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COURSE: ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (22EE13)

UNIT 5

Domestic Wiring

By
Ajay K M
Assistant Professor, EEE Dept.
RV College of Engineering
 RV College of
Engineering Domestic Wiring Overview Go, Change the World

Power transmission and distribution:

Concept of power transmission and power distribution. through
block diagrams only.
Electricity bill: Calculation of electricity bill for domestic
consumers.
Equipment Safety measures: Working principle of Fuse and
Miniature circuit breaker (MCB), merits and demerits.
Personal safety measures: Electric Shock, Earthing and its types,
Safety Precautions to avoid shock
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• House electrical wiring is a process of connecting different accessories for the distribution
of electrical energy from the supplier to various appliances and equipment at home like television, lamps,
air conditioners, etc.
• The following supply systems are used for distributing the electrical power to consumers:
• Single phase – 2 wire systems
• Three Phase – 4 wire systems
• Three Phase – 3 Wire Systems
• For Domestic Consumers most commonly used system is Single phase – 2 wire systems, which is often
derived from a 400V, Three Phase – 4 wire systems, Thus providing 230 V, 1 Phase supply.
• For large industrial consumers, particularly those using heavy motor loads drawing more power is supplied
from a 3 phase systems at high voltages, such as 6.6 kV, 11kV, 33kV .
• Sometimes consumer has his own substation to distribute electrical power at appropriate voltages at
different locations within his premises.
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Service mains, meter board and distribution board

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• Distribution Board or “Consumer Unit” is a box

installed in the building containing on protective
devices, such as circuit breaker, fuses,
isolator, switches, and MCBs etc.
• Single phase electrical wiring for home supply, We
use 63A MCB
• In such cases main distribution board controls the
circuits to each sub-distribution boards from which
the sub circuits are taken, the sub circuits are installed
near the load.
• The number of circuits and sub circuits is decided as
per number of points to be wired and load to be
connected to the supply system.
•DP = Double Pole MCB (The Main Switch)
•(CB) Circuit Breakers (SP)
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Engineering Meter board and Distribution board Go, Change the World
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 RV College of
Engineering Two- way and Three- way Control of Lamps Go, Change the World

There are several wiring systems in practice.

The domestic lighting circuits are quite simple and they

are usually controlled from one point.
But in certain cases it might be necessary to control a
single lamp from more than one point

For example: staircases, long corridors, large halls etc.

Position of S1 Position of S2 Condition of lamp
1 3 ON
1 4 OFF
2 3 OFF
2 4 ON
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Three- way Control of lamp:

• In case of very long corridors it may be necessary to control the lamp from 3 different
points.
• In such cases, the circuit connection requires two; two-way switches S1and S2 and an
intermediate switch S3.
• An intermediate switch is a combination of two, two way switches coupled together.
• It has 4 terminals ABCD.
• It can be connected in two ways
• Straight connection
• Cross connection
Position of S3 Position of S1 Position of S2 Condition of the lamp

1 3 ON

1 1 4 OFF

Straight connection 2 3 OFF

2 4 ON

1 3 OFF

2 1 4 ON

Cross connection 2 3 ON

2 4 OFF
 Fuses and MCBs
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• The electrical equipment's are designed to carry a

particular rated value of current under normal
circumstances.
• Under abnormal conditions such as short circuit,
overload or any fault the current raises above this
value, damaging the equipment and sometimes
resulting in fire hazard.
• Overcurrent Protection devices such as Fuses and
MCBs are essential in electrical Systems to limit the
threats human life and to avoid property Damage.
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Engineering Fuses: Working, Types, Characteristics, Advantages and Dis advantages Go, Change the World

• Fuse is a safety device used in any electrical installation, which forms the weakest link between the supply and the load.
• It is a short length of wire made of lead / tin /alloy of lead and tin/ zinc having a low melting point and low ohmic losses.
• Under normal operating conditions it is designed to carry the full load current.
• If the current increases beyond this designed value due any of the reasons mentioned above, the fuse melts (said to be blown)
isolating the power supply from the load .
• Terms Related with Fuses
• Rated current: It is the maximum current, which a fuse can carry without undue heating or melting.
• Fusing current: The minimum current at which the fuse melts is known as the fusing current. It depends on the material
characteristics, length, diameter, cross-sectional area of the fuse element and the type of enclosure used.
• Fusing Factor: It is the ratio of the minimum fusing current to the rated current. It is always greater than unity.
The material used for fuse wires must have the following characteristics
Low melting point, Low ohmic losses, High conductivity, Lower rate of deterioration
Advantages of Fuses:
Fast acting, Highly reliable, Relatively cheaper in comparison to other high current interrupting device
Disadvantages of Fuses: Requires replacement, The associated high temperature rise will affect the performance of other devices.
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Engineering Fuses: Working (video) Go, Change the World
 RV College of
Engineering Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) Go, Change the World

