 /w
cs Speed of sound
D Deceleration of weapon due to aerodynariic drag
d flaximun body dianeter of weapon
2
g Acceleration of gravity; 32.174 ft/sec
h Altitude above mean sea level (ISL)
i Subscript denoting the value of a quantit% at weapon impact
i Form factor of weapon
KD Ballistic drag coefficient, a function of Mach number
K* A modified ballistic drag coefficient
o Subscript denoting an initial condition
p Subscript denoting a pullup point
R Slant range to target
t Time
tf Time of flight of weapon
u Magnitude of weapon speed with respect to the air mass
v Magnitude of weapon speed with respect to the ground
U Weapon weight
w Wind speed with respect to the ground
X, ?, • Air mass coordinate system; origin at release point. ý is
positive down, X is horizontal, Y - Z x X
X' ', z Coordinate system coinciding with X, Y, . system of weipon
release, but fixed with respect to the ground
CIT Angle of attack
P'T Angle of skid
r Function to account for the effects of aerodynamic drag in
closed trajectory equations
Y Ballistic lead angle: angle in a vertical plane betwJeen
the line of sight to the target at release and the direc-
tion of the initial velocity vector

3
NOTS TP 3902

Operator indicating an iucremental change in a variable,

i.e., AX A dX

0 Release angle: angle between the velocity vector ot the

weapon at release and the horizontal, positive when the
velocity vector is above the horizontal
0 Air density
Angle between the tat, nt to the trajectory at any point
and the horizontal: 0
t1 0; Ti Z impact angle
Line of sight or harp angle: angle between the horizontal
and the line of sight to the target at release

'Dt•, Functions to accoont for the effects of aerodynamic drag in

closed trajectory equations

C. ASSLUMPTIONS

The ballistic equations of the next sections were derived using the
following assumptions:

a. The acceleration of gravity is equal to 32.174 ft/sec 2 and is

constant, independent of altitude.
b. The earth is flat and nonrotating.
c. Wind is constant from release point to impact point.
d. The air density is that given by the ICAO Tables of 1954.
e. The forces actin- on the weapon are due only to gravity and to
the motion of the weapon through the atmosphere.

The aerodynamic forces are further assumed to act only along the
longitudinal axis of the weapon with a magnitude given by:

F - - uS2 S (1)
2 Do0 .

In eq. 1, CDo is the aerodynamic drag coefficient at zero lift or

zero angle of attack, and S is a reference area, usually the maximum body
cross-section area. The deceleration of the weapon is

D U2 s CD (2)
W D

is the weight of the weapon, and the units of p have changed from
where '.%'
mass per ,olume in eq. 1 to wei,.ht per volume in eq. 2 to account for the
"missing" gravity term.

4
 NOTS TP 3902

wd2
If SM 4 ;

then D a p u2 2 CD (3)

In ballistic work, the weapon deceleration due to drag is normally

written

D - P c u2 KD (4)

where c, the reciprocal ballistic ciefficient, is defined by:

ci d2 (5)

and KD is the ballistic drag coefficient. From eq. 3, 4, and 5, it is

evident that, for i 11,
w

K C 0.3927 CD
D- 8 D -
C
or
CD - 2.546 KD (6)

In eq. 5, i is called the forn factor, and is introduced as a correc-

tion term relating the ballistic drag coefficient of some standard pro-
jectile to that of a projectile of usually similar shape. Thus, if KDs
is the drag funcLion of a standard projectile, the form factor i is
given by

- KD
KDs

and is a sort of average correction term applied to the drag coefficient

of the standdrd projectile to obtain a drag function suitable for the
weapon at hand.

D. EQUATIONS OF MOTION, DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND WIND EFFECTS

1. Normal Equations of ý4otion

In terms of the air mass coordinate system defined, *he assu-iptions

stated in the previous section lead to the following di'terential equa-
tions of motion for particle ballistics:
d2X d2Z
--x -D cos r z- " D"=n 4-g
dt 2
Jt 2

5
VOTS TP 3902

dX -- " uCos
U ,-- dZ " -u sin r ,(7)
dt dt
where

D P CKD U2

The ballistic equations of the next sections were obtained from

Taylor series solutions of eq. 7 of the general form
+(n d2 S) n2 nd§
§ dn/o n + -+ " ++ +
od22! \dn/o n.

(_- c)
(n dc (8)
d(n+l)

where the subscript o indicates that the derivatives are evaluated at the
release point of the weapon, i.e., at X a Y w Z - t w 0.

2. Differential Relationships
Table I is a compilation of some useful first derivatives from which
the higher order derivatives can be obtained.

TABLE 1. Differential Relationships

SX Zu t
X 1 -tanr Js
-n(u CosinT/ u u cos T

Z -cot? D + & sin r A cot -l

u sin rf u2 u sin

s D +
sin
uS+gsin7
sin -r
- Z cos
sin r
) -1
7

g u+g D + F, sin r

2 2 tan u ID p, s i n i -U
9g g Cos g cos r

t u Cos -u sinr -(D) +g sinr) Cos

I u

d 2X dX
S- PcK(M) U2 " -D cos r U Cos
d2 z = dZ
1)sin r + g d a -u sin r

6
 NOTS T 3902

3. Wind Correction

With the normal equations of particle ballistics solved in an air-

mass coordinate systeri, the motion of the air mass must be accounted for
if the variables of the trajectory need to be described in terms of a
fixed coordinate svytem, e.g., th( X'Y'Z' system defined in Section B.1.

If wind is re:ýtricted to be horizontal and constant, the relations

between the trajectory parameters in the X'Y'Z' and the XYZ systems are:

tf' - tf (no vertical wind) , (9)

X' - X + Wxtf , (10)

Y1 - llytf (11)
2
vi - (ui + W2 + 2
Wui cos Ti) 2 , (12)

ui
sin ri' a V sin ri (13)

In the above equations, Wx and Wy are the X and Y components of wind,

respectively, and thus

Vx W Ux + Wx

Vy a Wy
and -U . (14)

Also, V, . (V I + Vy2 + V 2)Y

x y z
Ui, (Ux 2 + z2)!/2

1 = (Wx2 + qy2)lY2 (15)

E. SOLUTIONS TO EQUATIONS OF MOTION

1. Vacuuri Case. D = 0

a. Variable Z W U° C , [sin e+ sin 2 0 + 2Z] (16)

2
t s in 0 + ýsin e+ • (17)

tan r - - sec 9 )lsin2 & + !a-

Uo2 "(18)
U m 0J2 + 24g U0 VT+ ý7 (19)
U02

7
NOTS TP 3902

b. Variable t
X = Uot cos0 . (20)

Z - -Uot sin 0 + 22r. " (21)

tan T - - tan 9 +-'Uo cos e (22)

U -a 2Uo sine) . (23)

c. Variable X
• 2
Z =- t an 8 + 2Uo 2 cos 2 a (24)

t x (25)
Uo cos •

tanT - -tan$+ - - - (26)

U0 cos 2 9

U U0 + cos cos 2Uo sin (27)

2. Series Soltitions

a. Coefficients of Series Solutions

The series solutions in the next sections are written in terms of

coefficients A,, A2, and A3 . These coefficients, given below, were eval-
uated assuming that (1) the drag coefficient KD remains at its value
1
at
release, and (2) air density at altitude h above VSL is given by

" a po e-ah (28)

where, for h in feet, a - 3.015 x 10- It-,, and Po is air density at sea
level.
With Do - Pc KD U02 , the coefficients are as follows:

A,4- Do (29)
U0 cos e

1 This
is not in accordance with ICAO standards, but it allows an
analytical expression for the density in the series coefficients. This
expression gives values rery close to the ICAO that was used in computa-
tion of the tables.

8
 NOTES TP 3902

A *,= Uo4 4 Cos2

Do 0 [2 Do- (g+a Uo2) sin] 81. (30)
(0

and A 4 D D02 +g(g+aU 0

2 ) cos 2

A3 =U 06 coss a

-2D(4g+ 3aU2) sin 0 + 2a 2 (3g+ 2a2) sin2G]• (31)

Alternate expressions for these coefficients are:

A1 = 4 pc KD secG , (32)

A2 = 2 - A, (g/U 2 +a) tanG (33)

"A " + 3 tan 8 +

A,[ + a) + (L U +m)tan'e]
. *(34)

b. Independent Variable X. Horizontal Range

2
Z--X tan G+ FA 2 + AI+A +AaX3 + (35)

Al A2 2
Uo Cos L (2)(8) (3)(8) 2 LL+
4

A3 A, A2 A13 (36
(36)
(8
(4)() 4 + •

X !, X A X2 A X3
tan.r -tanI 2 2+- - + . - + a3 + (37)
ua cos 2 6 2 2! 2 3! 2 T!

Cos 1 - -- X -_ (A 3A-) 2
U cosr U 2

S -3A, A2 5A,3 X3 + (38)

" \ 16/ +... .(]8

9
NOTS TP 3902

c. IdendentVarinble t Tim of Feir-ht

- .
...... . ... .U-2 c s2 e ÷ . . • ( 9
A, Uot cos 8 A2-'A
XaU0 t Cos3'8l8-T U0 t2
v) O e + .. ) (39)

Z
7" - tan e+ __lcos _e
2Uo 1 + A, Uot
4! Cos + 0 + /. (40)

tan T - tan e- --t [ 1 +

L_ A, Uot cos
8
8 +

(/A2,4],0 .
OU
con

3- 1 A L t2 COS2 O e +4 . .(41)

U cos t - U0 cos e . e - 8 ... .. 0 (42

d. Independent Variable (tan 0 - 7/X)

x- 2U, 2
g
c°s2 e (tan 0 + L)
X
1 - 2A
3!
U 2
g
COS2 (tan 8+6 ) -

A3 - - 2 2 (tan 0 + 2 +...1 (43)

3 g
8-- CA2U
,2U CO . 2...62
e(tn6+Z
OS A,
[taneco+ to2CS2tan
.e + .(4 Z) + 44
0

tan 0 2 (tan a + z` 1 + 4A . 2m gU a + z
9O26) +
tan T -
4 -2 ( tan e + + . . (45)
2 c2 1. 2A U02 Co 2~ 0
4! 3 L 4
. . (44)
(I (t" 0 ta 0 I

U-Cos-
U0Co - lr e0+ 7,
"!1 / 4 F

(46)
( COS
2
@. (!tan )20 + )
SA2 A1)

10
 NOTS T11 Y3,02

e. T) (7

X Cos 2•e (tan 0 - tan T) -- 92- (tan t0

-t)
=g

t e Un (A,os=2 _AA,2 U~' 0 (a r - 1 (U[°2 1o"

(an - an )(47)
Z7 2/ g2

tan e- 2 __t a4 - n.. /-

!' )(tan 0 -tan ) -

4' (A23 A,
- )J-"-~- Cos0 (tan(tan
e O-tan +J
tan )+ r)2+ ... ]. •(9 (48)

0 adegrees r (e angestan ftr Lron cos 2 0)(tan 0 )-

0tan
g

51 ,2 (U 2
Cos 2 9
(A -ZI (tan e-tan T)2 + (49)

Cos r h 8 e- fSr~s
U0 Acosac e 1er
dcos 9 -e2
tn 2 s (tan 0lowtan a) t

(2- J 2Cos 2
5 A1)(o 0) (ta e- tan T)2 + ] (50)

f. Accuracy of Series Solutions

in general, these series solutions will provide solutions accu-

rate to within one or two percent of value for low or medium drag weapons
(e.g. the Mrk 76 bomb) released at less than 1,000 ft/sec velocity below
+10 degrees release angles, and for ground ranges less than 15,000 to
20,000 feet.

For higher drag weapons, the series convergence is slow, and the
remainder term implicit in each of the equations becomes large, causing
considerable error. A sample calculation using set E.2.b. will illus-
trate.

From' Table 8, we find for the Mk 76 bomb that the release condi-
tions:
Z - 5,000 ft UO0 800 ft/sec , e - -20 deg

yield the resultin~g trajectory paraneters at Z - 0:

?iOTS TP 3902

X " 7,986 ft , U1 " 818.0 ft/sec

tf - 11.841 sec , * 42.96 deg .

With the Sivwn ground ranz : X and using eq. 24 to get an approximate
value of Z frcm which to find air density, Mach number, and the appropri-
ate value of KD, the series solutions, set E.2,b., give from eq. 35, 36,
37, and 38:

Z - 4,992 ft; error - n.16% , r * 42.92 deg; error - 0.09%

tf a 11.803 sec; error - 0.32% , Ui - 824.9 ft/sec; error - 0.84%

By contrast, the vacuum equations yield:

Z a 4,722 ft; error - 5.56% , I - -39.30; error - 8.69%

tf = 10.623 sec; error - 10.30% , Ui - 971.5 ft/sec; error - 18.77%

As an example for a high drag weapon, Table 9 gives for the ficti-
tious RD 200 bomb, with the release conditions:

Z = 500 ft ,
e - 0 deg ,

Uo - 800 ft/sec

the following trajectory parameters at Z - 0 ft:

X f 2,100 ft , - 43.75 deg

tf f 7,053 sec , Ui = 184.0 ft/sec

Equations set E.2.b. with sea level air density assumed, Rives

Z - 401.6 ft; error - 19.7% , Ti - 33.82 deg; error - 22.7%

tf = 6.496 sec; error u 8.2% , Ui - (unknown, series alternatirg:

In this example, it is obvious that the convergence of these series

solu..ions is slow, and too few terms are included.

For high drag weapons such as the liD 200, it is suggested that the
closed solution equations of the following sectiors be used rather than
the series solutions.

12
 NOTS TP 3902

3. Clonl Solutions

A closed solution is easier to work with, particularly when the equa-

tions are used in a bombing system. Two forms are considered here: (1)
an exponential approximztion to the series solutions; and (2) an empiri-
cal function representation of the solution.

ThL basic equations are written as:

Z - - X tan 0 + - ,X2 (51a)

2Uo 2 Cos 2e

t X 0 , (51b)
Cose

tan T - tan 0 - U2co2

gX e • (51c)
U0 Cos 6
and
U cos T " U0 cos 0 .u (51d)

The problem is to find convenient functions for *, 0,4, and tpu" These
are given in series form by eo. 35 through 37. These series suggest that
the variable:
ocKD X sec 6
be used in finding suitable furctions. Fnr condensing the notation use:

k - (2/3) ocKD , (52)

ko= (2/3) o cKD, (53a)

and
kT (2/3) pTcKD, (53b)

when the T subscript indicates value at tlhe impact (target) point. Fig-
ure 2 indicates the bomb terminal velocity as a function of k for p equal
to sea level value.

One set of approximations is:

In 4 A kX sec 6 (1 + 0.285 kX rec 6) , (54a)

In 0 -A(3/4)kX sec 8 (1.0364 + 0.134 kX sec e) , (54b)

In ipT - (3/2)kX sec 6 (1.0173 + 0.296 kX sec 6) . (54c)

13
NOTS TP 3902

For many uses these can be approxinated by2

tn # - kX sec e (55a)

In 4 - (3/4)In p , (55b)

In 4, W (3/2)tn P , and (55c)

tn *u a (3/2)in 4 . (55d)

For other uses, such as in bombing systems and some nomographs, a

mathematical expression is not needed. This leads to the empirical
3
functions :

4, 4(kX sec e) (56)

4 = O(kX sec 8) (57)

T - TW(kX sec e) (58)

Figures 3 to 8 show empirical functions which were determined by using

bombing tables (for several bombs) that had been computed by numerical
integration, and then computing the functions, such as 4, in reverse.
Figures 9 to 17 show the data used in obtaining the functions. The
accuracy of the fit can be seen. Tables 2, 3, and 4 give the functions
in number form. Using kT in the above equations gives a better fit for
retarded bombs.

Most retarded bombs are not retarded from release (as is assumed in
this report) but are low drag for a short time or distance from the air-
craft. This discontinuous drag presents a problem. Empirical functions
similar to those shown in Fig. 3-8 can be obtaineu: however, each bomb
will probably have its own set of functions.

Often the lead angle, y, is desired. This can be obtained by:

sin y -RX cos (Y- ) (59)

2U cos 0

2 These
give good results for low drag bombs. For higher drag bombs
and retarded weapons an empirical value of k should be used. The expres-
sion for u must be used with skepticism on high drag bombs.
3 The
basic equations 51 and 59 can be used to express the empirical
functions independent variable in various forms.

14
 _________________________________________NOTS TPJ YO2

____-~to _ _ 4__5

,0 0 -- -- ~ 1ý ID 1

Fig 2 a ll-i rg ucl

NOTS TP 3902

1 0

12

'2--" /

0 a'

0'__ __ - I - VA i

0 02 04
_4 06 08 '002_
3PCKDx sece

FIG. 3. Ballistic Drag r'unction.

16
 SOTS T±P 3:Z21

4- -H
-- - ___ 1---
7 __ -T__ -

2
ypcKDX SeCe

FIG. 4. Ballistic Drag Function.

