CHAPTER 2: SUBSTRUCTURE

Part 3
2.1.2 Deep Foundation
• micro pile,
• pile cap
2.2
• Column stump,
• ground beam,
• ground slab

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 MICROPILE

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 Micropiles
 Size : 100mm to 350mm Diameter
 Lengths : Varies
 Structural Capacity : 20Ton to 250Ton
 Material : Grade 25MPa to 35MPa Grout
 N80 API Pipe as Reinforcement
 Joints: None
 Installation Method :
–Drill then Cast-In-Situ
–Percussion then Cast-In-Situ

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 Micropiles
 Micropiles also known mini piles.
 Applicable for foundations of a wide variety of
construction projects such as highways, bridges and
even transmission towers.
 Can be installed at varying angles i.e. from vertical to
obtuse (angle between 90-180 degree incline).
 Highly capable of resisting both lateral and axial
loads due to the fact that they are made of steel
with varying diameters of between 70 to 200 mm.
 Sheer ability to provide a combination of both tensile
and compressive resistance, micropiles tend to be
quite useful where there is a need for resistance to
uplift.
 Very little or no vibration at all.
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 Technological process of carrying
out micropiles
2a) realization of a
borehole with the
rotary technology
2b) pulling out
drilling tools and
filling the hole
with grout
2c) setting a
reinforcement
thick-walled steel
pipe
2d) grouting of the
micropile root
part
2e) finished micropile

Pressure-grouted micropiles construction

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 Securing overburdens of underground works
(tunnels, galleries) with the use of a
micropile umbrella

Examples of underpinnings of existing

structures with the use of micropile space
piers or individual micropiles

Carrying out pipe micropiles to protect the driven

6 tunnel calotte, the New Connection in Prague
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 Cast in-situ micropile construction

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 Timber/Bakau Pile
 Timber is a hugely capable civil
engineering material, with the
additional advantage of being
sustainable.
 Trees, in particular conifers, make
natural piles.
 Timber foundations may be particularly
suitable for countryside structures
such as bridges, forest chalets and
activity centres, as well as post-and-
beam timber buildings in waterfront or
flood prone locations.
 Preservative treated softwood or
durable hardwood timber can be used
for the construction of retaining walls,
bank seats, and for foundation pads
9 and footings.
 Timber/Bakau Pile
 For many structures, timber piles are a highly suitable choice of
foundation, given appropriate ground conditions.
 They are economical, easy to transport, handle, cut to length and
work with on site; and particularly suited for locations with access
difficulties, or where excavations and the delivery of concrete
would pose problems.
 Short, driven timber piles can be the solution for foundations in
ground with a high water table, and where firm strata exists below
surface material of loose sand, soft clays, or organic soils.

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 Timber/Bakau Pile
 In deep silt deposits, where the capacity of the pile is determined by shaft friction, timber
piles are especially suitable being tapered and easy to splice.
 Timber piles are suitable to be used below the water table, where they have proved
practically invulnerable to decay, and extended to the surface using concrete sections.
 They are resistant to acidic and alkaline soils, and soils with high sulphate or free carbon
dioxide content.
 Timber piles can also be driven for ground improvement, to density loose granular soils.
 For the decay reason-treated with preservatives such as creosote oil which impregnated
into the wood (preventing dry-rotting and against damage from most animal and plant
attack)

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 Timber/Bakau Pile
 The installation of timber piles is a process that involves dropping a
weight on top of the pile in order to drive the pile into the ground.
 Timber piles have been used for centuries to support man-made
structures.
 The equipment that is used to install timber piles includes a crane,
a boom, a set of leads, a hammer, a helmet, a pile gate, pile monkey,
and pile (see Figure).

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 Advantages & Disadvantages
Bakau pile

No Advantages Disadvantages

1 Low construction cost Medium axial loads (100 - 400 kN)

2 Used as waterfront structures Susceptible to decay

Susceptible to damage when

3 For light driving conditions driving

(in loose sands and soft to medium clays)

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 Piling Techniques
 Damage during driving can be controlled by using proper
technique.
 Among the soultions are:-
√ Using lightweight hammers
√ Using steel bands near butt
√ Using a steel shoe on the toe
√ Pre-drilling

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 Drilled Equipments

 Drilling Rigs
 Truck-mounted
drilling rig
 For usual
shaft,
d=500 –
1200mm and
H=6.24m
 Specialized
rigs
 A-Shaped
Frame Rigs

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  Drilling Tools
▪ The helix-shaped flight auger
(most common used)
– Effective in most sols and
soft rocks
▪ Augers with hardened teeth
and pilot stingers
– Effective in hardpan or
moderately hard rock
▪ Spiral-shaped rooting tools
– Help loosen cobbles and
boulders

