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C CC" C C C C: C C C C C CCC C C C!

The document summarizes the key steps in protein synthesis: 1) Transcription of mRNA from DNA in the nucleus which is then transported to the cytoplasm. 2) Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosome and the first tRNA binding to the start codon on the mRNA. 3) Elongation occurs as additional tRNAs bind to mRNA codons, adding amino acids to the growing peptide chain. 4) Termination happens when a stop codon is reached, the protein is released and the ribosome can begin another cycle of synthesis.

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42 views4 pages

C CC" C C C C: C C C C C CCC C C C!

The document summarizes the key steps in protein synthesis: 1) Transcription of mRNA from DNA in the nucleus which is then transported to the cytoplasm. 2) Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosome and the first tRNA binding to the start codon on the mRNA. 3) Elongation occurs as additional tRNAs bind to mRNA codons, adding amino acids to the growing peptide chain. 4) Termination happens when a stop codon is reached, the protein is released and the ribosome can begin another cycle of synthesis.

Uploaded by

Cosmos Gyasi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DNA

Nucleotides DNA - Double Helix

Proteins
DNA Replication RNA Transcription

DNA Links RNA -Types Protein Synthesis

Elmhurst College Chemistry Department Virtual ChemBook

Protein Synthesis
Steps in Protein Synthesis: STEP 1: The first step in protein synthesis is the transcription of mRNA from a DNA gene in the nucleus. At some other prior time, the various other types of RNA have been synthesized using the appropriate DNA. The RNAs migrate from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Prior to the beginning of the protein synthesis, all of the component parts are assembled in the ribosome which is the brown/tan structure in the left graphic. Click for larger image 30S Subunit Ribosome - graphic 30S Subunit Ribosome - Chime in new window See Link for an overall diagram. STEP 2: Initiation: In the cytoplasm, protein synthesis is actually initiated by the AUG codon on mRNA. The AUG codon signals both the interaction of the ribosome with m-RNA and also the tRNA with the anticodons (UAC). The tRNA which initiates the protein synthesis has N-formyl-methionine attached. The formyl group is really formic acid converted to an amide using the -NH2 group on methionine (left most graphic) The next step is for a second tRNA

Click for larger image

to approach the mRNA (codon CCG). This is the code for proline. The anticodon of the proline tRNA which reads this is GGC. The final process is to start growing peptide chain by having amine of proline to bond to the carboxyl acid group of methinone (met) in order to elongate the peptide. Quiz: The next codon is UAU. What is the next amino acid to be added? The other graphic on the left shows this process at the molecular level.

STEP 3: Elongation: Elongation of the peptide begins as various tRNA's read the next codon. In the example on the left the next tRNA to read the mRNA is tyrosine. When the correct match with the anticodons of a tRNA has been found, the tyrosine forms a peptide bond with the growing peptide chain . The proline is now hydrolyzed from the tRNA. The proline tRNA now moves away from the ribosome and back into the cytoplasm to reattach another proline amino acid.

Click for larger image

Quiz: The next codon is GCU. What is the next amino acid to be added? Genetic Code What is the anticodon on this next tRNA? What does the code, UAA, on m-RNA say to do?

Step 4: Elongation and Termination: When the stop signal on mRNA is reached, the protein synthesis is terminated. The last amino acid is hydrolyzed from its t-RNA. The peptide chain leaves the ribosome. The N-formyl-methionine that was used to initiate the protein synthesis is also hydrolyzed from the completed peptide at this time. The ribosome is now ready to repeat the synthesis several more times. Link to an aminimated movie on protein synthesis. Click for larger image Link to: Great Animation of entire Protein Synthesis - John Kyrk Link to: Boyere Tutorial Animations - Protein Synthesis - complete Link to most thorough animation Protein Synthesis - Brooks-Cole

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