1~7
flOTS TP 390?

xt

'.4 -

0. OF... .

.0 - -40 0t

18

2 pcKo X see9

FIG. 5. Ballistic Drag Function.

 U0 cote

40

I I

1.0 0 4 0 4 of 1 0 1
8
-iCO Sec

FIG. 6. Ballistic Drag Function.

NOTS TP 3902

' t2-- -- -

Ž0 B -

I4 I

F! I /
______ ___ _____ __

__ _ _ , _ _ __I_ _ _

FIG. 7. Ballistic flrag Function.

20
 NOTS TP 3902

I- - -- -- - - -- --

II .-- .... . !

I I0. . ... . . .. . . --

4 -1. ... . . . ........ . - - - .. ..

3--

2 - - . ..
-..... .

0 0.? 0.4 06 0.6 ,1.0 . 2 1.4 ,6 ,,

pcKoX Sece

FIG. S. Ballistic Drag Function.

21
INOTS TP 3902

AT t0 r." 1%
AT 15 ,-'- * 1%
a .+200
0 - 0*
V '-200

1.4

0 . 0 .30

k X SEC•

FIG. 9. Ballistic Drag Function.

22
 NOTS TP 3902

,1' MM96/0 a 2/N

AT 10 r" . 1%
AT 1S rýj- I%
a - +20*
0. 0*
To-20"

O, O

lYe

to

I,'

O0 0 02 03 04
kX SEC 9

FIG. 10. Ballistic Drag Function.

23
NOTS TP 3902

I? M976/0 8 2/N
AT 10 r' ,1%
AT 1.5 r- I%

• #.200
0- 0*
V .- 20"

0
13-

14 V

0 U

14
U

iZ
11

10 0, 0o2 04

kx SEC8

FIG. 11. Ballistic Drag Function.

24
 ____ ___
___ ___ __ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ NOTS T'3'O

00

ofo

0 II0

4 U0
1>a

6'w
ccC
CY caV 4
ID 04,1
AgU

25
NOTS TP 3902

00
00

000

0
rU

00 0

0 0

CY c; C
CYC

C30

L0

260
 NO73 TP 39-12

000

\0' 0
00

0 0
Cý
c
00

O~(p

0\

0 027
 NOTS TP 3902

"N"

1.;- cc
tv

I "J

t '0

ki

28
 _____
__ ____ ____
_ _ __ ___ ____ ___ OTS Ti Cl

0 0i°

0 0-4
0\

p p.

o U

CLC

0 I; 29

29
1IOT V 3O2 _________________________________________________

I:
0
N

'N 4:

4:
C

10

0
- a
- a

K
- . 00 -

a
) 4 -

- > 0.

0 > ot, '

_____- -.-- -- --

30
 ____
__ ____
____ ____
_ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___rTs T'P 3902

.. l r.~.4- '..4 e-4 .4 (7N t .. -.4 CC- .6n -.4 cy 0 f .4.4- r-4 It 4 -4) Le4 en4 0N a% or -

4)j T ..%D) -4
..4
oo C en. M -4%
040- 0. ..."d ...
Wý ON 'T.
"4~ ..
6- .- ,.4
- .4 ...4
I .D f4
CC :t

D at . 4 .4 -.4 ý4 ,..4 -4 4 4 .4 ,. .4 .4 .. 4 4ý4 - .. . .

14..4.. .

4) ON~-~-i '(7%-*
00cowco0 c 0 ,0 - 14( VN-o ~t 00rOen.rr- .0 %0 P 00 ~'r

-c'e'4 C' C m jLn '. r- oo Cy0 -4 (n V) fO--OL, m ID r,~ c- 0. en V

A: (14.
w ".. CN m ...4
en m- m- ..4
m-. m4 en. m. -44
clI ,-4 t -4t

ý4
a'0
. U-1C> rr-.Om4 CD 0 - M.
0-4 V 4s co Ln 0as r, 04 cr.0r- (

4 4 - - 1 14 -1 rqm c m4 m.- el4 LM U-i

4 -4- Le

cc', %.D
Lr4 *-0 r-n
- c~.
ID asc oren
'ýLA r-- 0M a, C4
'- u 'C'J
r-1 .4000 4 D m~e "C
0 - 14"J " '~~cJs
en It11 ) c'%Dr-C0N c-JCN(cr'4C( "JC'4c'J
4 WN C
kn J ' C)

Ln0 '4 f- 4fýsL C

t.-'O 0 0r
CN,4'. 'TC~~
C7 nr 4 0c'It co 4" (14 P-d

0o. . . . . . . . . . . ..

C.4,

0
>'- r-J4'.ON-t") .- 4fI 'D-c Y0 0 r F 6IO% 0r s 0-0U
0% )1 C4r ItcJU ~ Ln%Dr- c

-'.4 (-4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -o . 4-4- 4- -4

as -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 uli -4 -4

-44

-4-

000 000 00000 -' 144kCC'Je Cýjmý )V . l0 l t% . 0kC-

-4-4-4-C4-4 -44
C 00 -4 -4 4-4-4
r44 -4 -4 -4-4-4 -14-t C4-4-4 -4-4-4-4-4

F-44

S 0- cJ0 0 C0 4 (NI C4 O1O

C4C 04-
C4C1 Nt A enmmC4 l

Iz W 0 000 0 0 0 ,0 -- 4 -4 -- ý 14- 14 C4 CN (1t4 C'4 C14 CN "C4 -4 -4.

31
INOT'S TP 3902

vi C)mm ý rýr-4 cc rý - - OL
-T % 'T 0%. IT . uS *, 6M - M 00 '? S VS ý M

*T %0% t.o
Ln W%?OO
IT-7~r c N N00
t4, 9 e; 4 r; e; r4 * 4 r4 v4 SS

0 T L 0r o l T L Dt
x 000()0 - 4ý

entu2 O OO -

01 * . 0 ~ Z

C4 e 4r4N0 .~~r .C4C C-%4 M f

C14(4%'I( n
~
in I r- ccON - C~-4 fot - 60)'0P, 0 a u " ~ n'
r-4 r 4 -0

C4

to 0o?- 00 90Z 0 0 '0 ' 0 0 0C' 0

$s4 %o r-f 0- 0tt. %T ý 4 - t ,L)L)ý-t. 0 O l 0-4 4 (

--- - 4--4-4 ~ C4- -4-- 44 :4 4 4--

r. 0 Cy a% 1- 1 L DCI %-- n T0 0 4t IT 4 0 r m C c
000 CP 0 -4 C0000 C P - C)- e '4ný
'JC'JC%e

Aj00000 0 00 0 0-~ 0

---- ON4-4-"4-4- -4- ~ 4

or,- ON \D D n-4 C) *

0 0 0O-.O
0(J~- 0 0 0 0 0
en0 00 00 0ul Ln 1 Dt4 00 0e VI% oc
S 4 en :r r- cc 3N 0Sn -4Sl C4 M 00 alS -4 C4 m 11

32 4 - - 4 - ý 4 - 1 1
 _________________ OTS 'I? --92

eJ 00000
en - 00 00 0 A

"D rý N
en? .?
0 00
ONO~'O 00C4-
m
.4
%DUr O
4

1- 4P- - P 4 -4 r-4 .- -
P4 4 -4 -4 14 14 4 ý4 14~44-

Un 4 elJ r-r-~r~-
r- ccc''a 0',ONC' mm n D

I- in %0 1,, 0 CNJ~Lt 0 -4 rN (n Ln~0't

%Dr cO

. . . .. . .

0.D4(NJ't c% U Ol
01-4(N 0 M 4~'N
-4U% cr,
0 o~
0LMin %D 0 -

u0% %0oleI 7 - 4 .t c" s 0 0 L l no

en -ý In~(JC( vl V)% . l -r cc o NCh0 C A

C14C1 C(N4CcLt c.O O e; 14 l0(N V4 1;O1 N4

J.J %0 00 as 0 r4C .- 0r o NC n . Cr 0O

Lxn I- 0CJn?. Ln \. D10 . 'fýo0 , r 0000

.,r ýrfr 4t%
c000 0c

k- 00Ln00 -0 0000 -44- V' r tc 0tn '.ý.-(N

% 0C, r nJ(NJ nJN m

.n 00 0 00 0 C-444*
't~N4N r- or, CN 'IN
-4.4 -Z
CC4-- - -~ -444-- -4-- 4
%D-0-4--4

0000
r"r 0000
oo l r N O O 'c 4ý 4 4( ne
V .IC
1cl; l; cl; eý33
NOTS TP 3902 _______________________

I--

CL
go

0 - a nc4o ý% 7 n C4r nc n C40 nC40 1 L l .

to %00 n L 00 %- n I% -0 4r Dr ý- N tL
in L AGDU) n I 010 %. ,rP -
> 14 IlUý 1 ý1;1 ;41 ; C l 41 4 1 l ý1;1

- r-- C7 - n ' - N0 fý cM UN- 0ý f - 0 - r D 0

..-
00I - DODO Dr - tcoý4L sC1 l 4ý
C , ý r l ýO ý1 iC ýC ý1 ýC ýnr
ft * 0a - - 4 4C4t4"mM ( "ItI t 4VV1U)L
c 4 4-4- 4 -4ý 4 - - ý 4 4-4 -4 - 14-4 -'- -,

K W

en It Lfo~~rN4n1 s T r- O 0 ma j'IO as % 00U,'

-4 n 4(no PO ýJ4 N" ( C0CY4NN 0C14N'J(
fnNN(%0 0 0ý n (n

co-

-
0* - tNC)
r= r, O t- 4 r14 CO oc m
co (4 ~ 1 0' 00 M' cc 0' I?0
00~ o- 4 -- ..
(n. 4 .d r-..4 0 C14 ,-4
m- .- .-d
D 0- ..- m~ r,-4i ..-
ON4 0- .-

-4 -0 1 1 A -
'I en00--4C n(7 %0O'- cN.0
%0 (100 0 (n11 - 0 CYOO
0 r,4 r

%D r- 0-0r'40ý O u~
m It0'~0 Ln%0f 0 a - I n 0 04a
4.) W . . . . . . . .

cn -- -4 -4-4 4 - - -4-4 - 4 -4ý4 -. 4 -4 - -

3.4
 One of the nomopraphs uses the strictly empirical equation.
5)
tf = t-
e (kZt)Z(1/3. (6Oe

Figure 18 gives a graph of kZt versus terminal velocity.

4. Partial Derivative Euntnticns

The partial derivative equations of this section were obtained from

the closed trajectory equations of Section 3. For an initial set of re-
lease conditions and the resulting trajectory parameters, the equations
will give the change in the dependent variable due to an incremental
change in the independent variable from its value in the initial set, all
other release variables remaining constant. Where possible, several equi-
valent forms of the equations are given,

For simplicity the assumption is made that in p = (2/3) pcKD X sec

8, and 0 - exp (2/3) ocKD X sec 0. For very high drag weapons this approxi-
mation for the more exact expressions given by eq. 52, 54, and 56, will re-
sult in some error, but this is usually negligible for the purpose for which
these equations are normally used.

(1) Dependent variable X, horizontal range

2 2
2U cos e
02 s n c (61a)
C)Z •gX (2 + tnO) - 2U 2 sin 6 cos 0
0

"MZ + (Z + X tan P)(1 + nnt,) (61b)

1
tan * + (tan 1+ tan 0)(0 + tnt,) (61c)

- cot T (6!d)

ax 2 gX2p _ __
= UI 2. ...... (62a)
o o gXp (2 + Pný) - 2U sin e cos 0

2X ~~Z/X + tan P 6b
2-t (Z/X + tan 6)(2 + inj) - tan P
0

35
NOTS TP 3902

2X tan p_ + tAn 8(620

U (tan p + tan e)(2 + tnip) - tanr (

tan e (2 + tn-$)
a'- 2U"22_ gXkp (63a)
gX (2 + Ln ý) - 2L' sin e cos e

a sec 2 e -tan 0 (7/X + tan O)(2 + tnt) (63b)

(ZTx + tan e) 2 + EnO) - tan

2
"aX see(tan
2 -0 +tantane (tan
p + +LnO)
e) (2 tan 0)(2-+
- tan tn,4
9 ) (63c)

" - X (cot T + tan 0) (63d)

C•
cn2 (62a)
cCKD gXý (2 + tnr) - 2U sin 8 cos e
0

(tan _+ tan 8) tn(

"cD tan ý + (tan e + tan 6)(l + tn) (64)

x
"x COt T (tan s + tan 0)
cK D i IniN (6 4 c)

(2) Dependent variable t, time of fall

a-z - cos
3 1 + (3/4) tnib} cot
oz
T (65a)
P

t j 1{I+ (3/ 4 ) tnj} cot T (65b)

x

36
 NOTS IP 3902

007

00O6

0 04

003

00,

V,, TE RMINAL VELOCI•Y, F' /SEC

r'ip. IP. Ballistic Praz Function.

37
1NOTS TP 3902

() . 2 . 31... . 1 + 2 11 + (3/4) En-i (tan s + tan 0) cot r (66a)

o0 U cos 6
0

" t [1 + 2 {1 + (3/4) •n.•t (tan $ + tan 0) cot T (66b)

0

at
t cot T 11 + (3/4) tn'-} (67)
a-

at - 3/4- t n4 (68)
0(cKD) cK.

(3) Dependent variable It impact angle.

3T _ 2 cos 2 1(tan
O~o Uo
e-tan Tr) -Cr~t T (tan t + tan ){+(3/2)Zn,'2]ý
u0 u0 1
(61))

- cot T tan 9 {1 + (3/4) Zn'4

a (70a)

tan Pf1 + (3/2)tn,'I

tan $ + (tan ý + tan e)(1 + in+) (70b)

C)T _ c os
"2 T co t T2 .43/4
11 + ( 3/ 4) tn ,,) 7 1)
U" cos 0
0

-cos 2 t rot r (tan • - tan i){l+(3!/,)Q.n./X (71b)

T
(CKD)
- Co

ck
_ý
(
-n,2 2
) zck. (3 + ýn.) (7"')

38
 NOTS TP 39C2

COS 2T (tart T + tan A,+ 2 tan 0) (3 + tn') (72b)

CKD

3 cot
-2 k tnn (72c)
2 ckD

(4) Dependent variable V, true airspeed

du _ U sec T sin 121[f1 , (3/2)kn4jj W;~

- -u tan e secT[I1 + (3/2)tn4J' (73b)

aU cos .- 3/2 (74a)

U cos T

o ii 7h
Uy
(741))
IT
0

u-- - - 3/2 i cot En, (75)

3 U cos Pt 3 1
)U 3- on (76a)
a(cKD) 2 cKD Cos t

3 tT Zn, (76b)
2 cKD

p}
 III. NUMERICAL DATA

A. CONVERSION FACTORS AND CONSTANTS

Various constants: W - 3.14159265
e - 2.71828183
Measures of length:
1 meter - 1.0936 yards - 3.2808 feet - 39.3700 inches
I foot - 0.30480 meter
1 inch = 2.5400 centimeter
1 mile = 1.60935 kilometer
I kilometer - 0.62137 mile
1 nautical mile - 6,076.1 feet
I mile - 0.86898 nautical mile
Measures of velocity:
1 foot per second - 0.5925 knots
1 knot = 1.6878 feet per second
Measures of pressure:
1 pound per square foot - 0.01414 inches Hg at 32*F
- 4.725 x 10-4 atr.osphere
- 0.006944 pounds per square inch
1 millibar - 2.069 pounds per square foot
1 atmosphere - 29.92 inches of Hg at 32*F
Angular measure:
1 degree - 0.01745 radians - 0.002778 revolutions
1 radian - 57.290 degrees

B. AIR DATA TABLE

Several parameters of interest are tabulated in Table 5 with respect
to altitude. The values given here are in agreement with the wvlues de-
fined by ICAO. The following quantities are listed herein:
h - altitude in feet 3
0 - density in lb/ft
P/P. - ratio of density at given altitude to density at zero altitude
Ps - the "standard" pressure for that altitude given in lb/ft 2
Ps/ TVso - the ratio of pressure at given altitude to pressure at zero
altitude
Cs - speed of sound at given altitude
Conversion factor -Mach no./1000 fps
Ut/Ui - ratio of true velocity to indicated velocity
T standard temptn'ature in F

411
NOTS TP 3902

TABLE 5. Air Data

hl
ft ft
X10" 32
b/f
b/f
P
-s-f-.
P
lb/ftb
P
Pso...
C
fps
Mach no.
1000
ach ....fps
.. i ,
0 7.648 1.0000 2116 1.000 1117 .8953 1.0000 59.00
200 7.603 0.9942 2101 0.9928 1116 .8961 1.0029 58.29
400 7.558 0.9884 2086 0.9856 1115 .8969 1.0059 57.57
600 7.514 0.9826 2071 0.9785 1115 .8969 1.0089 56.86
800 7.470 0.9768 2056 0.9714 1114 .8977 1.0118 56.15

