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0 Syllabus DAA

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14 views

0 Syllabus DAA

Uploaded by

ananaeygarg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 1: Introduction to Algorithmic Analysis

• Characteristics of Algorithms: Efficiency, correctness, clarity, and scalability.

• Analysis of Algorithms:

o Asymptotic Analysis: Growth of functions (Big-O, Omega, Theta notations).

o Complexity Bounds: Best, Average, and Worst-case complexities.

o Performance Measurements: Execution time, space utilization, etc.

o Time and Space Trade-Offs: Balancing memory and speed in algorithms.

• Recursive Algorithms:

o Solving recurrence relations using substitution, recurrence tree, and Master


Theorem.

Module 2: Fundamental Algorithmic Strategies

• Techniques:

o Brute-Force: Exhaustive search (e.g., string matching).

o Heuristics: Approximate solutions when exact ones are computationally


expensive.

o Branch and Bound: Pruning suboptimal paths in problems like the TSP.

o Backtracking: Systematic search (e.g., N-Queens, Sudoku).

• Applications:

o Bin Packing: Minimizing bins for items of varying sizes.

o Knapsack Problem: Selecting items for maximum value under weight


constraints.

o Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP): Finding the shortest route visiting all cities.

Module 3: Greedy and Dynamic Programming

• Dynamic Programming (DP):

o Elements: Overlapping subproblems and optimal substructure.

o Examples:

▪ Rod Cutting: Maximizing profit from cuts.

▪ Matrix Chain Multiplication: Minimizing scalar multiplications.

▪ Longest Common Subsequence (LCS): Finding the longest subsequence


in two strings.
• Greedy Algorithms:

o Elements: Greedy choice and optimal substructure.

o Examples:

▪ Activity Selection: Maximizing non-overlapping activities.

▪ Knapsack Problem: Fractional version.

▪ Huffman Coding: Optimal prefix code generation.

o Fibonacci Heaps: Data structure for faster priority queue operations.

Module 4: Graph and Tree Algorithms

• Traversal Algorithms:

o Depth First Search (DFS) and Breadth First Search (BFS).

• Shortest Path Algorithms:

o Dijkstra's Algorithm, Bellman-Ford Algorithm, Floyd-Warshall Algorithm.

• Transitive Closure: Reachability in graphs using Floyd-Warshall.

• Minimum Spanning Tree: Kruskal’s and Prim’s algorithms.

• Topological Sorting: Ordering vertices of a directed acyclic graph (DAG).

• Network Flow: Maximum flow algorithms (Ford-Fulkerson).

Module 5: Tractable and Intractable Problems

• Computability of Algorithms: Identifying solvable problems.

• Complexity Classes:

o P: Polynomial-time problems.

o NP: Non-deterministic polynomial problems.

o NP-Complete and NP-Hard: Problems with no known polynomial-time solution.

• Reduction Techniques: Proving NP-completeness (e.g., SAT to 3-SAT).

• Standard NP-Complete Problems: TSP, Vertex Cover, etc.

Module 6: Approximation and Randomized Algorithms

• Approximation Algorithms:

o Performance Ratios: Approximation vs. optimal solutions.

o Approximation Scheme: Algorithms with adjustable error bounds.


o Examples:

▪ APPROX-VERTEX-COVER: Approximation for vertex cover.

▪ APPROX-TSP: Approximation for TSP.

▪ GREEDY-SET-COVER: Approximating set cover problems.

• Randomized Algorithms: Algorithms that use random numbers to influence results or


performance.

Module 7: Quantum Algorithms (2 hours)

• Introduction to Quantum Algorithms:

o Concepts of quantum computation.

o Examples: Shor’s Algorithm (factoring integers), Grover’s Algorithm (searching


unsorted data).

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