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 ▪ Bucket augers
– To collect cuttings in a cylindrical
bucket
– Used in running sands
▪ Belling buckets Bucket augers
– To enlarge the bottom of the shaft
(bells or under reams)
▪ Core barrels
– To cut a circular slot creating a
removable core
– Used in hard rock
▪ Multi-roller percussion bits
– To cut through hard rock
▪ Cleanout buckets
– To remove final cuttings from hole

Belling bucket

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 Drilled Techniques
 Drilling in Firm Soils
 Using dry method (open-hole method)
 Most common used: simple, economy and good reability
 Steps:
 Holes usually advance using conventional flight auger
 Holes remain open without any special support
 Check the open hole for cleanliness and alignment
 Insert steel reinforcing cage
 Pour the concrete

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19
  Drilling in Caving (Cave-in) or Squeezing Soils
 Caving:
 The side of a hole which is collapse before or during concrete
placement.
 Usually in clean sands below the groundwater table.
 Squeezing:
 The sides of hole bulging inward during or after drilling
 Usually in soft clays and silts or highly organic soils.
 Most common techniques:
 Using casing
 Drilling fluid (slurry method) using bentonite clay or
attapulgite clay.

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 PILE CAP

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 PILE CAP
Pile Cap (BS 8004), “a pile cap is
defined as a concrete block cast on
the head of a pile, or a group of piles,
to transmit the load from the
structure to the pile or group of
piles”.
• Pile cap transfers the load form the
structures to a pile / pile group, then
the load further transfers to from
soil.
•Pile caps are thus incorporated in
order to tie the pile heads together so
that individual pile movement and
settlement is greatly reduced. The
stability of the pile group is greatly
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increased.
 stump,
varius H

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 Foundations relying on driven
piles often have groups of piles
connected by a pile cap (a
large concrete block into which
the heads of the piles are
embedded) to distribute loads
which are larger than one pile
can bear.
Pile caps and isolated piles are
typically connected with grade
beams to tie the foundation
elements together; lighter
structural elements bear on
the grade beams while heavier
elements bear directly on the
pile cap.

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 Pile Arrangement below pile cap

raked RC
vertical SP
Mic
RC
SP
BP
Mic

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 Pile cap

 Function:
 To distribute the structural loads to the piles.
 To tie the piles together so they can act as a unit.
 To laterally stabilise individual piles thus increasing overall
stability of the group
 To provide the necessary combined resistance to stresses set
up by the superstructure and/or ground movement

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 COLUMN STUMP

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 Column Stump
 The stump is the simplest and most familiar footing used for the vertical
support and the transfer of building loads to the foundation.
 Stumps are used to support timber-framed houses for which they are
currently the most cost effective.
 Three types of materials are commonly used for stumps:
 timber
 concrete
 steel.
 Stumps must have a concrete or timber footing placed underneath the base
of the stump. This is to spread the load transferred to the stump from the
building. This support beneath the stump is called a 'pad' or 'soleplate'.
 Usually concrete stumps are provided with concrete pads poured in situ on
the site. Timber stumps are provided with timber soleplates.

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29
 GROUND BEAM

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 2.1 GROUND BEAM AND SLAB
 Beams and slab are normally named
by its location.
 Ground beam refers to the structure
of beam located on the ground.
 Ground Beams are designed to
support brick/blockwork or to form
a permanent shutter to the edge of
in-situ concrete floor slab.
 The amount of reinforcement
introduced into the design will be
used to suit specific loading
requirements and the beams can be
designed to withstand any heave
forces with the use of void forming
or compressible materials.
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 Ordinary Ground Beam
GB
 This type of ground beam is the most
used in building construction. lean con

 It is the beam which both its ends are

tied up at the column and lying between
stump

the two column. pad footing / pile cap

 The beam fixes and holds fitly the

columns in order to stabilize it.
 In addition, it also acts to bear all the
loads come from the wall which
constructed parallel with the beam.

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 ORDINARY GROUND BEAM
 A ground beam normally
should consist of following
items;
 Reinforcements,
 Concrete,
 Linkers
 The reinforcements can be
placed at center of that
beam.
 The sizes of main
reinforcement play
important role in determine
the strength of a beam.
 Ground beam usually does
not have secondary beam,
only has primary beam.

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 12 meter length of rebar bar bending schedule
plan without wastage

ORDINARY GROUND BEAM

column

GB and GSLAB

1. non suspended
2. suspended slab

thick of beam
or
withd of beam

extra big

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 GROUND CANTILEVER BEAM
•The cantilever beam is same as the beam explained before but only
one end of cantilever beam is tied up at the column stump. The
other end is free without joint with any column.
•The cantilever beam usually used for external structure such as
beam for corridor and also partition wall outside the building.
 The functions of ground
cantilever beam are almost same
but it cannot bear the loading
such the ordinary beam. This is
because, one end of that beam
is not holding by any structure.
As a result, it does not achieves
the strength like the ordinary
beam

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 Beam Construction Method
 The ground beam construction starts after a column stump has been
fixed in the foundation as needed.

 Beam formwork will be placed tidy so that it look tough and strong to
ensure that formwork does not move or expand during concreting
work.