1000 7.426 0.9711 2041 0.9644 1113 .8985 1.0148 55.43

1200 7.383 0.9654 2026 0.9574 1112 .8993 1.0178 54.72
1400 7.339 0.9597 2011 0.9504 1112 .8993 1.0208 54.01
1600 7.296 0.9540 1997 0.9435 1111 .9001 1.0238 53.29
1800 7.253 0.9484 1982 0.9366 1110 .9009 1.0268 52.58

2000 7.210 0.9428 1968 0.9298 1109 .9017 1.0299 51.87

2200 7.167 0.9372 1953 0.9230 1108 .9025 1.0330 51.15
2400 7.125 0.9316 1939 0.9163 1108 .9025 1.0361 50.44
2600 7.082 0.9261 1925 0.9095 1107 .9033 1.0391 49.73
2800 7.040 0.9206 1911 0.9029 1106 .9042 1.0422 49.02

3000 6.998 0.9151 1897 0.8962 1105 .9050 1.0454 48.30

3200 6.957 0.9097 1883 0.8896 1104 .9058 1.0485 47.59
3400 6.915 0.9042 1869 0.8831 1104 .9058 1.0516 46.88
3600 6.874 0.8938 1855 0.8766 1103 .9066 1.0548 46.16
3800 6.833 0.8934 1841 0.8701 1102 .9074 1.0580 45.45

4000 6.792 0.8881 1828 0.8637 1101 .9083 1.0611 44.74

4200 6.751 0.8828 1814 0.8573 1101 .9083 1.0643 44.02
4400 6.710 0.8774 1801 0.8509 1100 .9091 1.0676 43.31
4600 6.670 0.8722 1787 0.8446 1099 .9099 1.0708 42.60
4300 6.630 0.8669 1774 0.8383 1098 .9107 1.0740 41.80

5000 6.590 0.8617 1761 0.8320 1098 .9107 1.0773 41.17

5200 6.550 0.8565 1748 0.8258 1047 .9115 1.0806 40.46
5400 6.510 0.8513 1735 0.8197 1096 .9123 1.0838 39.74
5600 6.471 0.8461 1722 0.8135 1095 .9132 1.0872 39.03
5800 6.431 0.8410 1709 0.3074 1094 .9141 1.0905 38.32

6000 6.392 0.8359 1696 0.8014 1094 .9141 1.0938 37.60

6200 6.353 0.9308 )683 0.7954 1093 .9149 1.0971 36.89
6400 6.315 0.8257 1670 0.7894 1092 .9158 1.1005 36.18
6600 6.276 0.8207 1658 0.7834 1091 .9166 1.1039 35.46
6800 6.238 0.8156 1645 0.7715 1090 .9174 1.1073 34.75

42
 NOTS TP 32
TABLE 5. (Cont'd)

2
PXlO)- p r6 C IlAch no.
ft lb/f0t P 2
lb if s0s 10 Ut/Ui T F
7000 6.199 0.8106 1633 U.7716 10 .9174 1.1107 34.04

7200 6.161 0.8057 1621 0.7653 1009 .9183 1.1141 33.32

7400 6.124 0.8007 1608 0.7600 1088 .9191 1.1177 32.61
7600 6.086 0.7958 1596 0.7542 1087 .9200 1.1210 31.90
7800 6.048 0.7909 1584 0.7485 1086 .9208 1.1245 31.18

8000 6.011 0.7860 1572 0.7428 1086 .9208 1.1279 30.47

8200 5.974 0.7812 1560 0.7371 1085 .9217 1.1314 29.76
8400 5.937 0.7763 1548 0.7315 1084 .9225 1.1349 29.04
8bOO 5.900 0.7715 1536 0.7259 1083 .9234 1.1385 28.33
8800 5.864 0.7667 1524 0.7203 1083 .9234 1.1409 27.62

9000 5.827 0.7620 1513 0.7148 1082 .9242 1.1456 26.91

9200 5.791 0.7572 1501 0.7093 1081 .9251 1.1492 26.19
9400 5.755 0.7525 1489 0.7039 1080 .9239 1.1528 25.48
9600 5.719 0.7478 1478 0.6984 1079 .9268 1.1564 24.77
9800 5.683 0.7431 1467 0.6931 1079 .9268 1.1600 24.05
- - - -I-

10000 5.648 0.7385 1455 0.6877 1078 .9276 1.1637 23.34

10500 5.559 0.7269 1427 0.6745 1076 .9294 1.1729 21.56
11000 5.472 0.7156 1400 0.6614 1074 .9311 1.1822 19.77
11500 5.336 0.7043 1372 0.6486 1072 .9328 1.1916 17.99
12000 5.301 0.b932 1346 0.6360 1070 .9346 1.2011 16.21

12500 5.217 0.6822 1320 0.6236 1068 .9363 1.2107 14.42

13000 5.134 0.6713 1294 0.6113 1066 .9381 1.2205 12.64
1ý500 5.052 0.6061 1268 0.5993 1064 .9398 1.2304 10.86
14000 4.971 0.6500 1243 0.5874 1062 .9416 1.2403 9.07
14500 4.891 0.6396 1218 0.5758 1060 .9434 1.2504 7.29

15000 4.812 0.6292 1194 0.5643 1058 .9452 1.2606 5.51

15500 4.734 0.6190 1170 0.5531 1056 .9470 1.2710 3.73
16000 4.657 0.6090 1147 0.5420 1054 .9488 1.2814 1.94
16500 4.581 0.5990 1124 0.5411 1052 .9506 1.2921 .16
17000 4.506 0.5892 1101 0.5203 1050 .9524 1.3028 -1.63

17500 4.432 0.5795 1079 0.5098 1048 .9542 1.3137 -3.48

18000 4.358 0.5699 1057 0.4994 1046 .9560 1.3246 -5.19
18500 4.286 0.5604 1035 9.4892 1043 .9588 1.3358 -6.97
19000 4.215 0.5512 1014 0.4791 1041 .9606 1.3470 -8.76
19500 4.144 0.5419 993 0.4693 109 .9625 1.3584 -10.54

20000 4.075 0.5328 972 0.4595 1037 .9643 1.3700 -12.32

22000 3.805 0.4976 894 0.4223 1029 .9718 1.4176 -19.46
24000 3.550 0.4642 820 0.3876 1021 .9794 1.4678 -26.59
28000 3.078 0.4025 688 0.3250 1004 .9960 1.5762 -40.85
30000 2.861 0.3741 628 0.2970 995 1.0050 1.6349 -47.99
4-
NOTS TP 3902

C. BALLISTIC DRAr, COEFFICIENT FUNCTIOmS FOR VARIOUS BOMBS

Both numerical data and granhs are piven to show the ballistic dra"
coefficient (KD) functions for different bombs. Bv reference to Table 10,
it may be noted that in several cases many bombs can be r.epresented by the
the samp. KD curve; the value of c, the recinrocal ballistic coefficient,
may be adjusted to match the various Kt) curves if two bombs have the same
generil shape for their representative curves (see eq. 5).

In Table 6, 4D refers only to the ballistic drag coefficient. For

comparison with other tables using the aerodvnanic drag coefficient C0 ,
it should be recalled that:

K -
D 8 PD
The various bombs are denoted by numbers; the numbering scheme Is as
follows:

Bomb No. Description of Eormb or Type of KI) Curve

1 Standard -,I drag function

2 %- 83/2&3/E
3 'k 76/0&2/'.
4 4k 76/4/T/L
5 M'k76/4/T/N
6 HiD-200 (fictitious)
7 4k 43/0 (Nose '1k 43/1)/large fin
8 AN-'M57A1 M126 fin
9 AC'-M64A1 '128Al fin
See paragranh F (page P5) for explanation of bomb deslvnation
abbreviat Ionq.

Figure Iq provides in praphical fortm the sarie information as Tnble 6.

44
 NOTS TP 3902

TABLE 6. Ballistic Drap Cocnfictint -vuctions

Mach Bomb no.

no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

.00 - - .095 .079 .1066 .0647 .077 .0(,7

.0 .1003 .0428 .082h .095 .07) •1066 .0647 *'I77 .*4,7
• 10 .0975 .0428 .0805 .095 .079 .1060( .0647 .o 77 .067
.15 .0948 .0428 .0783 .095 .079 .1006 .0)647 .0 7 .067
.20 00921 .0428 .0761 o095 .079 .*1006 .0647 . 077 .067

.25 .0895 .0428 .0739 .095 .079 .106 .0647 .0077 .u67
.30 .0869 .0428 .0718 .0'5 .079 •lJ6 .0647 •u77 .067
.35 .0846 .0428 .0699 095 .079 .1066 .0647 .u77 .067
.40 .0826 .0428 .0682 .093 .079 .1066 .0647 .077 ot)7
.45 •0810 .0429 .0669 .095 079 .1066 .0647 .077 .'067

.50 .0799 .0428 .060 .095 .079 .1066 .0647 .u77 .0j67
.55 .0794 .0423 .0656 097 .o79 .1066 .0647 .077 .007
.60 .U799 .0428 .060, .098 .080 .1066 .0047 .077 .167
.65 .0816 .0423 .0674j .'995 .0815 .1066 .0047 .077 .067
.70 .0850 .0428 .0702 .102 5 .083 . 1066 0647 .077 )O67

.75 .0908 .0428 .0750 107 .0845 .1'f6 .0647 .077 .067
.80 .100l .0428 .0l26 .113 .o87 .0647 8,Ou .069
.82 .1048 .0429 .0866 .117 .89 .0647 .OFI .Io
.84 .1106
l .0434 .0914 .12 .0I1 .065o .0I85 .074
.9b .1174 .0451 .0970 .126 .095 .0053 .089 .078

.88 .1251 .0479 .1U33 .132 .10,.) .0658 .u94 .U85

.90 .1340 .0527 .1107 .140 .106 .u662 .106 .094
.91 - - - .145 .110 - .117 .104
.92 .1438 .0595 .1188 .151 .114 .U668 .131 .118
.93 - - - .157 .119 - 143 .135

.94 .1546 .0671 .1277 .165 ,12 .4680 .162 .l7

.95 - - - .174 .130 - .176 .175
.96 .166u .0756 .1371 .183 137 .0701 .1'3 .193
.97 - - - .194 .144 - .205 .211
.98 .1774 .0U52 .1465 .2o5 1 .153 .0755 .220 .227

.99 - - - .217 .163 - .231 ".42

1.00 .11385 .0958 .1557 .229 .175 .0867 .240 .254
1.01 - - - .2'v .204 - .24• .263
1.02 - .1074 - .251 .224 .0985 .2149, .270
1.05 .213u .1238 .1759 .277 .248 .1067 .255 .2Q2

1.10 .230 . 1307 I 1.)o0 .29 :7') .110) .262

1.15 .243u 1326 .2007 .313 .>5 .1112 .267 .295
1.25 .255'' - .2114 .333 .30: .1112 .272 .Y1
1.5o - .l3':7 - .332
33 . 1,)u7 .277 .3w
 7T
NOTS TP 3902 ________ _____

0
26--A ~___

0 24 --

oldo

012

0,0

0 0610

#A 81 00 0 AND 0 L.F'C9 sut

0
C) 04 0
L-------------------------
02 06
,
0
I
40A C N f

4~, (1 V) 1-t ) l ne f c ei tn t o s
 NOTS TP 3902

D. BALLISTIC TABLES FOR THE MK 83, UY 76, AND HD-200 BOMBS

On the following papes, numerical data are given for the Mk 83/2&3/E
(Table 7), the Mk 76/O&2/N (Table 8), and the fictitious retarded bo'hb.
the HD-200 (Table 9).4 The following parmaeters are cotiuted for fe-•i-
lies of release velocities, angles, and altitudes:
X Ground ranre, feet
R Slant range (R 2
-Xj + Z2), feet
Line of sight or harp angle, degrees
V Ballistic lead angle, degrees
tf Time of flight, seconds
4e Value of +F computed by working from computed parameters (the
exact value of \)
lr. 4. Lorarithm of +e
lnPc 2/3 cKD X sec 9 (to be corrpared with the exact value of tn,, )
Ti Impact angle, degrees
Ui Impact velocity, feet per second
lax Chanpe in ground range caused by change of one degree in
release angle, feet

4
See page P5 for explanation of bo.b designation notation atid
bormb
data.
NOTS TP 3902

TABLE 7. Ballistic Data for the M'I 83 ioc! 2&3/L

z lX Rt efn~ 1q 'i %U "X

ftt ftj ft j der de; sec e der fn ft
U- - 40 fps 0- -40 de--

5000
., . 3468......__.
I. ..
___....
6084.9 55.25 15.25
___
___
___
___
__
11.447 1.10141.U1410 .01174
.f)4.5
....
.....;
JS 80
10000 5529 11426.7 61.06 21.0Ob1 18.3Y5 1.0231-.02322 .016U4 70.4J ':73 115
U0 a 400 fps 0 - -20 deg

I000 1/66 2029.5 29.52 9.52 4.719 1.005 .00598 .00549 37.59 470 52
2000 2879 3505.5 34.79 14.79 7.714 1.008 .00886 .00870 45,83 531 67
3000 3761 4810.9 38.58 I1.58 10.104 1.012 .01262 .01192 51.05 586 78
4000 4516 6032.8 41.53 21.53 12.155 1.014 .01459 .01285 54.78 635 84
5000 5184 7202.4 43.96 23.96 13.980 1.017 ,01725 .01431 57.63 681 91
10000 7826 112698.3 51.95 31.95 21.255 1.025 .02513 .01351 65.77 871 100

U0 a 400 fps 6 - -Io de;

- -- i ,,,.i, S - , - - - -

I000 2363 2565.9 22.94 12.94 6.033 1.007 J,07b7 .o0702 33.89 469 70
2000 2607 4124.4 29.01 19.01 9.236 1.011".01124 .01039 ',3.14 5301 79
3000 4569 5465.9 32.29 22.29 11.726 1.013 .U133U .01278 4.86 5855 84
4000 5381 6704.9 36.63 26.63 13.83" 1.016 .01637 .01461 52.88 634 87
5000 6096 7884.2 39.36 29.3b 15.706 1.0181 .01872 .01605 55.92 68u 91
10090 8903 13388.9 48.32 38.42 23.088 1.025 .02557 .02009 64.57 87t0 101

Uo - 400 fps 0 - 0 deg

100 3139 3294.4 17.671 17.67 7.905 1..U9 .00936. O918 32.63 468 80
2000 4431 48b1.5 24.29 24.29 11.191 1.013 .013G1 .01257 42.28 529 85
3000 5419 6194.0 28.97 28.97 13.717 I.ut16 .01597 .01493 48.17 584 F4
4000 6250 7420.4 32.62 32.62 15.852 1.018 .U1833 .00171 52.30 633 84
5000 6981 8586.9 35.61 35.l h1 17.737 1.020 .02019 i.0 '1 ' 55.42 679 84
10000 9838 14028.1 45.47 45.47 25.157 1.027 ..02723 .02187 04.22 P,69 83

Uo a 400 fps -" 20 doeg

1000 4913
20A0 6012 6335.9
5013.7 11.51
18.40
31.51
38.40
13.2 i,
16.213
1.j14 .01440 .0 1528
1.0171.01755 .OIP1!(,
37.95
4.20
406
527
f 77
b2
3UO 6885 7510,2 23.54 43.54 18.602 1.0201.01')991 .0 2o1 51.41 582 51
4000 7632 8616.7 27.66 47.66 2j.653, 1.0211 .02176 .02171 5. 12 63? 43
5o00 82)5 9685.4 31.08 51.08 2'2.482 2333623033 077
57.295 72 37
10000 10)23 1480).2 42.47 62.47 29.755 .21.0253 .0254 (5.9 - 1

754.2 0 F0 ý ,44 0
 NOTS TP 3902

TABLE 7. (Cont'd)

- -
ft t ft dep,
-
gfp
Ih..I...I.U....I~i4I-1
de.J__S., 1 - - . .c'. - - ft

U0 - 600 fps 6 - -40 deg

5000 4274 6577.8 49.48 9.48 9,418 1 .016

016171:01447 56.43.9091113
10000 7152 12294,4 54.43 1443 5.980 1.026 02625 .02075 63.151969 168
U0 , 600 fps & - -20 deg

1000 2119 2343.1 25.26 5.26 3.778 1.006 .00668 .00659 30.14 645 79
2000 3636 4149.8 23.81 8.81 6.509 1.011 .01124 .01098 36.45 688 111
3000 4880 5728.4 31.58 11.58 8.758 1.015 .01538 .01430 41.01 729 131
4000 5959 7177.0 33.87 13.87 10.723 1.018 .01882 .01695 44.56 767 145
5000 6925 8541.4 35.83 15.83 12.489 1.021 .02147 .01911 47.43 804 157
10000 10787 14709.2 42.83 22.83 19.615 1.031 .03101 .02551 56.52 964 194

