Chapter 2 Part 3 Substructures
Chapter 2 Part 3 Substructures
Part 3
2.1.2 Deep Foundation
• micro pile,
• pile cap
2.2
• Column stump,
• ground beam,
• ground slab
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MICROPILE
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Micropiles
Size : 100mm to 350mm Diameter
Lengths : Varies
Structural Capacity : 20Ton to 250Ton
Material : Grade 25MPa to 35MPa Grout
N80 API Pipe as Reinforcement
Joints: None
Installation Method :
–Drill then Cast-In-Situ
–Percussion then Cast-In-Situ
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Micropiles
Micropiles also known mini piles.
Applicable for foundations of a wide variety of
construction projects such as highways, bridges and
even transmission towers.
Can be installed at varying angles i.e. from vertical to
obtuse (angle between 90-180 degree incline).
Highly capable of resisting both lateral and axial
loads due to the fact that they are made of steel
with varying diameters of between 70 to 200 mm.
Sheer ability to provide a combination of both tensile
and compressive resistance, micropiles tend to be
quite useful where there is a need for resistance to
uplift.
Very little or no vibration at all.
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Technological process of carrying
out micropiles
2a) realization of a
borehole with the
rotary technology
2b) pulling out
drilling tools and
filling the hole
with grout
2c) setting a
reinforcement
thick-walled steel
pipe
2d) grouting of the
micropile root
part
2e) finished micropile
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Timber/Bakau Pile
Timber is a hugely capable civil
engineering material, with the
additional advantage of being
sustainable.
Trees, in particular conifers, make
natural piles.
Timber foundations may be particularly
suitable for countryside structures
such as bridges, forest chalets and
activity centres, as well as post-and-
beam timber buildings in waterfront or
flood prone locations.
Preservative treated softwood or
durable hardwood timber can be used
for the construction of retaining walls,
bank seats, and for foundation pads
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Timber/Bakau Pile
For many structures, timber piles are a highly suitable choice of
foundation, given appropriate ground conditions.
They are economical, easy to transport, handle, cut to length and
work with on site; and particularly suited for locations with access
difficulties, or where excavations and the delivery of concrete
would pose problems.
Short, driven timber piles can be the solution for foundations in
ground with a high water table, and where firm strata exists below
surface material of loose sand, soft clays, or organic soils.
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Timber/Bakau Pile
In deep silt deposits, where the capacity of the pile is determined by shaft friction, timber
piles are especially suitable being tapered and easy to splice.
Timber piles are suitable to be used below the water table, where they have proved
practically invulnerable to decay, and extended to the surface using concrete sections.
They are resistant to acidic and alkaline soils, and soils with high sulphate or free carbon
dioxide content.
Timber piles can also be driven for ground improvement, to density loose granular soils.
For the decay reason-treated with preservatives such as creosote oil which impregnated
into the wood (preventing dry-rotting and against damage from most animal and plant
attack)
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Timber/Bakau Pile
The installation of timber piles is a process that involves dropping a
weight on top of the pile in order to drive the pile into the ground.
Timber piles have been used for centuries to support man-made
structures.
The equipment that is used to install timber piles includes a crane,
a boom, a set of leads, a hammer, a helmet, a pile gate, pile monkey,
and pile (see Figure).
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Advantages & Disadvantages
Bakau pile
No Advantages Disadvantages
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Piling Techniques
Damage during driving can be controlled by using proper
technique.
Among the soultions are:-
√ Using lightweight hammers
√ Using steel bands near butt
√ Using a steel shoe on the toe
√ Pre-drilling
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Drilled Equipments
Drilling Rigs
Truck-mounted
drilling rig
For usual
shaft,
d=500 –
1200mm and
H=6.24m
Specialized
rigs
A-Shaped
Frame Rigs
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Drilling Tools
▪ The helix-shaped flight auger
(most common used)
– Effective in most sols and
soft rocks
▪ Augers with hardened teeth
and pilot stingers
– Effective in hardpan or
moderately hard rock
▪ Spiral-shaped rooting tools
– Help loosen cobbles and
boulders
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▪ Bucket augers
– To collect cuttings in a cylindrical
bucket
– Used in running sands
▪ Belling buckets Bucket augers
– To enlarge the bottom of the shaft
(bells or under reams)
▪ Core barrels
– To cut a circular slot creating a
removable core
– Used in hard rock
▪ Multi-roller percussion bits
– To cut through hard rock
▪ Cleanout buckets
– To remove final cuttings from hole
Belling bucket
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Drilled Techniques
Drilling in Firm Soils
Using dry method (open-hole method)
Most common used: simple, economy and good reability
Steps:
Holes usually advance using conventional flight auger
Holes remain open without any special support
Check the open hole for cleanliness and alignment
Insert steel reinforcing cage
Pour the concrete
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Drilling in Caving (Cave-in) or Squeezing Soils
Caving:
The side of a hole which is collapse before or during concrete
placement.
Usually in clean sands below the groundwater table.
Squeezing:
The sides of hole bulging inward during or after drilling
Usually in soft clays and silts or highly organic soils.
Most common techniques:
Using casing
Drilling fluid (slurry method) using bentonite clay or
attapulgite clay.
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PILE CAP
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PILE CAP
Pile Cap (BS 8004), “a pile cap is
defined as a concrete block cast on
the head of a pile, or a group of piles,
to transmit the load from the
structure to the pile or group of
piles”.
• Pile cap transfers the load form the
structures to a pile / pile group, then
the load further transfers to from
soil.