➢ A miniature circuit breaker (MCB)

automatically switches off electrical circuit
during an abnormal condition of the network
means in overload condition as well as faulty
condition.
➢ Nowadays we use more commonly miniature
circuit breaker or MCB in low voltage
electrical network instead of fuse.
➢ Handling an MCB is electrically safer than a
fuse.
➢ The trip unit is the main part, responsible for
its proper working.
➢ There are two main types of trip mechanism.
➢ A bi-metal provides protection against
overload current and an electromagnet
provides protection against short-circuit
current.
➢ Arc chute consists of a set parallel and
mutually insulated metal plates that can
extinguish an electric arc. Arc chutes splits,
widens, cools and extinguishes the arc.
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Engineering Electric Shock

➢ Our body is not conductor, it is insulator. Not many but a little bit current can pass through
which we can feel and not have harm us. But if large quantity passes through ,our body get a
shock.
➢ An electric shock occurs when a person comes into contact with an electrical energy source.
➢ Electrical energy flows through a portion of the body causing a shock.
➢ Exposure to electrical energy may result in no injury at all or may result in devastating
damage or death.
➢ Many variables determine what injuries may occur.
• These variables include the type of current (AC or DC),
• The amount of current (determined by the voltage of the source and the
resistance of the tissues involved).
• The pathway the electricity takes through the body.
• Time of Current passing through the body.

➢ "Under dry conditions, the resistance offered by the human body may be as high as100,000
Ohms. Wet or broken skin may drop the body's resistance to1,000 Ohms,"
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Electric Current on human Body

➢ The principle that “current kills” is essentially correct.

➢ It is electric current that burns tissue, freezes muscles, and
fibrillates hearts.
➢ However, electric current doesn't just occur on its own:
there must be voltage available to motivate the current to
flow through a victim.
➢ The higher the current, the more likely it is lethal.
Since current is proportional to voltage when resistance is
fixed (ohm's law),
➢ high voltage is an indirect risk for producing
higher currents. Duration. The longer the duration, the
more likely it is lethal
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Engineering Electric Shock Safety Animation Video
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Engineering Safety Precautions When Working With Electricity Go, Change the World

1. Never touch or try repairing any electrical equipment or circuits with

wet hands. It increases the conductivity of electric current.
2. Never use equipment with damaged insulation or broken plugs.
3. If you are working on any receptacle or electrical Sockets or Outlets at
your home then always turn off the mains.
4. Always use insulated tools while working.
5. Always use appropriate insulated rubber gloves and goggles while
working on any branch circuit or any other electrical circuit.
6. Never try repairing energized equipment. Always check that it is de-
energized first by using a tester.
7. Never use an aluminium or steel ladder if you are working on any
receptacle at height in your home. Use a bamboo, wooden or a fibre
glass ladder instead.
8. Always use a circuit breaker or fuse with the appropriate current rating.
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Engineering Earthing : Necessity, Working and Types

The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy directly to the earth by the help of the low
resistance wire is known as the electrical earthing.

The earthing provides the simple path to the leakage current.

The earthing is essential because of the following reasons

✓ The earthing protects the personnel from the short circuit current.
✓ The earthing provides the easiest path to the flow of short circuit current even after the failure of the insulation.
✓ The earthing protects the apparatus and personnel from the high voltage surges and lightning discharge.
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Engineering Earthing : Necessity, Working and Types

The earth resistance for copper wire is 1 ohm and that of Galvanized Iron (G I) wire less than 3 ohms.
The earth resistance should be kept as low as possible
The typical value of the earth resistance at powerhouse is 0. 5 ohm and that at substation is 1 ohm.
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Engineering
Plate Earthing