Uo - 600 fps 6 -- lO deg

1000 3114 4370.6 17.80 7.80 5.307 1.009 .00916 .00924 25.05 643 129
2000 4921 5311.9 22.12 12.12 8.422 1.014 .01469 .01418 32.63 6851151
3000 6333 7007.6 25.35 15.35 10.874 1.019 .01892 .01771 37.85 726 164
4000 7532 8528.3 27.97 17.97 12.965 1.022 .02196 .02045 41.81 764 171
5000 8590 9939.2 30.20 20.20 14.821 1.025 .02489 .02262 44.98 801 178
0000 112753 16206.1 38.10 28.10 22.178 1.034 .03382 .02878 54.80 962 197

U 0 = 600 fps 0 - 0 deg

1000 4698 4803.3 12.02 12.02 7.913 1.013 .01380 .01373 23.21j639 194
2000 6626 6921.3 16.80 16.80 11.207 1.019 .01921 .01880 31.381682 192
3000 8099 8636.8 20.33 20.33 13.741, 1.023 .02323 .02231 36.SS1722 189
4000 9337 10157.7 23.19 23.19 15.881 1.026 .02645 .)2496 41.00 761 189
5000 10)426 11.562.9 25.62 25.62 17.773 1.029 .02S98 .02704 44.27798 88
1O0000114(84 17765.7 34.26 34.26 25.215 1.037 .03720 .03264 54.341959 185

U0 = 600 fps 6 = 20 aeg

, b.Lt b 2b.26 16.4".2 1.0271 .02713 .0t2835 30.82 630 193

2000 10593 10780.2 10.69 30.69 19.2,0 1.031 .03072 .03200 37.21 6751175
3000 11810 12185.1 14.25 34.25 21.486 1.034 .03343 .031402 41.810 717J154
4000 12868 13475.0 17.27 37.27 23.453 1.036 .03566 .03661 45.33 7561140
5000 13318 14694.8 19.89 39.89 25.2-24 1.037 .03730 .03814 '48.19 794 I127
10000U 17634 20272.1 29.56 49 .56 132.433 1.043 ,04239
. .04171 57.121 958 j 88

Al
NOTS TP 3902

TABLE 7. (Cont'd)

z IA R IY ' tf *ni I I ujs ,X

ft ft t dep. deg seg 4. e It n
ln'o del' fvS it

"U 800 fps 0 a -40 deg

50001 4774 6913.1 46.32 16.32 7.898 1.018 .01823 .01616 51.559513
100001 8297 12993.9 50.32 10.32 13.879 1.030 "02985 .02409 57.78 1079 214

U0 = 800 pfs 0 - -20 deg

1000 2323 2529.1 23.29 3.29 3.107 1.006 .00578 .00723 26.46 830 99
2000 4138 4596.0 25.I30 5.80 5.560 1.013 .01321 .01250 31.14 861 150
3000 5677 6420.9 27.85 7.85 7.654 1.017 .01764 .01664 34.84 891 182
4000 7035 8092.7 29.62 9.62 9.513 1.021 .02157 .02001 37.88 920 206
5000 8263 9658.0 31.18 11.18 11.205 1.025 .02489 .02281 40.46 948 225
10000 13241 16592.9 37.06 17.06 18.161 1.038 .03739 .03132 49.38 1069 286

U0 a 800 pfs 6? -10 deg

1000 3670 3803.8 15.24 5.24 4.697 1.010 .01084 .01089 20.29 826 191
2000 5984 6309.4 18.48 8.48 7.699 1.018 .01794 .01724 26.34 855 225
3000 7819 8374,8 20.99 10.99 10.099 1.023 .02293 .02187 30.80 885 257
4000 9385 10201.9 23.08 13.08 12.161 1.027 .02693 .02548 34.35 914 272
5000 10772 11875.9 24.90 14.90 13.998 1.031 .03053 .02837 37.30 942 283
10000 16245 19076.2 31.62 21.62 21.340 1.043 I .04239 .03667 47.17 ,......~II.I.
1064 316
a -..-.- -

U0 = 800 pfs 8 = 0 deg

1000 6250 6329.5 9.90 9.90 7.923 1.018 .01833 .01827 17.90 817 346
2000 8808 9032.2 12.79 12.79 11.225 1.025 .02528 .02500 24.71 846 339
3000 10759 111b9.4 15.58 15.58 13.765 1.031 .03063 .02964 29.54 076 335
4000 12399 13028.2 17.88 17.88 15.913 1.035 .03450 .03315 33.32 906 332
5000 13841 14716.4 19.86 19.86 17.811 1.038 .03758 .03590 36.41 934 331
10000 19473 21890.6 27.18 27.18 25.301 1.049 1.04803 .04328 46.62 11059 _325

U0 = 800 nfs 6 - 20 deg

1000 14560 14594.3 3.93 23.93 20.002 1.0431 04296 .04530 27.43 794 396
2000 16312 16434.2 6.99 26.99 22.476 1:047 :04679 .04927 32.32 828 345
3000 17796 18047.1 9.57 29.57 24.579 1.U51 .05003 .05218 36.08 860 313
4W00 19113 19527.1 11.82 31.82 26.448 1.0531.05221 .05438 39.15 392 289
5000 20312 20918.3 13.83 33.83 28.150 1.055 .05373 .05t07 41.73 923 269
1U000 23200 27111.b 21.641 41.34 35.11U 1.U601.05893 .05961 50.46 1055 207

-n---
 NOTS TP 3902

TABLE 7. (Cont'd)

zixi R. tf ri luiAx
ft ft ft deg deg sec e lnve lnc j de, I fps Ift

U0 - I000 fps e - -40 deg

50001 50891 7134.3 44.491 4.49 6.7941 1.0281.027611.022591 48.52 lj99 1155
luoo~ 9070 13500.6 47.79 7.79 1 2.426 1:U601.05779.03892154.22 11641 250

U0 = 1000 fps 6 - -20 deg

1000 2446 2642.5 22.24 2.24 2.622 1.0079.00668 7 204.44 1017 113
2000 4475 4901.6 24.08 4.08 4.829 1.018 .01745 .01664 28.00 1034 180
3000 6241 6924.6 25.67 5.67 6.776 1.027 .02625 .02338 30.99 10501227
4000 7823 8786.3 27.08 7.08 8.543 1.034 .03324 .02902 33.59 1066 261
5000 9265 10528.1 28.35 8.35 10.176 1.041 .04009 .03352 35.89 10811288
I0000 15145 18148.6 33.44 3.44 17.095 1.074 .07130 .05298 44.59 11431373

Uo = 1000 fps 0 -- 0 deg

1000 4081 4201.7 13.77 3.77 4.191 1.015 .01499 .01491 17.48 1009 249
2000 6834 7120.6 16.31 b.31 7.076 1.026 .02586 .02425 22.37 1023 320
3000 9046 9530.5 18.35 8.35 9.431 1.035 .03450 .03234 26.23 1038 357
4COO 10941 11649.3 20.08 10.08 11.477 1.043 .04201 .03872 29.42 1054 380
5000 12620 13574.4 21.61 11.61 13.316 1.0501.04917 .043571 32.16 1069 397
10000 19196 21644.5 27.52 17.52 20.797 1.0821.07909 .06408 42.071 1132 1443

U0 = 1000 fps 0 - 0 deg

1000 7778 7842,0 7.33 7.33 7.940 1.028 .02713 .02800 14.62 992 536
2000 10940 11121.3 10.36 10.36 11.256 1.039 .03807 .03823 20.45 1007 523
'3000 13343 13676.1 12.67 12.67 13.819 1.048 .04641 .04698 24.74 1023 515
4000 15355 15867.5 14.60 14.60 15.991 1.055 .05316 .05352 28.20 1040 510
5000 17115 17830.4 16.29 16.29 17.918 1.061 .05931 .05819 31.13 1056 507
10000 23889 25897.6 22.71 22.71 25.608 11089 .08554 .07854 41.51 11125 1503

Uo 21 2 700 fps 0 - 20 deg,

100
11221457 2.71 22.71 23.602 1.069 .06663 .08092 25.F8. 948 628
2000 21u49 23135.6 4.96 24.96 25.840 1.0731.07083 .08573 29.638 974 566
3OUU 24729 24910.3
- . 6,92 26.92
-..-.-.- 27.797 1.077 .07437 .09267 321.71
-48- 998 1523
4000 26242 26545.1 8.6 28.67 29.568 1.080 .07715 .09735 35.34 1021 489
50u0 27630 28078.8 10.26 30.26 31.202 1.083 .07937 .09998 37.63 1U43 462
10000 133350 134817.0 16.69 36.69 38.075 1.093 .08856 .116600 46.06 11126 1381
N.OTS TP 3902

ft _ ft
TABL:U

__,_____de__

ft
.

d....
i ,t de
see
.. . i1 ..... ri
Ballistic Data for the MIG76 Miod U&2/.

] '
-
lqe l% I deg J fp. ix
tft
se d f -, .....
f

Uo a 400 fps 0 - -40 deg

- 5000
- ,
10000U
J34U4
i t)048.7 J 155.75
15 75j 11.803 1 0801
., .076781 .06306t
5345 11.338.8 161.P8 121.88 19.23 -1 1.1271:119,) .08541
65.141 637 78
. iii,, ,
.l

72.99 7"1 110

U 0 - 4U0 fps e - -20 deg

W000 1754 2019.0 29.69 9.69 4.780 1.032 .03169 .03022 38.07 454 51
2000 2839 3472.7 35.16 15.16 7.859 1.053 .05202 .04749 46.78 505 66
300U 3689 4754.9 39.12 19.12 10.337 1.070 .06728 .05982 52.36 551 74
40'0 4407 5951.6 42.23 22.23 12.480 1.0b4 .08620 .06925 56.36 592 70
5000 5038 7098.0 44.78 24.78 14.401 1.096 .09130 .07681 59.411 629 95
IOOO0 488 12492.8 53.17 33.17 22.174 1.139 .13059 .09754 68.11 755 102

110 - 400 fps 8 - -10 dlev,

I000 2335 2540.1 23.18 13.18 6.11U 1.041 .03989 .03839 34.64 450 67
2000 3535 4061.6 29.50 19.50 9.401 1.063 .06U0l .05643 44.46 500 74
3000 4450 5366.8 33.99 23.99 11.9P, 1.079 .07613 .06885 50.56 546 7F
400W 5214 6571.6 37.49 27.49 14.186 1.093 .08902 .0781P 54.85 588 81
5000 5882 7720.0 40.37 30.37 16.149 1.105 .09975 .u8557 58.10 625 83
10000j 8461 13099.2 49.77 31.77 24.027 1.146 .13663 .10510 67.25 772 91

Un - 400 fps 80-0 cep

1000 3074 3232.6 18.02 18.02 7.990 1.053 .05117 .04978 33.70 444 81
2000 4303 4745.1 24.93 24.93 11.365 1.074 .07167 .06765 44.03 495 78
3000 5230 6029.3 29.84 29.84 13.980 I 1.091 .00691 .07969 50.30 542 77
4000 6004 7214.4 33.67 33.67 16.207 1.105 .09966 .08865 54.67 584 75
5000 6678 8342.4 36.82 36.82 I.187 1.115 .10394 .09567 57.97 622 75
1OU00 9285113645.9 47.12 47.121 26.101 1.-1541.142971.113601 6.19 770 72

Uo - 400 fps 8 - 20 der

1000l 4683 4788.6 12.05 32.05 I13.230 1.083 .07983 .08070I 40.02 43/4 68
2000 57u4 6U44.5 19.32 39.32 16.319 1.10( 0955F .09543 j48.77 489 51
3000 6506 7164.4 24.76 44.76 18.799 1.114 .10769 .10550 54.23 537 42
4000I 7189 8226.9 29.09 49.09 20.944 1.124 .11725 .11290 58.08 5P0 35
5000 7793 9259.1 32.68 52.68 22.868 1.133 .12513 .11P80 61.00 619 29
10000 110173 14265.0 44.51 (4.51 30.638 1.163 .15692 .13250 1A1.16 77i) 8

5?
 TP
7t• yo 2

T Ali L L 8. (Cont'd)

z x R -f t .- I i I5 !1 .. x
S.ft ft do e.sj I e JnJ
ct] des, t
U0 a 600 fps 0 - -40 deg
5000 4208 6535.0 49.92 9.92 9.783 1.0901.08572 .07439 57.55 741J 09
100001 6922! 12162.0
-. ......
- .. .l 55.31
Ai.-
15.31
......... 16.839 1.1491.13880 .10500 05.21
-
842 159
.
jo - 6b0,) fps 0 - -20 deg

10O0 2018 2333.2 25.38 5.38 3.840 1.035 .03440 .03429 30.50 620 78
2000 3591 4110.4 29.12 9.12 6.668 1.062 .06006 .05671 37.33 645 107
3000 4768 5650.2 32.07 12.07 9.028 1.084 .08047 .07328 42.38 671 12-4
4000 5:214 7057.1 34.53 11:.53 11.105 1.101 .09649 .08622 46.34 697 135
5(00 6721 8376.9 36 5 1"65 12.988 1.117 .11082 .09686 49.7 722 145
10000 10263 14329.3 444.26 24.26 20.722 1.175 1,.16152 .12690 59.83 826 173

Uo - 600 fps 1 deg

- -10

IOUO 3075 3233.5 18.01 8.01 5.401 1.051 .04955 .04773 25.72 60J8I124
2000 4811 5210.2 22.57 12.57 8.629 1.0801 .07687 .07250 34.02 632141
3000 6143 6836.4 26.03 16.03 11.196 1.102 .09749 .08972 39.83 659 150
4000 7258 4905.0 28.86 18.86 13.402 1.121 .11395 .10270 44.27 685 154
5000 8232 9631.5 31.27 21.27 15.373 1.137 .12795 .11320 47.32 711 158
10000111987115610.5 39.84 29.84 23.333 1.191 .17496 .14140 58.79 818 169

U0 600 fps 0 - 0 deg

1000 4564 4672.3 12.36 12.36 8.028 1.074 .07167 .06976 24.45 591 178
2000 6367 6073.7 17.44 17.44 11.435 1.104 .09903 .09449 33.51 617 169
3000 7720 8282.4 21.24 21.24 14.801 1.127 .11912 .1110C( 39.65 645 15
4000 8846 9708.3 24.33 24.33 16.334 1.144 .13444 .12320 44.25 673 161
5000 9828 11026.8 26.96 26.96 18.339 1.158 .14704 .13300 47.89 700 158
10000 13613 16891.2 36.30 36.30 26.370 1.208 .18861 .15820 58.94 813 151

U0 = 600 fps 0 - 20 deg

1000 8354 8413.6 6.83 26.83 16.373 1.144 .13462 .13590 33 89 i55 166
2000 9680 9834,! 11.67 31.67 19.23P 1.165 .15255 .15280 41.07 591 135
3000 10759 11169.4 15.58 35.58 21.613 1.181 .16602 .16460 46.14 626 116
4000 11963 12358.2 18.89, 38.89 23.698 1.193 .17664 .17340 49.99 659 103
5000 12530 13490.8 21.75 41.75 25.555 1.203 .18507 .18050 53.05 689 92
10000 15391 18775.6 32.18 52.18 33.311 1.235 .21115 .19650 62.37 811 59
--.. .... ..-.. .- -
NOTS TP 3902

TABLE 8. (Cont'd)
1 1Uj
Ltjft ft degy 11_etf
d'gI
Uo - 800 fps
IT
-- 40 deg
fns I ft
deh1.
iN Nmil - ...-... . . ..- .. .. .- . -... .. .. .. . -, - I
5000 4704 6865.0 46.75 6.75 8.3222 1.1111.10517 .092166 52.731 852 132
100001 8002 I 12807.5 51.33
- 11.33 15.072 1.1981.18B57 .136)0 60.411 894 199
.