•Pile caps are thus incorporated in
order to tie the pile heads together so
that individual pile movement and
settlement is greatly reduced. The
stability of the pile group is greatly
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increased.
stump,
varius H
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Foundations relying on driven
piles often have groups of piles
connected by a pile cap (a
large concrete block into which
the heads of the piles are
embedded) to distribute loads
which are larger than one pile
can bear.
Pile caps and isolated piles are
typically connected with grade
beams to tie the foundation
elements together; lighter
structural elements bear on
the grade beams while heavier
elements bear directly on the
pile cap.
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Pile Arrangement below pile cap
raked RC
vertical SP
Mic
RC
SP
BP
Mic
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Pile cap
Function:
To distribute the structural loads to the piles.
To tie the piles together so they can act as a unit.
To laterally stabilise individual piles thus increasing overall
stability of the group
To provide the necessary combined resistance to stresses set
up by the superstructure and/or ground movement
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COLUMN STUMP
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Column Stump
The stump is the simplest and most familiar footing used for the vertical
support and the transfer of building loads to the foundation.
Stumps are used to support timber-framed houses for which they are
currently the most cost effective.
Three types of materials are commonly used for stumps:
timber
concrete
steel.
Stumps must have a concrete or timber footing placed underneath the base
of the stump. This is to spread the load transferred to the stump from the
building. This support beneath the stump is called a 'pad' or 'soleplate'.
Usually concrete stumps are provided with concrete pads poured in situ on
the site. Timber stumps are provided with timber soleplates.
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GROUND BEAM
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2.1 GROUND BEAM AND SLAB
Beams and slab are normally named
by its location.
Ground beam refers to the structure
of beam located on the ground.
Ground Beams are designed to
support brick/blockwork or to form
a permanent shutter to the edge of
in-situ concrete floor slab.
The amount of reinforcement
introduced into the design will be
used to suit specific loading
requirements and the beams can be
designed to withstand any heave
forces with the use of void forming
or compressible materials.
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Ordinary Ground Beam
GB
This type of ground beam is the most
used in building construction. lean con
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ORDINARY GROUND BEAM
A ground beam normally
should consist of following
items;
Reinforcements,
Concrete,
Linkers
The reinforcements can be
placed at center of that
beam.
The sizes of main
reinforcement play
important role in determine
the strength of a beam.
Ground beam usually does
not have secondary beam,
only has primary beam.
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12 meter length of rebar bar bending schedule
plan without wastage
GB and GSLAB
1. non suspended
2. suspended slab
thick of beam
or
withd of beam
extra big
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GROUND CANTILEVER BEAM
•The cantilever beam is same as the beam explained before but only
one end of cantilever beam is tied up at the column stump. The
other end is free without joint with any column.
•The cantilever beam usually used for external structure such as
beam for corridor and also partition wall outside the building.
The functions of ground
cantilever beam are almost same
but it cannot bear the loading
such the ordinary beam. This is
because, one end of that beam
is not holding by any structure.
As a result, it does not achieves
the strength like the ordinary
beam
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Beam Construction Method
The ground beam construction starts after a column stump has been
fixed in the foundation as needed.
Beam formwork will be placed tidy so that it look tough and strong to
ensure that formwork does not move or expand during concreting
work.
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Important during the ground beam construction
• clearing the ground.
• The span between the columns
or piers is compacted.
• A blinding layer is done with
quarry dust.
• Spacers are placed with Spacers
sufficient number
• The reinforcements are then
tied and bent separately.
• The reinforcement is laid
straight with spacer blocks put
at the bottom and sides
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R.C. BEAM CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Formwork Reinforcements
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GROUND SLAB
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Ground Slab
In construction, slab can be design in two conditions.
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Ground Slab
Function of ground slab:
To support column and stump
To received the load from the building
To reduce the pressure on the column and stump
The main base of construction to ensure that the construction is done well
Create the easier job on floor finishes
The construction of a solid ground slab floor should includes:
Hardcore
Binding
Concrete bed or slab
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Ground Slab
Hardcore
depth, and its is important that each layer is well compacted, using
a roller if necessary, to prevent any unacceptable settlement
beneath the solid floor.
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Ground Slab
Binding
This is used to provide clean, level and dry surface of hardcore if a
damp-proof membrane (DPM) is to be place under the concrete bed
or if a reinforced concrete bed is specified.
First, it will prevent the damp-proof membrane from being punctured
by the hardcore and, second, it will provide a true surface from
which the reinforcement can be positioned.
Blinding generally consists of a layer of sand 25-50 mm thick or a
50-75 mm layer of weak concrete (1:12 mix usually suitable) if a true
surface of a reinforced concrete is required.
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Ground Slab
Concrete bed
Unreinforced or plain in-situ concrete, 100-150 mm thick;
Reinforce concrete, 150 mm minimum
Suitable concrete mixes are produced to BS EN 206-1:
The reinforcement used in concrete beds for domestic work is
usually in the form of welded steel fabric to BS4483.
Sometimes a light square mesh fabric is placed 25mm form the
upper surface of the concrete bed to prevent surface crazing and
limit the size of any cracking.
In domestic work the areas of concrete are defined by the room
sizes, and it is not usually necessary to include expansion or
construction joints the construction of the bed
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Concrete Reinforcement Mesh
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Ground Slab
Other materials needed for ground slab:
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Ground Slab
Other materials needed for ground slab:
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END OF CHAPTER 1
Thank you
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