 After that, The reinforcements will be installed along with linkers

and surrounded by block spacers below and at the sides

 Purpose of the spacer block is to keep the steel in place and to

protect the reinforcement from corrosion due to aggressive
chemicals.

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 Important during the ground beam construction
• clearing the ground.
• The span between the columns
or piers is compacted.
• A blinding layer is done with
quarry dust.
• Spacers are placed with Spacers
sufficient number
• The reinforcements are then
tied and bent separately.
• The reinforcement is laid
straight with spacer blocks put
at the bottom and sides

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 R.C. BEAM CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Formwork Reinforcements

Removal of Formwork Concreting

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 Ground Beam
The ground beam construction procedure (10 steps);
1. clearing the ground.
2. The span between the columns or piers is rammed and compacted.
3. A blinding layer is done with quarry dust.
4. The column or pier reinforcements should be left a foot high to join
with the beam.
5. The reinforcements are then tied and bent separately.
6. Once ready, they are carried and laid over the columns and blinding.
7. The reinforcement is laid straight with spacer blocks put at the
bottom.
8. Once the beam steel is in place, form work is erected to the sides.
These must be firmed into the ground and made very tight. This will
prevent the escape of the cement slurry when vibrating.
9. After the form work is complete, concrete is prepared and poured
into the forms. The process continues while vibrating to ensure the
concrete is well bonded with the steel.
10.The top is tamped to be smooth. The forms are removed after seven
days while curing.

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 GROUND SLAB

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 Ground Slab
 In construction, slab can be design in two conditions.

• is built when the ground is good enough

to carry the load from the building.
Non-suspended
1 • In this condition, the slab is designed to slab
carry the load of the building with the
help from the ground support.

• is built when the ground is not good

enough to carry the load from the
building.
• In this condition, the slab is designed
2
just like the floor of upper floor that Suspended slab
can carry the load without the help
from the ground support.
• In this case, more cost is needed.
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 Ground Slab

Damp Proof Course Damp-proof membrane

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 Ground Slab
 Function of ground slab:
 To support column and stump
 To received the load from the building
 To reduce the pressure on the column and stump
 The main base of construction to ensure that the construction is done well
 Create the easier job on floor finishes
 The construction of a solid ground slab floor should includes:
 Hardcore
 Binding
 Concrete bed or slab

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 Ground Slab
Hardcore

 The purpose of hardcore is to fill in any small pockets occur during

site excavation, to provide firm base on which to place a concrete

bed and to help spread any point loads over the greater area. It
also acts against capillary action of moisture within the soil.

 Hardcore is usually laid in layers of 100-150 mm to the required

depth, and its is important that each layer is well compacted, using
a roller if necessary, to prevent any unacceptable settlement
beneath the solid floor.

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 Ground Slab
Binding
 This is used to provide clean, level and dry surface of hardcore if a
damp-proof membrane (DPM) is to be place under the concrete bed
or if a reinforced concrete bed is specified.
 First, it will prevent the damp-proof membrane from being punctured
by the hardcore and, second, it will provide a true surface from
which the reinforcement can be positioned.
 Blinding generally consists of a layer of sand 25-50 mm thick or a
50-75 mm layer of weak concrete (1:12 mix usually suitable) if a true
surface of a reinforced concrete is required.

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 Ground Slab
Concrete bed
 Unreinforced or plain in-situ concrete, 100-150 mm thick;
 Reinforce concrete, 150 mm minimum
 Suitable concrete mixes are produced to BS EN 206-1:
 The reinforcement used in concrete beds for domestic work is
usually in the form of welded steel fabric to BS4483.
 Sometimes a light square mesh fabric is placed 25mm form the
upper surface of the concrete bed to prevent surface crazing and
limit the size of any cracking.
 In domestic work the areas of concrete are defined by the room
sizes, and it is not usually necessary to include expansion or
construction joints the construction of the bed

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 Concrete Reinforcement Mesh

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 Ground Slab
Other materials needed for ground slab:

(1) Damp Proof Membrane (DPM)

 Water penetration is a prime cause of deterioration in
building structures and materials and the presence of
excess moisture encourages the growth of moulds and wood
rotting fungi. Because of this, building regulations require
that buildings are so designed that water neither damages
the fabric nor penetrates to the interior where it may
constitute a health hazard as well as spoiling decorations.

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 Ground Slab
 Other materials needed for ground slab:

(2) Damp Proof Course (DPC)

 DPC is a physical barrier inserted into the fabric of a building
to stop water passing from one place to another. This can be on
a horizontal plane, stopping water rising up from the ground by
being sucked up by the dry masonry above, or vertically to stop
water passing from the outside of a building, though the
masonry, to the inside. DPC's have taken many forms through
the ages and one of the earliest forms was to use a layer of
slate in the construction. Slate is still used but the less
expensive plastic version ( below right ) is now more widely
used.

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 END OF CHAPTER 1

Thank you

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