Uo , 800 fps , -20 deg

10001 2312 2519.0 23.39 3.39 3.174 1.042 1.04085 .04121 A20.76 790 98
2000 4088 4551.0 26.07 6.07 5.751 1.077 .07371 .07105 31.98 791 144
3000 5564 6321.2 28.33 8.33 7.985 1.106 .10093 .09425 36.26 798 171
4000 6845 7928.1 30.30 1L.30 9.995 1.131 .12319 .li820 39.86 8071 190
500o 7986 9422.1 32.05 12.05 11.841 1.153 .14245 .12820 42.96 818 204
10000 12452 15970.4 38.77 18.77 19.593 1.2J9 .21414 .17360 53.83 870F'45

U0 a 800 fps - -10 deg

1000 3b220 3755.6 15.44 5.44 4.815 1.065 .06288 .06158 20.93 7b6 179
2000 5827 6160.7 18.94 8.94 7.970 1.105 .10003 .09663 27.82 766 215
3000 7533 8108.4 21.71 11.71 10.525 1.137 .12813 .12170 33.06 773 229
400') 8961 9813.2 24.06 14.06 12.739 1.163 .15083 .14090 37.30 784 237
5000 10207 11365.9 26.10 16.10 14.729 1.185 .16991 .15640 40.83 796 243
10000 14974 13006.1 33.74 23.74 22.833 1.267 .23b26 .19930 52.69 858 258

Uo m 800 fps 0 deg

1000 5993 6080.8 9.'.7 9.47 11.0g2 1.106 .10057 .10040 19. 3 3 731 305
2000 8326 8562.8 13.51 13.51 1'..532 1.148 .13785 .13590 27.27 733 287
3000 10006 10498.7 16.60 16.60 14.215 1.179 .16475 .16010 33.00 744 276
4000 11498 12173.9 19.18 19.18 16.506 1.204 .18540 .17810 37,50 758 268
5000 12749 13694.4 21.41 21.41 18.548 1.224 .20196 .19230 41.19 774 262
i0000 17534 20185.2 29.70 29.70 26.750 1.294 .25774 .22980 53,14 849 249
Uo0 800 fps -20 deg

JJ000 12617 12656.b 4.53 24.53 19.5581 1.234 .21034 .22490 3'.73 6',54 282
2000 14119 14259.9 8.06 28.06 22.208 1.258 .22960 .24530 37.58 678 241
3000 15381 15670.8 11.04 31.04 24.466 1.277 .24436 .26050 42.02 703 214
4000 16496 j 16974.0 13.63 33.63 26.486 1.292 ..25580 .27190 45.57 721 194
5000 17507 18207.0 15.94 35.94 28.3381 1.303 .26498 .28110 48.51 751 179
10000 21648 23846.1 24.79 44.79 36.025 1.340 .29289 .30190 58.05 845 134

54
 TABLE 8 (Cont'd)

z x - R , q.-.. n tf IF lnr _f .Ti . a vs.

in1' . . ............ 6x
ft ft ft deg I dr"Ig Sec e e c jdeg fps ft
U 0- 1000 fps 0 -40
w deg
5000 49981 7069.7 45.01 5.01 7.365 1.17 .16322 .15550 j49.96 9 39
1008680 113241.7 9494
.0. 13. 912 1.315T.27406 .246,0 .46 19301228

U, - 1000 fps O - -20 deg

10001 2432 2629.6 22.35 2.35 2.717 1.066 .06354 .06642 24.78 940 Il1
20001 4405 4837.8 24.42 4.42 5.108 1.122 .11529 .11800 29.03 909 171
30001 6076 6776.3 26.28 6.28 7.262 1.172 .15905 .16030 32.80 892 208
4000 7537 8532.7 27.96 7.96 9.240 1.214 .19425 .195V' "E.16 924 233
5000o 8843 lC158.7 29.48 9.48 11.082 1.250 .22346 .22430 39.16 879,251
10o00113926117144.5 35.68 15.681 18.950 1.396 .33347 .32190 50.44 18911301

U0 a 1000 fps 0 - -10 deg

1000
4003 4126.0 14.03 4.03 4.378 1.107 .10138 .10430 18.30 899o232
2000
6569 6866.7 16.93 6.93 7.499 1.176 .16212 .16800 24.36 865 281
3000
8556' 9066.7 19.321 9.32 10.073 1.228 .20555 .21540 29.27 851 300
4000 10211 10966.5 21.39 11.39 12.320 1.272 .24043 .25210 33.39 847 311
5000 11649 12676.7 23.23 13.23 14.354 1.309 .26911 .28200 36.)4 848 316
10000 17078 19790.4 30.35
. 20.35 22.682 1.445 .36783 .37670 49.44 1,874 331

Uo , 1000 fps 0 - 0 deg

1000 72J7 7305.6 7.87 7.87 8.183 1.187 .17134 .18570 16.64 830 434
2000 9953 10152.0 11.36 11.36 11.695 1.255 .22714 .25060 24.00 811 400
3000 11958 12328.6 14.05 14.08 14.428 1.304 .26559 .29650 29.49 808 381
4000 13607 14182.8 16.38 16.38 16.764 1.343 .29491 .33090 33.92 811 367
5000 15032 15841.7 18.40 18.40 18.350 1.376 .31882 .35840 37.65 819 358
10000 20425[22741.6 26.09 26.09 27.261 1.490 .39211 .44360 50.23 8641336

U0 . 1000 fps 0 - 20 deg

1000 1b519 16549.2 3.46 23.46 22.289 1.411 .34402 .45110 31.67 714 385
2000 18082 18192.3 6.31 26.31 24.770 1.441 .36513 .48460 36.69 732 338
3000 19433 19663.2 8.78 28.78 26.937 1.464 .33124 .51280 40.66 752 307
4000 20639 21023.0 10.97 30.97 28.900 1.483 .39494 .53410 43.94 771 284
5000 21735 22302.7 12.96 32.96 30.713 1.500 .40553 .55150 46.73 789 266
10000 26335 28169.7, 20.79 140.79 138.375 1.550ý .43832 .60870 56.14 864 216
- . .. ... .. u I. - - - L........ .55. -

55
NOTS TP 39,?_

TABLE 9. Ballistic Data for the IMD-200

-x .. - - r.
-' I-x

ft ft ft deog d I sec +e I degt

- -= oo
-U fps a -20 deg

100 252 271.1 21.64 1.64 .749 1.145 .13540 .1453 23.551 329 12
200 461 502.5 23.45 3.451 1.511 1.331 .28601 .2650 27.73 282 19
300 635 702.3 25.25 5.29 2.265 1.500 .40560 .3640 32.25 251 22
400 780 876.6 27.15 7.15 2.999 1.676 .51641 .4458 36.88 230 24
500 904 1033.1 23.95 8.95 3.711 1.837 .60835 .5152 41.45 216 24
LO00 1315 1652.0 37.25 17,25 6.922 2.648 .97380 .7385 59.75 192 22

-Uo 400 fps i 10 deg

--

100 429 440.5 13.12 3.1? 1.30 1.277 .24412 .2360 17.02287 27
200 698 726.1 15.99 5.99 2.405 1.523 .42068 .3829 24.28 239 29
300 888 937.3 18.67 8.67 3.357 1.754 .56213 .4857 31.14 214 29
400 1036 1110.5 21.11 11.11 4.215 1.953 .66947 .5650 37.44 200 27
.O5 11055 1258.6 23.;1A 13.41 •.008 2.143 .76211 .6281 43.13 192 25
10001 1532 1829.5 33.13 123.13 8.350 3.000 1.098511 .8209162.50 1 1851 20

r0n 4,00 fps 0 , 0 deg

100 787 793.3 7.24 7.24 2.706 1.606 .47'62 .4264 17.91 219 43
20011 1024 1043.4 11.05 11.05 4.017 1.897 .64027 .5532 28.29 193 33
300 1183 1220.5 14.23 14.23 5.014 2.132 .75711 6373 36.51 182 28
400 1303 1363.0 17.07 17.07 5.882 2.343 .85152 .b998 43.30 177 25
500 1400 1486.6 19.65 19.65 6.669 2.537 .93106 .7497 48.99 176 22
1000 1715 1985.3 30.25 30.25 9.959 3.382 1.21835 .9050 66.51 182 15

UO n 40() fps 0 - 20 deg

100 1436 1439.5 3.98 23.98 7.4151 2.65? .97528 .8280 45.46 155 17
200 1525 1538.1 7.47 27.47 8.266 2.851 1.04781 .8768 52.00 159 14
300 1599 1626.9 10.63 30.63 9.032 3.030 1.10843 .9166 57.04 163 11
400 1661 1709.5 13.54 33.54 9.742 3.198 1016246 ,9494 61.06 167 9
500 1715 1786.4 16.25 36.25 10.410 3.357 1.21102 ,9774 64.35 171 7
1000 1910 2156.0 27.63 47.63 113402 44.01 1.40634 1.072 74.71 185 3

56
 TAIILI 9. (Cont'd)
? R lk In*,
ft ft ft degl- der see ne c deg
- - - I I - - _I - - - -

Uo - 600 fps 06 -20 deg

-IIIII - i i -iii niiii S .. , ,. . - i | 1 .. ,ii -Li -

100 263 2.81.4 20.82 .82 .525 1.222f .200018 .1516 21. 69 482 14
200 502 540.4 21.72 1.72 1.116 1.356 .30417 .2886 23.99 398 23
300 713 773.5 22.82 2.82 1.753 1.574 .45349 .4087 26.90 337 30
400 897 982.1 24.03 4.03 2.417 1.806 .5908) .5127 30.311294 33
500 1057 1169.3 25.32 5.32 3.096 2.039 .71246 .6024 34.171262 34
1000 1591 1879.2 32.15 12.15 b.334 3.286 1.18967 .8935 53.12~ 202 32
- -- - --- I -

Uo - 600 fps 0 - -10 dccg

100 487 497.2 11.60 1.60 1.011 1.293 .25689 .2679 13.78 404 38
200 833 856.7 13.50 3.50 2.032 1.662 .50772 .4570 18.94 309 46
300 1085 1125.7 15.40 5.46 2.984 2.004 .69500 .5935 24.64 260 45
400 1277 1338.2 17,1Q 7.3C4 3.8t,9 2.327 .84449I .66'v, 33.51 21 43
500 1429 1514.0 19.28 9.281 4.696 2.636 .96930 .7771 36.37 212 39
1000 1896 2143.6 27.80 17.80 8.166 4.019 1.3910311.016 57.98 188 28

Uo 0 600 fps 0 - 0 ueg

100 1070 1074.7 5.34 5.341 2.853 1.955 .67019 .5798 14.65 256 71
200 1357 1371.7 8.38 8.38 4.158 2.431 .868101 .7331 24.41 213 52
300 1547 1575.8 10.97 10.97 5.189 2.805 1.03147 .8333 32.46 195 42
400 1636 1732.8 13.35 13.35 6.085 3.149 1.14708 .9056 39./3 186 37
500 1794 1862.4 15.57 15.57 b.894 3.477 1.24605 .9607 45.51 181 32
1000 2148 23b9.4 24.96 24.96 10.249 4.850 1.579)211.133 64.44 182 21

. 600
ao fps 0 - 20 deg

100 1963 19b5.6 2.92 22.921 8.903 4.177 1.4295211.131 50.80 161 18
200 2040 2049.8 5.60o25.0 9.674 4.475 1.4985711.172 55.93 164 15
300 2107 2128.3 8.10 28.10 I0.388 4.749 1.55789 1.207 60.05 168 9
400 2164 2200.7 10.47 :0.47 11.060 5.012 1.61172 1.236 63.44 171 10
500 2215 2270.7 12.7P 32.72 11.702 5.261 1.66031 1.262 66.28 175 8
1000 2404 2603.7 22.59 42.59 14.630 6.411 1.8503 1.350 75.56 187 3

57
NOTS TP 3902

TABLE 9. (Cont' d)
Z IX .... R 10 1 tf 1n ln• e lna.I In dj-tjt i fpi" Ax
ft I ft Jft deg I deg J secI e d s .e .... ft

U 0 a 800 fps 0 - -20 deg

100 268 286.0 20.46 .46 .401 1.201 .18340 .1545 20.98 638 15
200 520 557.1 21.04 1.04 .875 1.395 .33268 .2939 22.40 517 27
300 152 809.6 21.75 1.75 1.413 1.634 .49072 .4311 24.34 427 35
400 962 1041.9 22.58 2,58 2.002 1.893 .63800 .5498 26.84 362 40
500 1149 1253.1 23.52 3.52 2.631 2.177 .77776 .65'8 29.91 312 43
1000 1786 2046.9 29.24 9.24 5.845 3.854 1.34914 1.003 48.22 213 40
- - I S _ . -.-.

Uo- G0 fps 0 -- 10 deg

nToo 515 524.0 10.9q .99 .813 1.337 .29U58 .2833 12.32 524 46
200 917 938.6 12.301 2.30 1.741 1.7581 .56406 .5030 16.09 380 60
300 1219 1255.4 13.83 3.83 2.676 2.209 .79236 .6668 20.88 304 60
400 1450 1504.2 15.42 5.42 3.517 2.64J .97403 . 26.28 259 56
)uu Lou i7O1.9 I1.03 7.03 4,413 Z.(7511.12317 .8875 31.81 231 49
1000 2169 2388.4 24.75 14.75 7.994 5"06511:62230 1.162 54.86 190 j
U0 800 fps 0 - 0 deg

100 1307 1310.8 4.38 4.38 2.923 2.329 .84540 .7082 13.02 279 97
200 1628 1640.2 7.0017.00 4.263 3.002 1.09931 .8796 22.45 225 68
300 1835 1859.4 9.29 9.29 5.318 3.545 1.26540 .9885 30.46 202 54
400 1985 2024.9 11.39 11.39 6.230 4.039 1.39592 1.066 37.52 191 46
500 210 2158.7 13.39 13.39 7.053 4.511 1.50643 1.124 43.75 184 40
1000 2477 2671.2121.93121.98 10.445 6.484 11.3693711.3Y7 63.40 183 25

U0 w 800 fps O - 20 deg

100 2355 2357.1 2.43 22.43 9.954 6.063 1.8)218 1.358 54.93 165 18
200 2425 2433.2 4.71 24.71 10.677 6.467 1.86676 1.394 59.20 168 14
300 2485 2503.0 6.83 26.b8 11.358 6.852 1.92454 1.424 62.71 171 12
400 2538 2569.3 8.96 28.96 12.006 7.219 1.97678 1.450 65.64 175 10
500 2586 2633.9 10.94 30.94 12.629 7.571 2.02432 1.473 63.14 177 8
1000 2768 2943.1 19.86 39.86 15.509 9.204 2.21968 1.554 76.50 188 2

58
 NOTS TP!2_02

E. BALLISTIC CURVES AND SENSITIVITY GRAPHS

In this section are given graphs (Fig. 20 through 44) showing the
curves of ground range X, time of flight tf, impact anplc -ri, imract
velocity Ui, and lead angle Y, all plotted appinst release altitude for
a family of release velocities, at three release angles, for the Mk 83,
Mk 76, and the fictitiou, HD-200 born" s.

Also included are a number of sensitivity curves for the same bombs
and the same release conditions. These curves show the change in the
specified trajectory parameter caused by an incremental change in one of
the independent releasz variables Z, U0 , 0, or cKD. They are of value,
for example, in quickly estimatinp the effects on the trajectory of
errors in the release conditions and are useful in various other arpli-
cations. The fipures 400, 600, POn, and 1,00n on the curves refer to
release velocity in feet per second.

However, in some applications, the curves must be used rather care-

fully since they were obtained bv varving in a small amoint each of the
independent release variables Z, 9, Uo, and cKD, in turn from a given
set of "standard" release conditions. Thus, the curves shoi only the
chaaize in the trajectory caused by a slight change in a single release
variable. In analyzing many fire control systems, account rust also be
token of the specific system mechanization and of the method of aiming
before data pcints of the curves can be applied correctly.

5q
NOTS TP 3902

.4-

- t2 20

a -4--~~~20-

0 10

-- 24 {4- 9

20

o20 -

IiA
I

t2 - AV-v
'6 4
7 7 I *.T

60
 ____ ____
___ ____ _ ___
___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___NOTS TP 3902

44
M243--t

I t t

2M ---

AL A :~

Z4 ~4+tff7 2
- - 4 1
-4 4 +- 4 --

-I~~ ,.-L~2 L

FIIG 21 Ti meo lgtVru liue

NOTS TP 3902

56

40- 0

24 2 4 S 0 2 A

TV 2C

01 ~ ~ 0. -a '

FF
ALT. TVV0jSAT.S 0F FT ALT. THOUJSANDSOF FT9T?4%OE0

S6- 84

40iI7A-- TV'S'

S2 T %4V2

624
 NOTS TP 3.2?

VF - -

44 O ? AI .M ~ l F A L "01I

*0 20

:LI4. 0.
'Or--

- 'Z C) SC CP

*"OLPSA.DS
AL,? OFPI
P3,$N L1 1G$f
1 z- AL'19OS0

ft,

o2 5 -if 6-
7 - -

ALT T.MJSWMP OF IT I. 'SoOA%5 OF P ALI " OP P

05),!O

FIG. 23. Impact Velocizy Versus Altitude.

63
NOTS TP 3-902 _________________________________

-C 4.--

U
56 .

46- 4

;a 0 4 2 0 a 6 0
~
Of FTAT
ALT. ~ ~&'
I..MANDS s F3'm

ALT.
T.MMYND OFj 3 13 1 *

wK Moo

bZ6

FT
0, to9.

4,r

At? 30tA'0$
0 5?At'T"ODADS 06 '1 A10, w O4DS OF FT

FIG. 24. Lead Angle Versus Altitude.

64
 VOTS TP 3202

0-- 4-4¶1K2
*01111 t--i4. -N
3~~~-
I*

'0

ALT, THCuSAIVS Of FT ALY.TwoUSANDS Of FY tTm~'() ýF

4-0---2-0
20 --

Of F, ýALt TI4OUSAtES OF FT AcT.HF4NDRESOFF

ALT, T.OUIATN0

So~s - so. -------------- -01

F.:

'05-

ALT. TýOt 5AFFOS Oc FT A,. ''% U ný 01'

FIG. 25. C'round Range Sensitivity to Altitude Change Versus Altitude.

