Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
MIMAROPA Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
SAN MARIANO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San Mariano. Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 4 – Week 6

Self-Learning Module 6
BIVARIATE DATA AND
SCATTER PLOT

What I Need to Know

 Why do most students who are good in Mathematics also perform well
in Physics? Why does blood pressure go with age? Why do students with high
IQ have good Academic performance? These questions have something to do
with relationships between variables. In this module, we shall learn how to
describe the relationship between two variables.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Illustrate the nature of bivariate data. (M11/12SP-IVg-2)
2. Construct a scatter plot. (M11/12SP-IVg-3)
3. Describe shape (form), trend (direction), and variation (strength) based
on a scatter plot. (M11/12SP-IVg-4)

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. It deals with two variables that are compared in order to find or establish
their relationship.
A. Bivariate data C. Scatter Plot
B. Correlation D. Univariate data
2. It shows patterns, trends, relationship and possible extraordinary value/s
between variables.
A. Bivariate data C. Scatter Plot
B. Correlation D. Univariate data
3. Which of the following bivariate data are not correlated to each other?
A. Height & test score
B. Math grade & math anxiety
C. Socio-economic status & expenses
D. Weight & swimming speed
4. Which scenario below describes a negative association?
A. Size of a gas tank and the number of gallons it contains
B. Number of gallons of gas bought and the amount paid
C. Number of days gas is utilized and the amount used up
D. Amount of a gas tanker and the amount of gas utilized
5. What kind of relationship is display in the scatter plot below?

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 A. Zero relationship C. Negative relationship
B. Positive relationship D. Cannot be determined

Lesson Illustrating Bivariate Data and Constructing a

8 Scatterplot
This lesson introduces the concept of bivariate data, the concept of
scatter plot, how it is constructed and how it is used in describing the form,
direction and strength of relationship or association between two variables.

What’s In

While the terms ‘data’ and ‘statistics’ are often used interchangeably, in
scholarly research there is an important distinction between them.
Data are individual pieces of factual information recorded and used for
the purpose of analysis. It is the raw information from which statistics are
created.
Statistics are the results of data analysis - its interpretation and
presentation. In other word some computation has taken place that provides
some understanding of what the data means. Statistics are often, though they
don’t have to be, presented in the form of a table, chart, or graph.

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 What is It

Data in statistics is sometimes classified according to how many

variables are in a particular study. For example, “height” might be one variable
and “weight” might be another variable. These two variables are the
independent variable and the other one is the dependent variable. The
independent variable is the variable that may affect the dependent variable to
change. The dependent variable is the variable that is influenced or affected
by the independent variable.
Depending on the number of variables being looked at, the data might be
univariate, or it might be bivariate. The data collection in a type of study that
involves two variables are called bivariate data.

Definition
Bivariate data deal with two variables that are compared in order to
find or establish their relationship. It is consists of two numerical or
quantitative variables.

Examples:
1. Number of hours spend in studying and corresponding test scores
2. Ice cream sales versus the temperature on that day
3. IQ scores and the amount of sleeping time
4. Mileage and age of the car
5. Height and weight of children below 18 yrs. old

Scatter Plot
The relationship of variables in bivariate data can be displayed using a
graph called scatter plot. A scatter plot is the most common display of
qualitative data. It shows patterns, trends, relationship and possible
extraordinary value/s between the variable.

Association Based on Scatter Plot

Using the scatter plot, we can describe the form, direction and strength of
association between two variables.

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 In terms of the form or shape, we can describe if there is a linear
relationship between two variables – that is, the points closely follow a
straight line or if they form a curve while increasing or decreasing steadily. It
is also possible that there is no underlying form.

Linear association Non-linear association

We can also describe the relationship of the variables by looking at the

direction of the points on the scatter plot. The pattern has a positive direction
if it runs from the lower left to the upper right. If it runs from the upper left to
the lower right, then it has a negative direction. It tells us whether the values
on the two variables go up or down together or not.

Positive association Negative association

The strength of the pattern can also be described in the scatter plot. It is
related to how closely clustered the points are around the form. It tells us the
degree to which values of one variable are related to the values of the second
variable. We normally used the words, weak, moderate or strong to describe
the strength of associations or relationship.

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 Strong positive relationship Weak or zero relationship

Steps in Constructing a Scatter Plot

1. Draw a graph and label the x- and y- axes.
2. Assign each qualitative variable to an axis.
3. Choose a range for each axis that includes the maximum and the
minimum values in the data set.
4. Plot each point on the graph.

Construct the scatter plot for the following data. Describe the relationship
between the variables in terms of form, direction and strength of associations.

Example 1: Number of Year Owned vs. Selling Price

X 1 3 5 7 9
Y 27 23 25 20 15

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The scatter plot describes a negative relationship between the number of
years owned and the selling price.

Example 2: 1st Semester Grade vs. 2nd Semester Grade of Ten Grade 11
Students

X 80 84 86 87 89 90 91 93 94 96
Y 78 83 80 84 89 90 88 91 93 96

The scatter plot describes a positive relationship between the 1st Semester
Grade and 2nd Semester Grade of Ten Grade 11 Students.

Example 3:

Sales
Inquiries
65 77 52 43 22 50 38 52
in a Week
(X)
Actual Sales
in
87 90 67 58 34 55 74 93
a Week
(Y)

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The scatter plot describes a moderately positive relationship between the
Sales Inquiries in a Week and Actual Sales in a Week.

What’s More

This table shows the number of hours students spend sleeping before their
entrance test and their scores.

Sleeping 8 7 8 6 6 7 8 9 7 6
Hours
Test 96 91 86 76 66 91 81 96 81 71

Construct a scatter plot and describe the relationship between the variables in
terms of form, direction, and strength of association.

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 What I Have Learned

Bivariate data deal with two variables that are compared in order to find or
establish their relationship.
A scatter plot is the most common display of qualitative data. It shows pattern,
trends, relationship and possible extraordinary value/s between
the variable.
Steps in Constructing a Scatter Plot
1. Draw a graph and label the x- and y- axes.
2. Assign each qualitative variable to an axis.
3. Choose a range for each axis that includes the maximum and the
minimum values in the data set.
4. Plot each point on the graph.

References
Books:
Belecina, R.R.; Baccay, E.S.; Mateo, E.B., Statistics and Probability, First
Edition, Rex Book Store
Canlapan, Raymond B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Diwa Learning
Systems Inc.
Malate, Jose. 2018. Statistics & Probability. Vicarish Publications and
Trading, Inc. 152-153
Tizon, M. B. & Mesa, Y. H. (2016). Stat Speaks Statistics and Probability for
21st Century Learners. St. Bernadette Publishing House Corporation
Department of Education. Division of Pasig City
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

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Website:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics/bivariate-data-ap/
scatterplots- correlation/e/interpreting-scatter-plots
https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/probability-and
statistics/regression-analysis/scatter-plot-chart/

https://www.westga.edu/academics/research/vrc/assets/docs/
scatterplots_and_correlati on_notes.pdf