➢ In this method a copper plate of 90cm x 90cm x 0.32cm or a

GI plate of the size 90cm x 90cm x 6.35cm is used for
earthing.
➢ The plate is placed vertically down inside the ground at a
depth of 3m
➢ and is embedded in alternate layers of coal and salt for a
thickness of 15 cm.
➢ In addition, water is poured for keeping the earth electrode
resistance value well below a maximum of 5 ohms.
➢ The earth wire is securely bolted to the earth plate.
➢ A cement masonry chamber is built with a cast iron cover
for easy regular maintenance.
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Pipe Earthing
➢ Earth electrode made of a GI (galvanized) iron pipe of 38mm in
diameter and length of 2m with 12mm holes on the surface is
placed upright at a depth of 4.75m in a permanently wet ground.
➢ To keep the value of the earth resistance at the desired level, the
area (15 cms) surrounding the GI pipe is filled with a mixture of
salt and coal..
➢ The efficiency of the earthing system is improved by pouring
water through the funnel periodically.

Note: When
compared to the
plate earth system
the pipe earth
system can carry
larger leakage
currents
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How electricity is made and delivered to Bangalore
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KPCL>>>>> KPTCL>>>>SLDC>>>>>BESCOM
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Electricity Bill Calculations
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Estimate
Engineering total daily cost of energy for the following loads of the consumer. Go, Change the World

The electricity cost is Rs.5 per unit.

Name of the Power Rating Avg. Daily Usage No. of
appliance (W) Hours Appliances
Tube Light 40 8 2
TV 175 5 1
Fan 50 10 3
Computer 250 3 1
AC 1200 3 1
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Calculate the total bill amount of a house for 30 days if 4 bulbs of 50W for 6 hours, 3 tube lights of 40W for 12
hours, a TV of 100W for 5 hours, a refrigerator of 300W for 24 hours are used. The cost per unit is Rs.4
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A household uses the following electric appliances:

(i) Refrigerator of rating 400 W for 24 hours each day.
(ii) Two electric fans of rating 80 W each for 12 hours each day.
(iii)Six electric bulbs of 18 W each for 6 hours each day. Calculate the electricity bill of the household for the
month of June if the cost per unit of electric energy is Rs.3.00.
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An electrical installation consists of 13 light points of 80 W each, 5 light points of 50 W lamp, 6 fans of 100 W capacity
and a pump motor of 1 HP. Assuming that 45% of light and fans are used for 6 hours per day and that the water pump
works for 2 hours daily. Find out the monthly consumption and cost of electricity bill, based on the tariff of 3 Rs per
KWh.

An electrical installation comprises 9 light points of 80 W each, 6 light points of 50 W lamp, 6 fans of 80 W capacity and a
pump motor of 1 HP. Assuming that 60% of light and fans are used for 6 hours per day and that the water pump works for 2
hours daily. Find out the monthly consumption and cost of electricity bill, based on the tariff of 3.5 Rs per KWh.
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Estimate the monthly electricity bill for the subsequent load fitted in an electrical installation.
(a) 15 lamps 50 watts each working 4 hours/ day.
(b) 4 ceiling fans 100 watts each working 8 hours/day.
(c) 2 kw heater working 2 hours/day.
(d) Water pump of 0.5 HP runs for 2 hours per day
Rate of charges for light and fans is 3.5 Rs / unit and heater and motor 4 Rs/unit.
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Calculate the total daily Energy requirement for the following loads
Name of the Power Avg. Daily No. of
appliance Rating Usage Appliances
(W) Hours
Tube Light 50 6 3

TV 150 3 2

Fan 40 8 2

Computer 300 1 1

AC 1000 4 1

The electricity cost is Rs.6 per unit for the first 20 units, Rs.4 per
unit for the next 30 units and Rs.2 per unit for usage above this.
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Estimate the monthly electricity bill for the subsequent load fitted in an electrical installation.
(a) 15 lamps 50 watts each working 4 hours/ day.
(b) 4 ceiling fans 100 watts each working 8 hours/day.
(c) 2 kw heater working 2 hours/day.
(d) Water pump of 0.5 HP runs for 2 hours per day
Rate of charges for light and fans is 3.5 Rs / unit and heater and motor
4 Rs/unit.

Determine the monthly electricity bill for the following load fitted in an electrical installation.
(a) 12 lamps 50 watts each working 8 hours/ day.
(b) 10 ceiling fans 80 watts each working 5 hours/day.
(c) 3 kw heater working 1 hours/day.
(d) Water pump of 1 HP runs for 1 hours per day
Rate of charges for light and fans is 3 Rs / unit and heater and motor 4 Rs/unit.