65
 _ _
INOTS TP 3902 - - -____ _

1 -Io 24
I. 3
24

207

0 2 3 4 0 2 4 6 0 0

t'~N 200,
A

I ILI
'242

4 A
4-
4

ALT. '.OJ!%.S or F ALT. smUN0DQOS OFFT

AL!, !ýOjSA'NS OF Fr

-run26
FIG Rag Sestvt to Re-s A2gl Cang Aesu
AltitudeAO

66--
 NOTS TI' 3902

1Tj I" -- F

M~~ -3 77 i

0F? F' Do

Oi I I 1- -- i1-

0 3

43 I ,I I I 10 -. 1 0
AST.
MF~3I- - -- P201
T.SOFF

so-- - 0 2----

-~ #

*ý -q [t--t--

00 o0 3 4C 6 a
ALT. THIOUSANDS OF FT D~t ~ F'£~. ALYA.T
m,4LND~ 0FT
%ORFO
T.4..A S
ALT, -O

ron Rne-esiiitytoRleaeVl-t
FI.27 hneVru
Altitude.
R~OTS TI' 390)2

40 ~! Z Z0 -4

4,1

0! !

c,00

PT

9000

-- K

*G I

-20000
- 41 2 I1 IL
I 40 - - - - 2

T
41011
ALT.T.?" 40 r1? .OUSA%DS OF FT AL' OF Hu~0oJ~fN0 F1-4

-0 - Go
60 -

. 0 .40 -- 4

so - -

I{ LL
il-
240 4 ____84I-q

____
A' ''20 ) F A? ? 0 ~. "A! ' N ~O ! F

FIso. 28. Grud R6eSniiiy t rg Fnt hne Vru liue

-to680- 0
 NOTS TP fL2

-- [ ....
-[ -. - '• ....
i2 -

ftLL. i 4 -__ - •~1

....

i "•÷ii . - __] _ _. I.. _

0 3 4 92 4 6 '0
ALT, TOUSAu$ 0 F ALT, TO USA SO OrA , S Of

- 41
4~

0~A 063 7 '0C

l 1 11 1 1 Jli i l
o 2
ALT,
. m ~SANDS3 OF 11
52 3
AL T. T. 0 'jSANOS OF FT
t
ALT,
4 6
HLIOEC'S rF F
1

LL. - ~-~-~
2{0TI 24
-TI

4T

ALT, U OF F- ALT. T.O§34ANC OF FT ALT, ~ F0O1%FT

FIG. 29. Time of Flight Sensitivity to Altitude Change Versus Altitude.

iOTS TP 3902

--- - - - -24

01 2

AL?. ?HOUSAD5 OF F?
Ii 4 S
5 f
H01 2 3

,m.T. T.o.JSADS C fl
A I O 4 6,

A£'.T, +UNDAEDS OF FT
a 0

-I- 3 ... 7: - DZ--

MS
'VI
A ms lp°m"-a

4o 2--111_
-
I-- i • fi !.c:JI :- . .- i -.. -

"I~ z+_•_
zzzo ]iI - =-

24-- -I 4 3•it'i . 4.-

- -. -

S....- I.o. -

- - 'o :3iL
ALT ?0U SANDSOF FT ALT. TW0USAN03 OF F? ALT, Of FT "UNORFOS

40 - so- so "

- 36- ... ..

2 t

42 - 24l 2

AL' T.)L.
-r

ALTTMOuSAN5 r
4t2I 10
4La
ALT. UNDRFDS 0 FT

FIG. 30. Time of Flight Sensitivity to Release Angle Change Versus

Altitude.

70
 NOTrS TP 3902

o - -- -4-
12 - '2

A.T, T..OU SAND, OF Fl' AL'. "INDREDS ofF r '

ALT,INOUSANOS OF

U ?4
6 0 200
h.13

;6- 6 - -

20 2-,- - - r-4-'

aU

SE -c
IIl~r

0--- q-

6 1711

AL'. t.LOQA%7, (F F- ZJS 'F

At, THOL)LANOS OF 11

FIG. 31. Time of Flight Sensitivity to Release Velocity Change Versus

Altitude.

71
 ____ _

NOTS TP 3902

--

Pori1
I- ý

J - 4-

-CS~SC
AL?

.1--4

- 2-~~' :

32 Tim ofC
FIG._ V FucinC aneVru
Flgh Sensitivity to Drag~
~ - ~
Altitu-dez~~zz
.-
2~jf~J
72---
 NOTS TP 10u?

,,.I I .. .... '

.-...
.. .... ..... -.. • * , ,

+ 4
+ • l + ..

0 - 0-----
4. .0.

04m - -.

... IL.. .. .... . .. t _

iV _ I
•F_
4 ' ,- . + 4 4 -- 4-4--
l 4 *-
0

03 -i 4 , 4.- -

ot-- i.+
+ - ,±-+ - - . + + . + +., 4 4 4

-- , u• > H . .... . --

0.0 4 - I, -.--

. . . .. . .,
. . + :

. lý
Tt
4
+ 4

_I . *.. . .. . .. . . .
... . . ... +. _ . + +- -.. .. .--....
.... 4
o... ..
4<r"'' + ,"•" *.
A* 7,.4•4'4,, fAlIV'

FIG. 33. Impact Angle Sensitivity to Altitude Change Versus Altitude.

73
NOTS TP 3902

K "c' dot

__ *00

'2 -0 T '

ALT, TMMI'JSMO 00, ff ALT, ~'-0OJAN0S

cw Ft AkL?,"UN0C0$D OF %T

C, ~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ 9 0 - - - - -

04 9. 04
4 04

70 - --0 -v

- CO00 --

?f' 42
9,. 03

-?.0' 9.20
04 - ~ -- - -~04----------------- 04 -p

08 0

0 5 54
A, T...(eJ*C5 0, Li
A- ' SND OF FY A., HND-FIS OF CT

FIG. 34. lt;)at Angle Sensitivity to Release Angle Change Versus

Altitude,

74
 '24

91If
0 04

ALT, T.^ %
SANS F IT AL
001
Y.0SA 7' CI
2
AL.
4 is
.1UNOPCDS F'
0(

0 o - CA 4-4

+ -4-

X4) :
MK- le
02 0 0 ' F 021 -A .'0.S % S 0
FIG.~~~~~~~~
5 matAgECSniiiyt ees Vlct hneVru
Alt1tude

47
IIOTS TP 3902

GOO I nI 11

IKo

* -- - - -~ ALI0

.. - -&L . -. C" f -A i

5° 0 1 1 113
- " - .$ -. 0T•ft, t•-

-0 - 4

-o - O 2 . O + Z • O 2 " ?0
LT. T.OVSfA NDS) of FT ALT., I•4OUSMO,• Of PT ALI, p'~D • SOF r't? 2o
AO
ORf-"[L] 11AD'IL F
-o
-It H _-i- oI
o -
-- 4 ~ iT
0 I- -•o. -

.. - '° -.- - - - - -

AI., T LSI O F FT AELT.fmc • 'NC

OF FT1 WT -0N'JlQfS OF F'

F Im A i t-oDragF

Altitude.

76
 't -

-, T

T TI*

FIG. 37 matVlct estvt oAtte hneVru liue

2 -4--*---.-.- -- 4*-.4.-.4- 477

NOTS TP 3902

-J~~
02--1 - - - - I

0 0,2~o I

.03 J03-63.04-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-0' -- -1-[ - -
H

.0 T - of2 6 6 '0

'ALY. T-2UAOJSA~ OF V'TL? tOUSAT,0S OF FT ALT ,4U50REDS OF F,

02MK 83 2-6o

0 - T/ SIC w*ADO 0A

02

-004

Alttude

78 0
 -- 4-

to 0

00? ?.C6. L. .O40O 44 0fI

40C.

06 0 4----I- -

02 04 -4 02-- -- -- I

0~
0 11 z 5 3 0 1
?.)SAO
2 3 4 1
01
0
J#
$N4 5 01 aF Q

0'20

0411 04 - - - - 0'

4..0

-- --O -- CD

- 02- - - - -

l- 0-8 -- A 0- t- - -

60' Boo

0202 - 1 -

- - - - 4 0 AL*F0 ~ 2 4
AL,T. ?$0iSAP4DS OF F7 LT TWO,ýSAA' f F AL NT.u
01EDS OF f4

FIG. 39. Impact Velocity Sensitivity to Release Velocity Change Versus

Altitude.

79
NOTS TP 3902

2 - -

-4 00-

AL.T V£064So IAT, T.UAD of #I? A OK0T, OF FY

U. 0

':s
z:I z I.. RN-_
.5.007

0a 3 4 5f ,0 -2 - -0 a

.2*0 - -2 - -0

T,T T.'OUSNOS0 of fT TFOAAFOS ALT OF FT

FIG. 40. Impact Velocity Sensitivity to Drag Function Change Versus

Altitude,

80
 ________________________________________________ 123'~ T? SIM

014 ,~. 01- - -T~ 4

01O _ Oro-4

016-~

04~ 0

to 2
1. -
0 c~
-
4 0 e o
ALT, 7.00)SANIS OF OT ALT. ?MWJSANDI
OF FT ALT, *WiNDRESOf FTT

024- 0?
P. - 24--

020 20

7Th~CI)
- 4

- -, ± _ -,
021 --

020~M 63 42
F'F

T140,MNOS F 4~SANOS0* F

FIG. 41 Le2 Angl Sestvt-oAttd hneVru liue

004 o's 8t
 14 -

-2 -- - - -- - --

to

ac

04 -or - -

5 13 4 5 0 4 0 0 K)
a 3 4
Of F! AUT. T-06SANDS OF Ff AL!, Wh~NOWS~0 OF FT
&LT?.!..C',AA%$

14 14

2'

-- 44

ALT. TNOUSA%OSOV FT ALT, TH0USA%DS QF F! ALT, *UNOAFS OF FT

I mg7*.- -
t4 93I
r... .... - -
111+20 -

- - - -
3!! -00

2 :2 - -- 02 -

1 5 0 44 S C~ 2 *4I 6 el
ALT. !MOJS&N('SOF It A: S'..c OF~rf I ulyoo0tfos Of FT

FIG, 42. Lead Angle Sensitivity to Release Angle Change Versus Altitude.

82
 ___________ NOTSTP30

0- ----
---

-04- 7.L 02

AýOf' -0

-0

ALT, Tý.0USANO Of FT ALT. ?.OUSANOS 0C1 Ft 0 , 4.A

00

1. CA A

04

++
.0 04 .-

-- mifl-~.{)4

4t --- -It
OF ' 00 3 'AT -04A~ J.0~SO

FI.4.LaCnl estvt oRlaeVlct hneVru

Altitude

28
NOTS TP 3902

01_.
7_ W,
11- -.!III(, _ ••"•

$T/M up_"A -T
t.

...
. ..l 1 . ..

iti
-------- iIi 02 "

0I
0 ",1 i I t
.i 1 01
, :. • ,0

&LT ? u
L OFZ 01 ....

!1Z 1 I 1
I
i I I I
1KI
4/ M2t. t&0 l i l ",''.T. / i OFI i-LT,1 iLSO(~0

1t 1 1" 1 1 1 i I 2l .i
t -P F I S • *

11 I t 1 1 t l i °0 ' i
- -
AL,. WUD o,0 - I3
L of P
-,O,,I ;NO 4 2
ALT,b~
0t Of-V
10 1I

7/-11 1 11 1

-
--20P
'C' C, 'C
<<! I 1-!.1

- [ 2-.-,-.,- - - rI---- L. i !•I• o"- -

LAJ T 05
$5JA~ 0T k T5uTN 0 s'& • USTT 5

FIG. 44. Sensitivity of Distance Normal to Line-of-Sight to Release

Angle Change Versus Altitude.

8
 NOTS TP 3902

F. BOM3 DATA

Table 10 gives sor2 pertintnt unclassified information on various

bombs. The correct KD function is given and the various KD functions
may be found tabulated in Section IlI.C. In most cases, several boirbs
can be vade to use the savre KD curve by incorporating a correction fac-
tor in the vdlue given for the reciprocal ballistic crefficient, c.
Thus, c may include a form factor unequal to 1 (3ee Section IT.B.3).

For reference to these bombs, a shortened desigAation system is used;

i.e., the Mk 81 Mod I bomb with electric fuze is written Mk 81/lI/E. For
most bombs the mou number follows the first bar; after the second bar is
given other pertinent conditions are given by the following abbrevlattons:

T without fuze
E electric fuze
M mechanical fuze
L with lugs
N without lugs
WF water filled
WS weL sand filled

85
NOTS TP 39V_

TABLE 10. Bomb Data

BBd bod'1Diameter,
o mM Weight, peci f i a l n
SSpecifications c KD table
in, lb ft2llb to use

Hk 28 (EX)l 20.00 2040 - .0008262 fk76/4/T/N

Mk 43 0 18.00 2125 Large fin, nose Mod 1 .0010588 4k43/0 nose Mod 1
(with large fin)
0, 1 14.75 500 - .00244 "
Mk 57
Mk 76 0, 2 4.00 23.6 Without lugs .004706 %7610&2/3
Mk 76 2 4.00 23.6 With lugs .006379 Yk76/O&2/N
Hk 76 4 4.00 24.23 W,?ith lug, no fuze ,004586 Mk76/4/T/L
?k 76 4 4.00 24.23 Without lug or fuze .004586 %fk76/4/T/N
Mk 81 1 9.00 270 Electric fuze .002937 Mk83/2&3!E
Mk 81 1 9.O 270 Mechanical fuze .003916 Mk83/2&3/E
Mk 82 O, 1 10.75 500 Electric fuze .001814 Mk83/2&3/E
Mk 82 0, 1 10.75 500 Mechanical fuze .002721 Mk83/2&3/E
Mk 83 2, 3 14.00 985 Electric fuze .001382 !tk83/2&3/E
Mk 83 2, 3 14.00 985 Mechanical fuze .001759 'k83/2&3/E
?k 84 1 18.00 1970 Electric fuze .001142 Mk83/2&3/E
Mk 84 1 18.00 1970 Mechanical fuze .001522 Mk83/2&3/E
M 86 0, 1 9.00 140 Water filled .005936 mk83/2&3/E
Hk 86 0, 1 9.00 200 Wet sand filled .003994 Mk83/2&3/E
Klk 88 0 14.00 458 Water filled .002972 Mk83/2&3/E
Mk 88 0 14.00 783 Wet sand filled .001738 tik83/2&3/E
Mk 89 0 4.00 56 Without lugs .002877 Mk83/2&3/E
41k 89 0 4.00 56 With lups .004250 %.83/2&3/E
Mk 106 0 3.87 4.63 .1306 Std Cl drag
function
Mk 106 2 3.87 4.65 - .1511 "

HD-200 - - .1000 .1066 (constant)

"v- 0.75
AN-M57A1 - 10.80 284 1126 fin assembly .002853 AN-1457AI M126 fin
AN-M64A1 - 14.20 587 M128AI fin assembly .002385 ANI-64A1
M128Ai fin

86
 NOTS TP 3902

IV. NOMOCRAPHS

The nomographs5 given herewith allow rapid evaluation of many imnor-

tant parameters. While they cannot give the accuracy of a computed value,
they can give an answer that is well within allowable limits of error
(usually less than one or two percent) for design and analysis of bombs
and types of fire control systems.

Many of the nomographs are versatile; on some of the graphs either

of two variables may be given and the remaining one calculated. They are
most accurate near the center of their ranges; on some of the grarhs the
error will increase as velocities tend toward the speed of sound. The
emnhasts is on subsonic application throughout.

On all nomographs the examples given are drawn as dotted lines on

the graphs. In some cases, a small diagram is given and on the most in-
volved nomogranhs detailed instructions are included.

The nomographs are divided into four sections, which are described
below. The first section contains graphs anplicable to all bombs; the
second contains vacuum solutions of the trajectory which might be useful
in allowing for delay times; the third section deals with graphs appli-
cable only to standard drag bombs; and the last section is restricted to
retarded bombs.

It should be noted that many of the standard drag bombs require

knowledge of the cKD product. In such cases, a small copy of nomograph
7 is included; Mach numbers may be obtained from nomographs 7 or 16.

