Government Polytechnic Jintur

Department of Computer Engg

Course Name: Operating System (OSY)

Course Code : 22516

M.A. Zahed
Lecturer
Unit I: Introduction to OS
 What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary

between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware
 Operating system goals:

• Execute user programs and make solving

user problems easier
• Make the computer system convenient to
use
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner
 Computer System Structure
 Computer system can be divided into four components:
• Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications
and users
• Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video
games
• Users
 People, machines, other computers
Abstract View of Components of Computer
 What Operating Systems Do
 Depends on the point of view
 Users want convenience, ease of use and
good performance
• Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe
or minicomputer must keep all users
happy
• Operating system is a resource allocator and
control program making efficient use of HW
and managing execution of user programs
 Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
• One or more CPUs, device controllers
connect through common bus providing
access to shared memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices
competing for memory cycles
OS operations
 Operating-System Operations
 Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the
system, load the kernel
 Kernel loads
 Starts system daemons (services provided
outside of the kernel)
 Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and
software)
• Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
• Software interrupt (exception or trap):
 Software error (e.g., division by zero)
 Request for operating system service – system call
 Other process problems include infinite loop, processes
modifying each other or the operating system
 Process Management
 A process is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the
system. Program is a passive entity; process is an active entity.
 Process needs resources to accomplish its task
• CPU, memory, I/O, files
• Initialization data
 Process termination requires reclaim of any reusable resources
 Single-threaded process has one program counter specifying
location of next instruction to execute
• Process executes instructions sequentially, one at a time, until completion
 Multi-threaded process has one program counter per thread
 Typically, system has many processes, some user, some operating
system running concurrently on one or more CPUs
• Concurrency by multiplexing the CPUs among the processes / threads
 Process Management Activities
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connection with process management:

 Creating and deleting both user and system

processes
 Suspending and resuming processes
 Providing mechanisms for process
synchronization
 Providing mechanisms for process
communication
 Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling
 Memory Management
 To execute a program all (or part) of the instructions
must be in memory
 All (or part) of the data that is needed by the program
must be in memory
 Memory management determines what is in memory and
when
• Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users
 Memory management activities
• Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used
and by whom
• Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to move
into and out of memory
• Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed
 Storage Structure
 Main memory – only large storage
media that the CPU can access
directly
• Typically, volatile
• Typically, random-access memory in
the form of Dynamic Random-
access Memory (DRAM)
 Secondary storage – extension of
main memory that provides large
nonvolatile storage capacity
 Storage Structure (Cont.)
 Hard Disk Drives (HDD) – rigid
metal or glass platters covered with
magnetic recording material
• Disk surface is logically divided into
tracks, which are subdivided into
sectors
• The disk controller determines the
logical interaction between the device
and the computer
 Non-volatile memory (NVM)
devices– faster than hard disks,
nonvolatile
 Storage Hierarchy
 Storage systems organized in hierarchy
• Speed
• Cost
• Volatility
 Caching – copying information into faster
storage system; main memory can be
viewed as a cache for secondary storage
 Device Driver for each device controller to

manage I/O
• Provides uniform interface between controller
and kernel
Storage-Device Hierarchy
 Protection and Security
 Protection – mechanism for controlling
access of processes or users to
resources defined by the OS
 Security – defense of the system
against internal and external attacks
• Huge range, including denial-of-service,
worms, viruses, identity theft, theft of
service
Views in OS
Views of OS
 Users View
-If user is working on single autonomous
PC, then performance is mostly taken into
consideration. OS is designed to give ease
of use and gain performance. In this case
optimum resource utilization will not be
given so much attention
Views of OS
 Users View

-If many users working on workstations

connected to servers they share the
resources of server. The information can be
exchanged between users.
Views of OS
 System View

-OS is called as resource manager. It

manages processors, memory, disks and
other storage devices, network interfaces,
i/o devices, etc
Views of OS
 System View

-The running program needs resources and

OS allocates it. Some of the resources are
sharable and some are not.
-OS controls sharing of resources among
many executing programs/ processes.
Types of OS
Types of OS
 Simple Batch System
 Multi programmed OS
 Real time OS
 Multiprocessing System
 Distributed OS
Batch OS
 Batch processing is the execution of a
series of programs (jobs) on a computer
without manual interventions.

 Jobs are set up so they can be run to

completion without human interaction. All
input parameters are pre defined through
scripts, command line arguments and
control files.
Batch OS
Batch OS
 There is a less stress on processor and it
involves less user interaction. (Batch- A
set of jobs with similar needs)

 The computer operator can delay or

prioritize different batches easily
depending on cicrumstances.
Batch OS
 There is a very less interaction between
user and computer.

 No mechanism to prioritize processes.

 CPU is often idle.

 Due to lack of protection scheme, one

batch job can affect pending jobs.
Example Batch OS
 Payroll run for a company

 Gas and electricity bill produced by a

batch system.

 Bank statements.
Multiprogrammed OS
Multiprogrammed OS
Multiprogrammed OS
Multiprogrammed OS
Multiprogrammed OS
Advantages
 Increased CPU utilization

 Increase in throughput (no of processes

executed per unit time)

 Increased degree of multiprogramming

Disadvantages
 It should keep track of all jobs.

 CPU scheduling is required.

 Memory management is needed.

Real time OS (RTOS)
Real time OS (RTOS)
Real time OS (RTOS)
Real time OS (RTOS)
Real time OS (RTOS)
Time sharing OS

Time sharing OS

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Distributed System
 Many machines in the same organization
can be connected together through LAN
and information can be transferred
between machines in a small amount of
time.
 The distributed computer systems
appeared as a practical substitute to
uniprocessor and centralized systems.
Distributed System
 The networks of computers are present
all over.

 All these networks separately and in

combination as well, share the
characteristics and work under
distributed system.
Distributed System
Types of distributed OS
 Tightly coupled

 Loosely coupled.
Types of distributed OS
Multiprocessor System
 It offers support for multiple processors
having access to a shared memory.
 The data structures are required by OS to
deal with hardware and are placed in
RAM.
 Multiple processors can access these
data. So protection against simultaneous
access is needed to ensure consistency.
Multiprocessor System
 Its main aim is to achieve high
performance. The key goal is to hide the
presence of number of CPUs from the
application/user.
 All communication is made by
manipulation data at shared memory
location, and it is required to protect data
against concurrent access.
Multiprocessor System
Mobile OS
 It is used for phone tablets and mobile
like devices.
 Personal digital assistants (PDA), palm and
pocket PCs are handheld systems.
 Concerning their less memory and
relatively slow processor capacity, it is a
job of OS to manage all of them
efficiently.
Android OS
 It combines open source code with
closed third party applications.

 Its main goal is to support a rich third

party application environment which
needs a stable implementations and API
for applications to run.
Thank You..!!!