5 Upon
request, NOTS, China Lakewill nrovide specific nomopraphs
on plastic.

87
NOTS TP 3902

DESCRIPTION OF N0O0C1RAP1S

A. CENERAL USACE (P. 88)

1. Altitude, or ground range (three nomographs in one)
2. Altitude, or ground range
3. Slant range

B. VACUUM SOLUTIONS (p. 94)

4. Cround range
5. Impact angle
6. Altitude

C. STANDARD DRAG BOMBS (p. 100)

7. Mach number, KD, cKD product, altitude corrections
8. Impact angle
9. Time of flight, or ground range
10. Altitude
11. Altitude or ground range, level release
12. Ground range, loft bombing from Z - 0 to Z - 0
13. Ballistic lead angle using ground range data
14. Ballistic lead angle using altitude data
15. Change in ground range due to small change in angle of release
about level release

D. RETARDED BOMBS (p. 118)

16. Mach number, K., cKD product, altitude corrections
17. Imnact angle
18. Time of flight, or ground range
19. Altitude
20. Ground lag, ground range, or altitude, level release
21. Ballistic lead angle using ground range data
22. Change in ground range due to small change in angle of release
about level release.
23. Time of flight or altitude, level release

A. GENERAL USAGE

Nomograph 1. Altitude, or Ground Range

This nomograpb solves the relations

Z a R sin ,
Z - X tan ,
X - R cos .
Given any two of the variables, R, X, Z, or * , the remaining two
can be determined.

88
 NOTST 3t~

S338W)JO

~~ ' T l iT1. 1 114,1~T

Wl N,3 -ý

30 V 7'C)1 '

0 Lo s t! S - P- 0 n -

x C,

E
C

-J

3Cnii~C
-T-- r__TT
-- II If/
7 -7--.r II II T7TT I .
0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0
N 00 (~ N~¶j

0- (0 N1 S) 030 i33l

V)rjI I O~
0 0 0

Tj T' _ 'ITl TTT-I- -1 - ' T I~T7 IT -T T T I

T. TJ iTNJTrl 'T

(0NIS 30I N I d( V)3N8GI00'

1
'I TTTT VTT I ITT TTT~fl TTTT T~T' go
N0T7S TP 3902

R~r~ 2.Altituln or C dr-2 (Ceneral Usage)

Given Z, X may be solved for us!ng this graph. The process my be
reversed to solve for Z ltho-uh en iteration proceso mny be necesenry.
This no~ogrnph solvas eq. Sic. Either nozmgraph 7 or 16 may be used to
determine tho c1% value, dc ndinr on the type of bomb boing studied.

Use of n-ceoraph:
1. Locate releace angle on upper left scale, lebal as A.
2. Locate velocity on lo•er left scale, label as B.
3. Construct line ABO lebel as C the point where AB crosses upper
oblique indez.
4. Locate altitude on far left scale, label as D.
5. Construct line CD, labei as E point where CD cuts center verti-
cal index.
Steps I through 5 may be carried out on smeller scales at
lower right center; this will give the same point E.
6. Locate release angle on scales in lower right, label as point
F. Note that there are different scales depending on sign of 0.
7. Locate velocity on scales in lower right corner. Note that
different U-scales are used for different signs of 9.
8. Construct line FG, label as H intersection of FG and left
vertical index line. Construct line El.
9. Locate 6 on upper right scale, label an J.
10. Locate Z on upper right scale, label as K.
11. Construct line JK, label as L intersection of M with index
line. Locate and label as M the correct cKD value.
12. Construct line LM, label as N the intersection of LM and upper
left vertical index line.
13. From N, trace along curve to the left where curve intersects
line EH; note value of ground range.

Example, Mk 83 Bomb:

S~U
; :- "20 deg
600 fps
Z a 3000 ft
S/Read: X A 4850 ft
/0 Computed:
c --4880 ft

Use this scale if

- negative

90
 Z~~~ -1TN
AN6 2U Cos 2 9
2ux

ut(kx src 6

3 pcK~

6,RELEASE ANGLE, DEGREES

0 1111111 I -I I I III-

0 20 310 40 106

-1.000

-2,000

3,000

4.000
w

0 ,0

6,000

O,-RELEASE ANGLE, DEGREES

71000

8.000 w 100

9.000 2.000
U. TRUE AIR SPEED, FT/SECU.F/E
z1,300 1.200 !,100 1.000 900 800 700 00500 400

-10,000 IIr-r-I I~ '70 60 +4',' 400 300 20

So600 0 5004030 20
U,
NITALVELOCITY,KNT
NO
iE ANGLE, DEGREES
I I I - I I II

19.-RELEASE ANGLE, DEGREES 1,

\ 020
II'-T
30
"
40"' 45
IfI"'

2,000

U. FT/SEC
900 Boo0 700 500 400,.,0

500 400 300 200

KNOTS
NOMOGRAPH 2. Altitude, or Ground Range.
 _____ __ -20- w
50

]
30---
- - ---- _ __ _- 10.000
- 10 40- -

o po z
0 0

06

207 40060

1300 -500

0,10
0050

'I '-.- 70 1000

0800
2 00
=_40 80

wo6000
JO C;600

-3. i6 800

-10 200
406-70

D 500--

DEGREE 60001

nd Rane.900
NOTS TP 3902

Nogqr~r. 3. Slant Pange (Crenvrl U'sage)

This nomograph solves the rel•tion

R2 - X2 + Z2

for any of the variables R, X, or Z, given the other two.

92
 20 j III
100 -

19 • S -

20 cO
18-- 0

19- 8g5°•-
40

/ -1
178

. 15 75 - w-

S14 z -J 70-N-I

-4 -
0 2 60 -- .
-13-

4 20

2-

2 2 10
0I4 0- oi 0
o -~ ~ -93

8 4--
40--

6 3 0 --
NOTS TP 3902

B. VACUUM SOLUTIONS

Nomo•r••ph 4. Ground Range

This nomograph solves the relation

X a Ut tos e

Given any three of the variables X, U, t, or e, the fourth may be

found merely by interchanging, as required, the steps indicated on the
nomograph (vae diagram).

94
 ____________
________________NOVS~ T? 2

LF'
0 U0

0 0 0

ui I

>Nt
>~l J 17 -

00

0 x

0 -
Z- x

CD'0 -

o I
 NOTS T? 3902

Nomo.rg1T._h 5. Imoact Angle (Vacuum Solutions)

Using the equations for the trajectory in a vacuum, this nonograph

allows rapid determination of impact angle. The nomcgraph is batncd on
eq. 26.

For so4ndard drag bomls, this might serve as a very rough approxi-
mation of the actuai conditions; other nomographs of this section right
also be apnlicable to solution of problems Involving delay times of re-
tarded bombs.

Use of Nomogranh 5: fCiven 6, U, and t, enter the norigranh as in-

dicated by the nomograph diagram below to find the impact aigle.

1* -
"- I \

Example:
e a -20 deg
U - 500 fps
t - 2 sec (time of flight)
Read: r 1 26.6 deg
Computed: 'r - 26.61 deg

96
 _____ INOTS TP-39C)2

3s /1Li 'n

o0 00

o0 0 000

SION)4 'AIIDOT3A 'iVIIINI nf

4 I1
I- I-

z / w

uiz

0L

N 0

S33bO3O '9

0 Loo

97
VOTS T? 3902

Nmt~orrh 6. Altitude (Vacuum Solutions)

This ncoograph solves the relation

I tt2
ZoUt sine +

Given any three of the four variables Z, I1,t, or 6, the fourth

may be determined. Use of the nomograph is straightforward.

98
 NOTS TP 3902

00
u4
4-Y

X30NI
N

0~0

jSiON>X 'n
0 0 0
0n0
0 n 0

~~ W

0 0 0 0 0 0 00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-w CDJ
W W P

D)3S/lri 'A±iZO13A Iivivw *fn

NOT" TP 3902?

C. STANDARD DP.AC hOlc:S

pomo_.&ra.h_7_. Marh Number. Kn, cr Product. Altitude Corrections

This nomograph uscs empirical data to deter•ine several different

quantities. Values of c. the reciprocal ballistic coefficient, are in-
dicated for various bcbc on one scale. reference to the bom;b data sec-
tion (lII.F.) will show that many bombs follow the KD curves that are
graphed here. If a bomb follows a lD curve not graphed, its KD values
may be taken from the KD curve section and this value may then be located
on the far right scale.

Using the first three steps of the following procedure, the Mach
number for a given velocity and altitude may be found. It is also pos-
sible to calculate another parameter, 1000 (0/0o) CKD, that is used some-
times as a correction rather than merely taking the value of 1000 cKD.

It should be noted that with this nomograph, one need not necessaril
start with step one of the procedure. Depending on the amount of informa-
tion known beforehand, several steps may be eliminated. The conplete
procedure follows:
1. Locate release velocity, label as A.
2. Locate altitude on oblique scale, label as B.
3. Construct line AB, extend to Mach number scale. This is value
of Mach number under given conditions; label as C.
4. From point C, go vertically to intersection with appropriate KD
curve, then horizontally right to KD scale. This gives the
value of the ballistic drag coefficient under the given conditions.
If KD is known from some other source, it may be located immedi-
ately without going through the preceding steps; label as point D.
5. Locate value of c, label as E.
6. Construct line DE, determine intersection of DE with 1000 cKD
scale. Note that units here are ft 2 /lb; however, in most of the
following work, units will be ft 2
/1000 lb. Thus, the number read
here gives the value of cKD product in units of ft 2 /1000 1b:
label as F.
7. Locate altitude on far right scale, label as G.
8. Construct line GF and extend to far left, read off value of
1000 oIoo cKD.

E A

100
 nOTS TP 3902

LI c;b If; 01
. "IS ",L '13
1,117

C"'

a
LILLLliLLLL
0 0 0 0
.LLriiJ1LJIuWL L ;L---
.
0
.
0 0 0 0 0

I
f ~11
i l
0

i *. . .

- 0

0 0

,-- - >0o

w
La
-jI
L T

.40 7w O0)

0 0 0

-
40
C w

2's

o o, -, -° °o o° o° -

0 0 0
00

0 0 0 o(0 C) o C)
,,
I ts1 ta TP ,r-

3e3tAva1able COPY/n 3est

 NOTS TP 3902 ___

Homoh R8. Lnact AnIle (Strndard Drag Bombs)

This no.cZrcph uses eq. 51b to determine the impact angle.
Use of nmnraphrh:

l. Use Ncnogreph 7 to deter-mini the cKD value. Locate this value

on grn~h scale, label as A.
2. Locate altitude on left scale, label as point B.
3. Construct line AB, label intersection with oblique index line
as point C.
4. Locate ground range on bottom left scale, label as D.
5. Construct line CD, label intersection of CD with horizontal
index line as E.
6. Draw vertical line through E to intersection with appropriate 6
curve, then proceed horizontally to right to vertical index
line. Label point of intersection with index as F.
7. Locate velocity on far right scale, label as G.
8. Construct line FC, label intersection of FC with upper oblique
index line as H.
9. Locate ground range on upper right scale, label as 3.
10. Construct line 11, label intersection with horizontal index as K.
11. Locate release angle on lover right scale, label as L.
12. Construct line KL. Read r where KL crosses scale.

Example:
Mk 83/2&3/E Bomb
Z - 5000 ft
9 w "10 deg
U - 1000 fps
X - 12,620
Read: r a 31.5 deg
Computed:
Ta 32.16 deg.

102
 ____________NOTS TP 320;-

SILONX 'AIIDO'1A WIVIINI 'n

01
, 2
00

00Z

:)S/. 'AiI)O13A IVIIINI 'r'

urj ~ W )

0 0

/
V Z0

/q
C,

0 0) 0 0J 00

zz

4 rx~

00 X

___0__ 0 0

50 0-0

10
?OTS TP 3902

NOmn~raph 9. Tite of Flight or Ground Rrnge (Standard Drag Borbs)

This nomogrnph uces a slightly modified form of eq. 52; here "a" is
chosen for bcet fit rather than using 3/4.

Given X, t nay be deterrined; and givcn t, X may be found. Instruc-

tions are for getting X, given t. The other icthod should be obvious
once this care in studied.

Use of nomograph:

1. Locate time of flight on left scale, label as A.

2. Locate velocity U, label as B.
3. Construct line AB, label as C intersection of AB and left index
line.
4. Determine value of cKD from Nomograph 7. locate value and label
as D.
5. Locate altitude on oblique scale, label as E.
6. Construct line DE, label as F intersection of DE with right
index.
7. Construct line CF, label as C intersection of CF and curved
scale,
8. Connect G to index point and extend line to left index, label
as H.
9. Locate angle 0, label as J.
10. Construct line HJ, extend HJ to X-scale, read off X.
SJ

5~

-- POIN4T

H rI-

XV-k I
104 -

100,
 :)3S/1'rP:0'390

0 0
0

'30" 0

BestCN COP
Availabl

S33~3O 394Ii 3fYIns

NOTS TP 3902

•.O~rP.1L1.. Altitude (Standard Drag Bobhs)

Using eq. 51a, this nonograph allows calculation of altitude Z for

standard drag weapons.

By estimating altitude, ckD may be dctermined from Nomograph 7. If

orlRtnal estimate is too inaccurate, the process may be repeated after
answer is read from this noriograph, i.e., use iteration scheme for alti-
tude.

Use of nomograph:

1. Locate ground rAnge on upper left scale, label as A.

2. Locate value of CKD, label as B on upper oblique scale.
3. Construct line AB, label as C intersection of AB and left verti-
cal index.
4. From point C, proceed horizontally to appropriate 0 curve, then
down to horizontal index line. Label point of intersectton on
horizontal index line as D.
5. Locate velocity U on lower scale, label as E.
6. Construct line DE, label as F the intersection of DE and oblique
index line.
7. Locate ground range on lower left vertical scale, label as G.
8. Construct line FO, extend line to Z, with . - 0 scale, label
as point H. If 0 - 0 deg, point 11is the altitude.
9. If O g 0 deg, locate X on far tight scale. If 6 > 0, use upper
portion of X-scale. If 0 < 0, use lower portion of X-scale.
Label as J.
10. Locate 0 on appropriate oblique scale, label as K.
11. Construct line JK, label as L intersection of JK and right
vertical index.
12. Construct line IlL, intersection of HL with Z, altitude scale
gives value of Z.
 o 20 0

TION

49 rTTTTTT
I F 7rTTVTT~TTI T F~1
,TT FIT -rrTrTT]

4'4

T--~

1 0.C O6 I w

/V,, /

o
1 00

0 4

0-

-i.111 I'l TTiT il-

Ij~ 0000' 'I 3Deiiti @NrK))
\()
NOTS TP 3902

NorlO2/_aph II. Altitude or C,round ,an~e, Level Pelese (Standard Drav

Bombs)

orem this nomo'ranh, ground ranee may be determined directlv eiven

the release AltitC, velCity. -In(' CYI nroduct of the weanon, or re-
leane altitude may he determin,, $-, Iteration viver pround rlnre, velocitv
and CF 1 nroduct . The entictti onqrIvw, Iv
)( )
Z -U2U2! e'
C ) :.cKD ( •, Do

Use: 1. Use Nomograph 7 to determine c.

1. To find Y, enter no-nopranh as shou-n in diagram on nomopranh.

3. To find 7. estimate 7 in ntv', ' of diwran.

4. Proceed in the step senuence 2, 3, I to find Z on the left-

hand scale. If this 7 does not apree with the initial estimate,
enter sten 2 with 7 value lust determined and continue as above
until 7 values aeree.

I 0.9
 ___ ___ ___
___ ______ ___NOTSjt_)9q

0.1

0 0>

ooo o o o 04

o . o

3S33i' 8)S/~ 'VL31A

0 000

0 0 0 0
C
0 C
S-.O '
)4 ' IID -130 3S ,3-18

,L334 oc)'! cli"-v

 NOTS TP 3902

Nomograph 12. Ground Range, Loft Bombing From Z - 0 to Z a 0. (Standard

Drag Bombs)

This nomograph solves the equation

__ __ __ kX
sin e " , "e
2U2 cos 8

for trajectories between 7 - U and 7 - D.

Given any three of the four variables X, 6, U, or cK 1) the fourth

can be found. The nomograph use for any of these cases Is straight-
forward.

110
 ___
__ ___
__ _____ _____ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __NOTS T= 2390

91 000,1"11: OX3

1
04

am4'

A0

04 1

op

9 0 0

S33&LON(i A±IOýNA iVIIINI f

NOTS TP 3902_

IErtsU ~lirstic Lead Angle Ucir,,, C-cud Rta-c Dnta (c9trdar

Drag Bo~bs)

This nomoCraph unes el. 59 to solve for the ballistic lced angle
directly. It czn eaoily be uted to solvz for ground rcznge or rclc.:c
angle uoing toc_ iteration.

Uce of n0=02rrph:

1. Locate ground range on small horizontal scale to left, label at

point A.
2. Locate altitude on scale, label as point B.
3. Construct line AB, extend AB to intersection with horizontal
index line, label intersection as C.
4. Locate 0 on scale in lower left corner, label as D.
5. Construct line CD, label as E intersection of CD with oblique
index line.
6. Using Nomograph 7, locate and label as F the value of cKD.
7. Construct line EF, label as G intersection of EF with vertical
X-scale.
8. Locate velocity on right scale, label as H.
9. Construct line CH, label as 3 intersection of Glwith center
index line.
10. Locate X on left vertical scale, label as K.
11. Construct line A. label intersection of 3K with U-vertical
scale as L.
12. Locate 0 on vertical scale, label as H.
13. Construct line LH, intersection of LII with V-scale gives the
value of V.
For cKD information, refer to nomograph 7.

4/

A
\2/

1122
 00

0~

¼0 SIN L
'Al 13-1L ALJI ½
0 I'0

00

X3N

S3 83 ýS 33 ' /31),A
/ -4
OD /\
I/ It V1 I I I-

1A 0 0'1
/r
30NV O~nLJO
c
N7
\ //Of
0- vt

0 L0J

0,\ 0

LO~~ fi L f1 ~ .LJ

/0

- 0 A9 -

V j 000" el
NOTS TP 3902

_Nzr~rh_14_, Ballistic Lead Angle Using Altitude Data (Standard Drag

Borib s)

This nomograph allows calculation of the ballistic lead angle from

altitude and airspeed information. The nomograph uses eq. S9.

Nomograph 7 may be used to determine the CKD value for the various
bonz1ls. Netessary bomb data can be obtained from the KD curve (IIl.C.)
and Bomb Data (III.F.) sections.

Use of nomograph:

1. Locate velocity on left scale, label as A.

2. Locate altitude on center vertical scale, label as B.
3. Construct line AB, label as C intersection of AB and vertical
index line.
4. Locate altitude on upper right scale, label as D.
5. Locate velocity on lower right scale, label as E.
6. Construct line DE, label as F the intersection of DE and oblique
index line.
7. Locate and label as % the value of CKD.
8. Construct line FG, label as Itthe intersection of FG and right
index linp.
9. Construct line CH, intirsection of CH with correct release angle
curve gives valu2 of Y.

E I

-"7
11I

/
/'S
C

\3 I
I

I"
H

114
 11MT TP 3202

$Iv

*1/*4 OO4p

i CL
-4:

)j9j Ilcl

11
NOTS TP 3902

Nomorgr~p I1. Chainie In Cround Pange Pue to Small Chanve in Angle of

Release About Level Pelease. (Standard Drag Bombs)

This nomograph solves the relation

2 - kX
AX " e 2 e = o , Z - constant,

giving the ratio of the change in ground range, AX, due to a small devia-
tion of release angle, A9, about level release.

Use:
1. Determine cK r product from Nomograph 7.

2. With known X, Z, U, and the cK product, the sequential

steps are indicated in the cha~t diagram.

Note that the ratio AX/AD is given in ft/m rad. Multiply by

17.34 to obtain the ratio in ft/degree.

116
 00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
0ý 0 0 0 0 0

C 0 0 0 0 00 0
0 0 0 0 ~ 000

rTI1TvTTTFTTTvf TmrTT~1r
"rrT T T
-r1 jlj-jf
~TT r TI' Ir I
00 C' 0 0 0 m Nc
f,('

UPI

o I

I -i

GA P

0~

ocx
I-:"

4 0

o -1 1

0 0
0 -0
00
o 0

P.- 0 7 I

N- 0

0 00
it

41014

1l7
NOTS TP 3902

D. RETARDZD BOISS

Nomograph 16. 'M1ach Number, KD, cKD Product, Altitude Corrections

(Retarded Bombs)

This nomocraph uses empirical data to allow the determination of

several different quantities. Reference to the Bomb Data (III.F.) section
will shoii that many bombs foliow the KD curves that are graphed here. If
a bomb follows a KD curve not graphed, its KD values may be taken from the
KD curve section and this value may then be located on the far right scale.

Using the first three steps of the following procedure, the Mach num-
ber for a givcn velocity and altitude may be fouad. It is possible to
calculate another parameter, 1300 (P/0o) cKD, which is used sometimes as a
correction rather than merely taking the value of 1000 cKD.

It should be noted that with this noringraph, one need not necessarily
start with step one of the procedure. Depending on the amount of informa-
tion known beforehand, several steps may be eli--Anated. Complete proce-
dure follows:

1. Locate release velocity, labtl as A.

2. Locate altitude on oblique scale, label as B.
3. Construct line AB, extend to Mach number scale. This is value
of Mach number under given conditions; label as C.
4. From point C, ;o vertically to intersection with approriiate KD
curve, then horizontally to right to KD scale. This gives the
valu* of the ballistic drag coefficient under given conditions.
If KD is known from some other so-arce, it may be located imnedi-
ately without going through the preceding steps; label as D.
5. Locate value of c using Bomb Data (III.F.) section, label as E.
6. Construct line DE, determine intersectiorn of DE with 1000 cKD
scale. Note that units here are ft2 /lb; however, in most of
fcllowing work, units will be ft 2 /l000 lb. Thus the number read
off here gives the value of cKD product in units of ft 2 /l000 lb.
Label as F.
7. Locate altitude on far right scale, label as G.
8. Construct line FG and extend to far left, read off value of
1000 P/oo cKD.

I °

118
 R~OTS TP 3902

st R c8
0 0 0 00 00a 0 0 0 0 00

ul 0 0

z w~

I._____________ U

A 0 o
0 0
00 0
S0 0 0
a.

0 0 o 0 0N 0 -

0 00

'Ai
 "NOT-7P 393?

Nomograph ,Irnpact Angle (Retardei -ro.bs)

This nomograi'h us,', eq. 51c to allow the determination of imvict

angles for retarde!d bonbs.

Use of nomograph:

1. Locate ground range on upper left scale, label as A.

2. Locate terminal velocity of K, label as B.
3. Construct line AB, label as C intersection of AB end left verti-
cal index.
4. From point C, proceed horizontally toward the right until appro-
priate 9 cueve is intersected. Then proceed down to horizontal
index, label as D.
5. Locate velocity, label as E.
6. Construct line DE, label as F intersection of DE and oblique
index line.
7. Locate ground range on lower left vertical scale, label as G.
8. Construct line FG, label as H intersection of "rat 0 - 0 deg"
scale. If 0 - 0 deg, read impact angle at H.
9. If 0 Ad 0 deg, locate 0 on far right scale, label as J.
10. Construct line HJ, read -rwhere IlJ crosses scale.

C
2

31
1~1

I0

41

120
lj 2 Nw- 2 R 0

S33IJ3a3- TONV 3SVfl3i

*~~~w - 884T0.o
4b 22 It16 4
o~e-
_6
g o2n
00
0
0 16 0

0. 0. 00~ 0 0

0 0 Q

~
4%, ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~oo- 1013'0V

BetAalbl0oy4
 1:107 'p 3^-?_2

Nomogaph8. Time of rlight or Ground Range (Retarded BonDs)

This ncrograph use s eq. 52.

Use of nomograph:

1. Locate groutid range on left scale, label as A.

2. Locate 0 on ctlique scale, label as B.
3. Construct line AB; label as C intersection of AB with vertical
"yvt, terminal velocity" scale.
4. Locate initial velocity on right scale and label as D.
5. Construct line CG; label as E intersection of CD with oblique
index line.
6. From point C, proceed horizontallv until appropriate terminal
velocity curve is intersected, then proceed vertically to upper
horizo,tal scale; label potnt on horizontal scale as F.
7. Construct line EF; time of flight given by intersection of EF
with lower horizontal scale.

I Ip

51 14

/ I

I
C Z- E

122
 J, -7r

y~
Aj

, / .- -----

In:

-4 -. ,.,. -,. 00, s

13. ''rrvt osy-t dH

112
Pjos.graph 19. Altitudc (Retarded no'rbs)

This nomograph uses eq. 51a. It should be noted that a small change
in ground range can cause a large chnnge in altitude. This can be vern-
fird by reference to the bomb tables, and may be understood by recalling
that for the retarded weapons, the X-component of the velocity is damped
out rapidly. Thus the velocity vector of the bomb is directed almost
perpendicular to the earth after a certain flight time.

Use of nomograph:

1. Locate desired ground range on upper left scale, lab•l as A.

2. Locate terminal velocity oz, uppcr oblique scale, lahel as B.
3. Construct line AB, label as C intersection of AB with left index
line.
4. From point C, follow horizontal over to appropriate 8 curve,
then down a vertical line until horizontal index line is inter-
sected. Label intersection as D.
5. Locate initial velocity on lower scale, label as E.
6. Construct line DE, label as F intersection of DE and oblique
index line.
7. Locate desired ground range on lower left scale, label as C.
8. Construct line FG, label intersection of FG and "Z, with 8 -
0 deg" scale as H. If 0 - 0 deg, point H gives value of Z.
9. If 0 P 0 deg, locate cor:ect value of 0 on two oblique scales to
right of graph. Label as point J.
10. Locate ground range on appropriate portion of extreme right scale.
If O>0. use upper portion; if 8<0, use lower portion. Label as K.
11. Conitruct line JK, label as L intersection of JK and right index
line.
12. Construct line HIL, read altitude where HL crosses scale.

Ar~

31

a
2 I

124
 'IM P,
*

- NOTS TP 3902

Ij L33a 000'1 '30NVU ONflobi I

-a

o)o

JLii'i~l00 i 'Li

or*

coo 0

0 0 0
I3N r*'rir-1T Tr -,TTrr1rrTIT-rF"Tr J TITTFTrT1I

__ ~ j ~~TmpwpTT1TTTFTP~trT rvm v~rrrnyr~u

0
co0~

0 ""

Al 0

0\

L3 : '1)~ * ~ om l

* I I l IL i I I II I L-I--'.1.
00 c' 0 Ct CbW
o C 0

133 '0.:~k 0~~oI

125

3etAvala~ble COPY
NOTS TP 3902

Nomograph 20. Ground Lag, Ground Ranre, or Altitude, Level Release

(Retarded Bombs)

This nomograph uses a variation of eq. 51a for level release condi-
tions. With this nomograph, it is possible to determine the ground lag,
ground range, and given altitude. The nomograph may also be used to
calculate altitude, given ground range, but this suffers from the insta-
bility pointed out in nomograph 19.

Use of nomograph:

1. Locate altitude, label as A.

2. Locate velocity, label as B.
3. Construct line AB, label as C the intersection of AB and index
line.
4. Locate terminal velocity (or k*), label as D. (k* is chosen to
give a best fit in writing %D - exp k*X sec 0).
5. Construct line CD; ground range is given by intersection of CD
with X-line.
6. Construct line from point C to point k* - 0 deg (or infinite
terminal velocity). Note intersection of this line with X-line.
This number given bomb range in a vacuum.
7. Ground lag is given by difference of answers in steps 5 and 6.

OIST'ANCE. PLANE__
TO RELEASC POiNT
AT IMPACT TiME
-o D
100

A, G R.OLIN 0
126

126
 - - NOTrS TO 3902

1s±1~~Oh 1J~i'

I.

Pb WI

0
00
(b 0 . . .
C
x >0

x o

I C4
ION CI33dS 3SVf313N fn

0 00

I ~ I ~ j

8127
LCop
Npmop/r.h 21. Ballistic Lead Angle Using Ground Range Data (Retarded
Bombs)

This nomograph uses eq. 54b.

Use of nomograph:

1. Locate terminal velocity on upper horizontal scale, label as A.

2. Locate 9 on lower scale, label as B,
3. Locate ground range on left vertical scale, label as C.
4. Construct line AB, label as D intersection of AB and index line.
5. Construct line CD, label as E intersection of CD with center
index line.
6. Note that right side of center index line is divided into groups
of ten subdivisions, as is left side of cente- "X-fee•" scale.
If point E is a certain number of subdivisions below a main
dividing line, locate the point on the left side of X-feec scale
which is an equal num.ber of subdivisions belo,4 thr Qime main
dividing line. Label as F.
7. Locate U on far right scale, label as G.
8. Construct line FG, label as H intersection of FG and right index
line.
9. Locate ground range on X-feet scale in center, label as J.
10. Construct line JH, label as K intersection of JH with U-scale.
11. Locate 0 on center vertical scale, observe sign of 9, label as L.
12. Construct line KL, read where KL intersects Y-scale.
w

I L

01 - t -!_ N'

2 o10t
I FL -"-

IPe I -"- -

1210

10IV F

OE:TAIt OF
LINE 3
 7*0TS TL29Qj

Vi LIm? n
N i 'A113O13A
M iO

.2
a
'A103 IV'It
\c \\ON

INa" ac

00

ac
A3

~~10
on
2
C-
z

4z-
0

OL il..U'lýýýýý,,"''.l,...
A

Sest L a~ o2
NOTS TP 3902

Nomograph 22. Change in Cround Range Due to Small Change In Angle of

Release About Level Release. (Retarded Bombs)

This nonograph solves the relation

2-(1 /2 tnt) Z k*X , 0 j 0

k* - f(k) , Z - constant

giving the ratio of the change in ground range, 6X, due to a small de-
viation of release angle, Me, about level release.

Use:
1. The value of terminal velocity VT, If not known, can be
obtained from Nomograph 16.

2. With V or k*, X, and Z known, the solution steps are as

indicaTed by the diagram in the nomograph.

130
____
___ ___
___ ___
____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___NOTS TP 39zOP

0 0 (

0 LL

w w.

0a. 00
0

-~ >-

I '*'w

o <~

-4

0 ~a<

0.

0 A
a-0

IL.r

0.0

XJO 0IIK 00 L

0~ 0
NOTS TP 3902

Nomograph 23. Time of Flight or Altitude, Level Release. (Retarded

Bombs)

This nomograph solves the relation

kztz1/3.5

t F277 e

Given VT and Z, t may be found, or, given VT and t, Z may be found. VT

may be obtained from Nomograph 16.

132
 _________________________NOTS TP 3920

33S/11 AIIYYDO13A 1IVNrwVJ83 "'A

0 0
-
o o 0 0 0

CD,

FT,

It 0

0
0

NA 0n

<i LILLiAuj V)N

1
SOOJ ± ~
Hwi ~O3~~Lwt±~ii iiwL1r~

13
NOTS TP 3902

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION

30 Chief, Bureau of Ndval Weapons

CD (1) RAAV-33 (1)
CW (1) RAAV-51 (1)
R (1) RAAV-81 (1)
DLI-31 (2) RM (1)
R-2 (1) RM-3 (1)
R-3 (1) RM-371 (1)
RA (1) RM-373 (1)
RA-2 (1) RMGA-4 (1)
RA-3 (1) RMWC (1)
RAAV (1) RMWC-4 (1)
RAAV-22 (1) RT (1)
RAAV-3 (2) S (1)
RAAV-30 (2) SEL (1)
RAAV-32 (1)
4 Chief of Naval Operations
OP-506C (2)
OP-722C1 (2)
1 Chief of Naval Research (Code 104)
1 Air Development Squadron 5
1 Fleet Air Whidbey
1 Heavy Attack Squadron 2 (VAH 2)
1 Heavy Attack Scuadron 4*(VAH 4)
1 Heavy Attack Squadron 6 (VAH 6:
1 Heavy Attack Squadron 8 (VAH 8)
1 Heavy Attack Wing 1, Sanford
1 Naval Air Development Center, Johnsville
I Naval Air Force, Atlantic Fleet
1 Naval Air Force, Pacific Fleet
1 Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River
2 Naval Avionics Facility, Indianapolis (Technical Library)
I Naval Missile Center, Point Mugu (Technical Library)
1 Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Corona
1 Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak (Technical Library)
1 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey
1 Naval Research Laboratory
2 Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren (Technical Library)
1 Navy Electronics Laboratory, San Diego
1 Nuclear Weapons Training Center, Atlantic
I Operational Test and Evaluation Force
1 Navy Liaison Officer, Tactical Air Cr;-imand, Langley Air Force Base
1 Aberdeen Proving Ground (Ballistic Pesearch Laboratories)
1 Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Fort Belvoir
(STINFO Branch)
1 Picatinny Arsenal (Technical Library)
I White Sands Missile Range (ORDBS-Technical Library)

134
 NOTS TP 3902

1 Yuma Test Station

I Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base (TPL-ROD-M)
1 Air Proving Ground Center, Eglin Air Force Base
I Air University Library, Maxwell Air Force Baae (AUL-?230)
1 Tactical Air Warfare Center, Eglin Air Force Base (VC)
I Systems Engineering Group, Deputy for Systems Engineering, Wrignt-
Patterson Air Force Base (SEPRR)
20 Defense Documentation Center (TISIA-l)

135

0 T5 CLi 2 , I I It, " I I

 U. S, NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST ýTATION
'ACHINA LAKE CALIFORNIA #04NCPgLV "tIF[ TO

17 November 1965

From: Cormander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station

To: Di]tribution of NOMJ Technical Publication 3902

Subj: NOTS TP 3902, Ballistic Handbook, dated July 1965; transmittal

of errata sheet for

Encl- (1) Errata sheet dated 17 November 1965 for subject report

1. It is requested that the corrections dnscribed on the enclosed errata

sheet be incorporated in NOTS TP 3902.

C.'E.VN AN
By Direc o

POTS CL431 Il/5ll IRS x

 NOTS T1 3PO2

ERRATA

Title page: Chtnge the publishing date of August 1965 to read July
1965

Abstract cards: Change the publishing date of August 1965 (3rd line)
to read, Julj 1965.

17 November 1965
Encloaure (1)